CITI Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR) - Basic

Within the context of RCR, compliance primarily refers to: -The obligation to follow one's moral conscience. -The obligation to share information about a research project with others. - The obligation to follow specific directives, such as laws and regulations, that govern a research activity. -The obligation to follow the orders of one's supervisor.

- The obligation to follow specific directives, such as laws and regulations, that govern a research activity.

Which of the following most accurately describes U.S. federal policy related to RCR instruction? -Some federal agencies have RCR policies but they differ in terms of the particular format of training that is required. - Only those federal agencies that support biomedical research require RCR training. -No federal agencies require RCR training for the grants that they fund; the training is optional. -All federal agencies are required to have an RCR policy related to grants that they fund.

-Some federal agencies have RCR policies but they differ in terms of the particular format of training that is required.

Which of the following most accurately describes the main goal of RCR education and training? -To teach researchers about technical methods and laboratory techniques. -To promote greater awareness of proper research practice and research ethics. -To increase funding for scientific research. - To provide guidance regarding how grant funding may be spent.

-To promote greater awareness of proper research practice and research ethics.

Which statement best describes the role of an IRB: -A committee that reviews all types of research -A committee that reviews different types of human subjects research -A committee that reviews all biomedical research -A committee that reviews an institution's conflict of interest policies

A committee that reviews different types of human subjects research

If researchers allow their moral or other personal beliefs to influence their objectivity, this is most likely an example of: -A financial conflict of interest -Fabrication - A conflict of commitment -A conflict of conscience

A conflict of conscience

Which statement best describes information that must be included in a consent form? -A literature review -A description of the research's potential benefits and risks -A description of where the research may be published -A copy of the researcher's grant proposal

A description of the research's potential benefits and risks

What is the defining characteristic of a mentor? -A mentor advises a mentee on which academic courses to take. -A mentor provides the resources and funding necessary for a mentee's research projects. -A mentor takes a sincere interest in the growth and development of a mentee. -A mentor tells a mentee what kind of scientific career they should pursue.

A mentor takes a sincere interest in the growth and development of a mentee.

If a friendship with an applicant could interfere with a hiring decision, this is typically referred to as: -An institutional conflict of interest. -A personal conflict of interest. -A financial conflict of interest. -Research misconduct.

A personal conflict of interest.

Which of following protocols is the one that is most likely to require IRB review? -A study to determine the effects of a pesticide on a plant. -A study to perform computer simulated stress tests on an artificial hip. -A study to implant a heart valve in a chimpanzee. -A study to evaluate a newly designed wheelchair by asking elderly individuals to use it.

A study to evaluate a newly designed wheelchair by asking elderly individuals to use it.

A literature review by Freedman, Cockburn, and Simcoe in 2015 estimates that in the U.S., the failure of research to replicate is associated with a cost of: -Million dollars per year -Trillions of dollars per year -Thousands of dollars per -Billions of dollars per year

Billions of dollars per year

Which of the following statements is true regarding authorship practices? -In scientific fields, authors have to be listed in order of seniority. -In scientific fields, authors must be listed in alphabetical order. - Both within and between disciplines, practices differ with regard to who should be included as an author, and in what order they should be listed. -Journals do not permit a graduate student to be listed as the first author.

Both within and between disciplines, practices differ with regard to who should be included as an author, and in what order they should be listed.

The publication of short methods sections: -Can improve the likelihood of reproducibility because it forces researchers to be concise about the experiments they conduct. -Is a practice that is being actively encouraged by most professional organizations so that journals can publish more articles per issue. -Has no effect on reproducibility problems. -Can contribute to reproducibility problems because important details about materials and procedures are likely to have been omitted.

Can contribute to reproducibility problems because important details about materials and procedures are likely to have been omitted.

Which of the following is true about conflicts of interest? -Conflicts of interest increase the likelihood of bias. -Researchers are not permitted to have any conflicts of interest. -A financial dimension must be present in order for it to be a conflict of interest. -A project must be funded by an external source in order for any conflicts of interest to be present.

Conflicts of interest increase the likelihood of bias.

What is the primary responsibility of oversight bodies (such as an Institutional Review Board [IRB] or Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee [IACUC])? -Determine compliance with regulatory requirements, including those relating to protecting research subjects -Ensure that a study is methodologically and technically sound -Assess whether the research team has completed data management training -Determine if authorship credit has been correctly specified

Determine compliance with regulatory requirements, including those relating to protecting research subjects

Which of the following statements most clearly illustrates the principle of beneficence? -Obtaining the subject's consent to participate. -Providing detailed information about the study. -Determining whether the benefits of a study outweigh the risks. -Making sure that the selection of subjects includes people from all segments of the population.

Determining whether the benefits of a study outweigh the risks. Result

A research collaboration can be enhanced by: -Limiting the communication between researchers and industry partners. -Waiting to discuss authorship issues until after data collection. -Avoiding the issue of which journal to target since research team members might disagree. -Discussing intellectual property issues while the collaboration is forming.

Discussing intellectual property issues while the collaboration is forming.

Which justification would an IACUC most likely accept if a research team plans to withhold pain relief (analgesia) from animals during a project? -An explanation from the research team that the pain caused will be significant but temporary. -Documented evidence that the analgesic agent will interfere with the aims of the project. -That it is inconvenient for the research team to provide analgesia. -That providing analgesia will add expense to the project.

Documented evidence that the analgesic agent will interfere with the aims of the project.

Which of the following most accurately describes a good mentoring practice? -Avoid being a mentor unless you work in the same research field as a mentee. -Inform mentees that faculty are the only individuals who have enough experience to serve as mentors. -Encourage mentees to receive mentoring from a collection of individuals. -Inform mentees that they must rely on their research advisor for all mentoring.

Encourage mentees to receive mentoring from a collection of individuals.

Which of the following is a recommended task-related practice or strategy? -Allow the mentor to set the meeting agenda and guide the discussion. -Ensure expectations are shared and reassessed over time. -Spend your time in meetings primarily discussing what is going well. -Complete tasks as quickly as possible.

Ensure expectations are shared and reassessed over time.

Which of the following reflects a role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in the research process? -Reviews research proposals involving animals to ensure the humane and ethical treatment of animals -Prepares researchers in responsible research practices to protect against research misconduct - Ensures proper attention to confidentiality and privacy of human subjects -Ensures compliance with regulations and policies, including laws pertaining to exports of items, services, and technology

Ensures proper attention to confidentiality and privacy of human subjects

Which of the following is true regarding research misconduct? -Funding agencies normally perform their own misconduct inquiry before the institution becomes involved. -Federal funding agencies typically rely on an institution to make the initial response to an allegation of research misconduct. -The U.S. government is required to reveal publicly the identity of any person who commits misconduct. -A central federal agency handles all cases of research misconduct.

Federal funding agencies typically rely on an institution to make the initial response to an allegation of research misconduct.

The main focus of NIH's conflict of interest policy is: -Financial conflicts of interest -Personal conflicts of interest -Academic conflicts of interest - Conflicts of conscience

Financial conflicts of interest

Unless the subject matter is considered common knowledge, citations are necessary when writing about: -Methodologies but not data. -Ideas but not data. -Your own earlier published ideas, but not your earlier published data or methodologies. -Ideas, methodologies, or data from other authors and also your own previously published ideas, methodologies, or data.

Ideas, methodologies, or data from other authors and also your own previously published ideas, methodologies, or data.

Which of the following is true regarding authors who seek to publish the same content in multiple papers? -Authors are never allowed to publish the same content multiple times. -If the same content is used in multiple papers, it is essential that this information be properly disclosed to journal editors and other relevant entities. -Journal editors do not require authors to obtain permission for reusing the same content. -The research record is not affected by an author who publishes the same work multiple times.

If the same content is used in multiple papers, it is essential that this information be properly disclosed to journal editors and other relevant entities.

The U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) is seeking to increase research reproducibility by: -Independently validating the research results of each project that it funds. -Requiring each research team to conduct multiple replication studies prior to receiving funding. -Encouraging researchers to pursue hypothesis-free research. -Implementing a grant review process that evaluates various factors such as the rigor of the research premise and study design.

Implementing a grant review process that evaluates various factors such as the rigor of the research premise and study design.

Which of the following is the main reason why proper training in euthanasia techniques is important? -Euthanasia techniques are expensive and would be wasted if used improperly. -Training in euthanasia techniques is a graduation requirement in many fields. -Training in euthanasia techniques is a requirement before a grant can be awarded. -Improper techniques can cause unnecessary pain and distress in animals.

Improper techniques can cause unnecessary pain and distress in animals.

Which of the following is true regarding industry-sponsored research? -Industry sponsors of research may seek to place restrictions on the disclosure of research results. -Industry sponsors must give ownership of the data to the research team. -Industry sponsors are not permitted to review data from academic projects that they sponsor. -The research must take place within the industry's facilities and not at a university.

Industry sponsors of research may seek to place restrictions on the disclosure of research results.

The two main criteria that the National Science Foundation (NSF) uses to evaluate grant proposals are: -Sustainability and innovation. -Intellectual merit and broader impact. -Ethical integrity and legal compliance. -Quality and quantity.

Intellectual merit and broader impact.

An idea is most likely to represent "common knowledge" if: -The idea has already appeared in a published work. -The idea has been around for more than a decade. -It can be safely assumed that the readers and the author are both thoroughly familiar with the idea and its source. -It can be readily obtained in an encyclopedia.

It can be safely assumed that the readers and the author are both thoroughly familiar with the idea and its source.

What is the main function of a Technology Transfer Office with respect to collaborative research? -It arranges the purchase and delivery of new computer hardware for research teams. -It helps collaborative researchers to commercialize their work. -It sets up new e-mail accounts. - It arranges movers to pack and ship equipment to a researcher's new facilities.

It helps collaborative researchers to commercialize their work

Which of the following most accurately describes the practice of ghost authorship? -It is a situation where the individual who wrote the manuscript is not listed as an author. -It is a situation where a high-profile researcher is added as an author to improve the chance of publishing a manuscript. -It is a situation where someone does not publish all of the data that have been collected. -It is a situation where someone provides constructive comments on a manuscript before it is submitted.

It is a situation where the individual who wrote the manuscript is not listed as an author.

Which of the following most accurately describes the research data lifecycle? -It refers to how data are handled during and after a research study. -It refers to the obligation imposed by federal law to uphold data confidentiality. -It refers to a particular organization's data collection requirements. -It refers to the obligation imposed by professional journals to share data.

It refers to how data are handled during and after a research study.

Which of the following is true about hypothesis-free research? -It means the same thing as hypothesis-driven research. -It should normally be disclosed because the practice can introduce bias into a study. -It is more respected by the scientific community than hypothesis-driven research. -It has no direct effect on reproducibility problems.

It should normally be disclosed because the practice can introduce bias into a study.

What practice should not be followed when storing confidential, sensitive, and/or personal data? -Store signed consent forms separately from data -Address storage during consent procedures -Make data accessible only to authorized persons -Keep personal information in the data files - Encrypt data

Keep personal information in the data files

According to the U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy, fabrication involves: -Mismanaging research funds. -Using another person's ideas or words without giving appropriate credit. -Making up data or results and recording or reporting them. -Failing to list a collaborator as an author.

Making up data or results and recording or reporting them.

Which of the following is true about the management of conflicts of interest? -Researchers are typically permitted to judge for themselves whether a conflict of interest needs to be managed. -Researchers are required to eliminate all conflicts of interest that they have. -Organizations do not require that conflicts of interest are managed as long as researchers disclose them. -Management plans are often created to reduce the impact of conflicts of interest.

Management plans are often created to reduce the impact of conflicts of interest. Comment

Which of the following are not research data? -Survey responses -Medical records -Measurements or statistics -Audio and video recordings

Medical records

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the mentoring relationship? -Mentors teach mentees about aspects of academic life that are not covered in textbooks. -Graduate students, but not mentors, benefit from the mentoring relationship. -A mentoring relationship must not turn into a friendship, or else it is a failure. -Mentoring relationships happen naturally and do not require work.

Mentors teach mentees about aspects of academic life that are not covered in textbooks.

According to U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy, which of the following is considered to be research misconduct? -Conflict of interest -Harassing a co-worker -Plagiarism - Gift authorship

Plagiarism

Which type of inappropriate practice most likely occurred if a researcher takes credit for someone else's idea and does not acknowledge the original source? -Plagiarism -Conflict of interest -Fabrication - Falsification

Plagiarism

When authors summarize the work of others, they typically should: -Enclose the summary in quotation marks. -Provide a series of quotes together with paraphrases from the original. -Provide a condensed (shorter) version of the original material. -Provide the same level of detail and length as the original material.

Provide a condensed (shorter) version of the original material.

The three ethical principles discussed in the Belmont Report are: -Privacy, Confidentiality, Equitable Selection of Subjects -Informed Consent, Institutional Assurance, Researcher Responsibility -IRB review, Federal Regulations, Declaration of Helsinki -Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice

Respect for Persons, Beneficence, Justice

A Type I error, or a false positive, refers to a situation when: -Results are found to be statistically significant, but they are actually due to chance. -A hypothesis is derived after reviewing the data. -The researchers share their data with the public without going through the peer review process. -The wrong statistical test was used for the data set and it was later corrected, after data analysis.

Results are found to be statistically significant, but they are actually due to chance.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the responsibilities of reviewers? -Reviewers can make use of the information in a manuscript before it is published, giving them an advantage over competitors. -Reviewers should identify the positive and negative aspects of a manuscript, and indicate where improvements are needed. -Reviewers are not supposed to turn down opportunities to review manuscripts even if they lack the relevant expertise. -Reviewers should be an advocate for the author and to help convince the editor to publish the manuscript.

Reviewers should identify the positive and negative aspects of a manuscript, and indicate where improvements are needed.

Authors who reuse portions of text that have appeared in one of their earlier published papers run the risk of being accused of: -Self-plagiarism -Plagiarism -Falsification -Fabrication

Self-plagiarism

Which of the following is empowered by the U.S. federal government to review and approve research activities involving vertebrate animals? -A college dean -The Vice President for Research -The researchers themselves -The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Which entity is responsible for monitoring institutional compliance with PHS Policy? -The Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW) -The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) -The Environmental Protection Agency -The Fish and Wildlife Service

The Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW)

Which of the following is the most appropriate step to take if authors believe that their manuscript was reviewed unfairly? -Nothing; by submitting to the peer review process, authors agree to accept the outcome. - The author should contact the reviewers directly. -The author can contact the editor with their concerns. -The author should ask the editor to reveal the identities of the reviewers.

The author can contact the editor with their concerns.

Which of the following is true regarding an acknowledgments section? -It is the norm that individuals should not be asked whether they want to be listed in the acknowledgments section. -Journals typically request that the person who provides financial support for the research be listed as an author instead of being listed in the acknowledgments section. -The contributions of technicians and other researchers are often listed in the acknowledgments section if they do not meet all of the criteria for authorship. -An acknowledgments section is necessary for disclosing if research is supported by federal funds, but the section is not necessary if a corporate sponsor supports research.

The contributions of technicians and other researchers are often listed in the acknowledgments section if they do not meet all of the criteria for authorship.

Which author is normally responsible for sharing reprints of a publication with readers? -The first author. -The corresponding author. -The last author. -The author who has made the most significant contribution.

The corresponding author.

Which of the following most accurately describes the responsibilities of a mentee in a mentoring relationship? -A mentee is too inexperienced to have any responsibilities in the mentoring relationship. -The mentee's primary role is to solve problems on their own to demonstrate independence as a researcher. -The mentee must take an active role in the relationship and clearly communicate needs and expectations. -The mentee is primarily responsible for the success or failure of the relationship.

The mentee must take an active role in the relationship and clearly communicate needs and expectations.

In any collaboration, data ownership is typically determined by: -The type and source of funds used to support the project. -The research team with access to the best lawyers. -The relevant department chairs. -The individual who does the most work on the project.

The type and source of funds used to support the project.

Which of the following most clearly illustrates Russell and Burch's Replacement concept? -The use of computer modeling software instead of using animals in an experiment. -The use of newer surgical techniques that result in less tissue trauma. -The use of a smaller number of animals than was originally planned. -The use of a new analgesic that provides better postoperative pain relief.

The use of computer modeling software instead of using animals in an experiment.

The main reason that grant proposal reviewers with a conflict of interest should remove themselves from the review process is because: -Their removal lessens the chance that bias will affect the review process​. -Having a conflict of interest means an individual does not have the relevant expertise to perform the review. -The author of the proposal may learn about the situation. -Having a conflict of interest means an individual does not have the time to perform the review.

Their removal lessens the chance that bias will affect the review process​.

According to federal research misconduct policies, what is the maximum number of consecutive words that one can use before it is classified as an instance of plagiarism? -7 -There is no official, federal standard for the number of consecutive words that can be used. -14 -5

There is no official, federal standard for the number of consecutive words that can be used.

Which of the following is true regarding the U.S. Federal Research Misconduct Policy? -Misconduct must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. -To have a misconduct finding, the action must have been committed intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly. -The Policy covers conflicts of interest and the misuse of grant funding. -The standard of innocent until proven guilty does not apply in misconduct cases.

To have a misconduct finding, the action must have been committed intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly.

Which of the following is true regarding the traditional peer review process: -Under single-blind review, the identity of the reviewer is revealed to the author. -Under single-blind review, the identity of the author is revealed to the reviewer. -Under double-blind review, the identity of the author is revealed to the reviewer. -Under double-blind review, the identity of the reviewer is revealed to the author.

Under single-blind review, the identity of the author is revealed to the reviewer.

The most important factor in determining whether a research collaboration will be successful is: -Whether each research team member has an equal share of resources. -Whether there is ongoing communication among the team members about their goals and responsibilities. -Whether each research team member was trained in the same research methods. -Whether the research team has access an effective Technology Transfer Office.

Whether there is ongoing communication among the team members about their goals and responsibilities.