civil rights and civil liberties final study gudie

Plessy v. Feurgson

"Separate but equal"

Bradwell v. Illinois

(1873)-Myra Bradwell applied for the Illinois state bar, but was denied admittance on the basis of her gender. The case ruled 8-1 that the right to practice a profession was not protected by the Fourteenth Amendment

Grovey v. Townsend

(1935) a Supreme Court case that upheld the white only democratic primary in Texas

Reed v. Reed

(1971) Landmark case in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination. Invalidated Idaho state law preferring men to women in court selection of an estate's administrator

Frontiero v. Richardson

14th amendment negates a federal law that allowed a woman in the armed forces to claim her husband as a dependant only if he depended on her for 50% + of his support, while a serviceman could claim dependent status for his wife regardless of actual dependency

Missouri ex rel Gaines v. Canada

1939, According to the separate but equal doctrine, a state has to either admit blacks to the law school or establish a separate but equal school for them.

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Milliken v. Bradley

1974 Supreme Court case that ruled that desegregation plans could not require students to move across school district lines, which was a victory for anti-busing proponents who felt that Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education was an injustice

Shelley v. Kraemer

A 1948 Supreme Court decision that outlawed restrictive covenants on the occupancy of housing developments by African Americans, Asian Americans, and other minorities. Because the Court decision did not actually prohibit racial discrimination in housing, unfair practices against minority groups continued until passage of the Fair Housing Act in 1968.

Regents of UC v. Bakke

A Supreme Court ruling stating that a college may not use an explicit numerical quota in admitting minorities but could "take race into account", The Court held that while affirmative action systems are constitutional, a quota system based on race is unconstitutional.

Green v. County School Board of New Kent County

A freedom of choice desegregation program does not comply with the dictates of Brown v. Board of Education.

Smith v. Allwright

A supreme court case in 1944 that ruled that it was unconstitutional to deny membership in political parties to African Americans as a way of excluding them from voting in primaries.

McLaurin v. Oklahoma

McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously (9-0), on June 5, 1950, that racial segregation within the facilities and institutions of colleges and universities is inconsistent with the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

Miranda v. Arizona

Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436 (1366), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prevents prosecutors from using a person's statements made in response to interrogation in police custody as evidence at their trial unless they can show that the person was informed of the right to consult with an attorney before and during questioning, and of the right against self-incrimination before police questioning, and that the defendant not only understood these rights, but voluntarily waived them

Missouri v. Seibert

Missouri v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600, is a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that struck down the police practice of first obtaining an inadmissible confession without giving Miranda warnings, then issuing the warnings, and then obtaining a second confession

Nix v. Williams

Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, was a U.S. Supreme Court case that created an "inevitable discovery" exception to the exclusionary rule.

Obergefell v. Hodges

Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. 644, is a landmark civil rights case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

United States v. Virginia

Court held that VMI's male-only admissions policy was unconstitutional. Because it failed to show "exceedingly persuasive justification" for VMI's gender-biased admissions policy, Virginia violated the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.

Hudson v. Michigan

Hudson v. Michigan, 547 U.S. 586 (2006), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a violation of the Fourth Amendment requirement that police officers knock, announce their presence, and wait a reasonable amount of time before entering a private residence (the knock-and-announce requirement) does not require suppression of the evidence obtained in the ensuing search.[1]

June Medical Services v. Russo

June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo, 591 U.S. ___, was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a Louisiana state law placing hospital-admission requirements on abortion clinics doctors was unconstitutional.

Katz v. U.S.

Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347 (1967), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court redefined what constitutes "searches" and "seizures" with regard to the protections of the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.[1] The decision expanded the Fourth Amendment's protections from the right of search and seizures of an individual's "persons, houses, papers, and effects", as defined in the Constitution, to include "what [a person] seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public" as a constitutionally protected area.

Kyllo v. U.S.

Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, held in a 5-4 decision that the use of a thermal imaging, or FLIR, device from a public vantage point to monitor the radiation of heat from a person's home was a "search" within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment, and thus required a warrant.

Lawrence v. Texas

Lawrence v. Texas, 539 U.S. 558, was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that U.S. laws prohibiting private homosexual activity, sodomy, and oral sex between consenting adults are unconstitutional.

Mapp v. Ohio

Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the exclusionary rule, which prevents prosecutors from using evidence in court that was obtained by violating the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, applies not only to the U.S. federal government, but also to the U.S. states. The Supreme Court accomplished this by use of a principle known as selective incorporation; in Mapp this involved the incorporation of the provisions, as interpreted by the Court, of the Fourth Amendment which is applicable only to actions of the federal government into the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause which is applicable to actions of the states.

McCleskey v. Kemp,

McCleskey v. Kemp, 481 U.S. 279 (1987), is a United States Supreme Court case, in which the death penalty sentencing of Warren McCleskey for armed robbery and murder was upheld. The Court said the "racially disproportionate impact" in the Georgia death penalty indicated by a comprehensive scientific study was not enough to mitigate a death penalty determination without showing a "racially discriminatory purpose."[1

Olmstead v. U.S.

Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S. 438 (1928), was a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States, in which the Court reviewed whether the use of wiretapped private telephone conversations, obtained by federal agents without judicial approval and subsequently used as evidence, constituted a violation of the defendant's rights provided by the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. In a 5-4 decision, the Court held that neither the Fourth Amendment nor the Fifth Amendment rights of the defendant were violated. This decision was later overturned by Katz v. United States in 1967.

Terry v. Ohio

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968), was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court ruled that the Fourth Amendment's prohibition on unreasonable searches and seizures is not violated when a police officer stops a suspect on the street and frisks him or her without probable cause to arrest, if the police officer has a reasonable suspicion that the person has committed, is committing, or is about to commit a crime and has a reasonable belief that the person "may be armed and presently dangerous."

U.S. v. Jones

United States v. Jones, 565 U.S. 400, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case which held that installing a Global Positioning System tracking device on a vehicle and using the device to monitor the vehicle's movements constitutes a search under the Fourth Amendment.

U.S. v. Leon

United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court established the "good faith" exception to the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule.

Weems v. U.S.

Weems v. United States, 217 U.S. 349, was a decision of the United States Supreme Court. It is primarily notable as it pertains to the prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment. punishment didn't fit the crime

Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt

Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt, 579 U.S. ___, was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court decided on June 27, 2016. The Court ruled 5-3 that Texas cannot place restrictions on the delivery of abortion services that create an undue burden for women seeking an abortion.

Atkins v. Virginia

Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304, is a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled 6-3 that executing people with intellectual disabilities violates the Eighth Amendment's ban on cruel and unusual punishments, but states can define who has an intellectual disability.

Batson v. Kentucky

Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court ruling that a prosecutor's use of a peremptory challenge in a criminal case—the dismissal of jurors without stating a valid cause for doing so—may not be used to exclude jurors based solely on their race

Bowers v. Hardwick

Bowers v. Hardwick, 478 U.S. 186 (1986), was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court that upheld, in a 5-4 ruling, the constitutionality of a Georgia sodomy law criminalizing oral and anal sex in private between consenting adults, in this case with respect to homosexual sodomy, though the law did not differentiate between homosexual sodomy and heterosexual sodomy.[1

Buchanan v. Warley

Buchanan v. Warley, 245 U.S. 60 (1917), is a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States addressed civil government-instituted racial segregation in residential areas. The Court held unanimously that a Louisville, Kentucky city ordinance prohibiting the sale of real property to blacks in white-majority neighborhoods or buildings and vice versa violated the Fourteenth Amendment's protections for freedom of contract. The ruling of the Kentucky Court of Appeals was thus reversed.

Furman v. Georgia

Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238 (1972), was a criminal case in which the United States Supreme Court invalidated all death penalty schemes in the United States in a 5-4 decision, with each member of the majority writing a separate opinion.[1]:467-8 Following Furman, in order to reinstate the death penalty, states had to at least remove arbitrary and discriminatory effects in order to satisfy the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[

Gideon v. Wainwright

Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, is a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously held that in criminal cases states are required under the Sixth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution to provide an attorney to defendants who are unable to afford their own attorneys

Glossip v. Gross

Glossip v. Gross, No. 14-7955, 576 U.S., was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held, 5-4, that lethal injections using midazolam to kill prisoners convicted of capital crimes do not constitute cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

Gregg v. Georgia

Gregg v. Georgia, Proffitt v. Florida, Jurek v. Texas, Woodson v. North Carolina, and Roberts v. Louisiana, 428 U.S. 153, reaffirmed the United States Supreme Court's acceptance of the use of the death penalty in the United States, upholding, in particular, the death sentence imposed on Troy Leon Gregg.

Griswold v. Connecticut

Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, was a landmark decision of the US Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States protects the liberty of married couples to buy and use contraceptives without government restriction.

Herring v. U.S.

Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135 (2009), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States on January 14, 2009. The court decided that the good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule applies when a police officer makes an arrest based on an outstanding warrant in another jurisdiction, but the information regarding that warrant is later found to be incorrect because of a negligent error by that agency

Perry v. Brown

Hollingsworth v. Perry was a series of United States federal court cases that legalized same-sex marriage in the state of California. The case began in 2009 in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, which found that banning same-sex marriage violates equal protection under the law.

Martin v. Commonwealth

. It was influential in setting a legal precedent that US married women did not have separate formal political citizenship from their husbands.

Parents Involved v. Seattle

-2007 -forced integration unconstitutional if no historic segregation to overcome

Flowers v. Mississippi

Flowers v. Mississippi, No. 17-9572, 588 U.S. ___ (2019), was a United States Supreme Court case regarding the use of peremptory challenges to remove black jurors during a series of Mississippi criminal trials for Curtis Flowers, a black man convicted on murder charges. The Supreme Court ruled that Flowers' case fell under Batson, and the state inappropriately removed most of the potential black jurors during the trials.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

In this 1971 Supreme Court Decision, the court ruled that, even though the schools in the district worked out to be only minimally integrated because of the full black or white neighborhood, the schools had to be intergraded based on the percentage of blacks in the whole district, meaning that blacks had to be bussed over great distances to integrate schools that naturally sat in all white neighborhoods. This cause a great push-back from middle America, who saw the end of the neighborhood school

Craig v. Boren

In this 1976 ruling, the Supreme Court established the "medium scrutiny" standard for determining gender discrimination.

Planned Parenthood v. Casey

Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case regarding abortion. In a plurality opinion, the Court upheld the constitutional right to have an abortion that was established in Roe v. Wade (1973), but altered the standard for analyzing restrictions on that right, crafting the undue burden standard for abortion restrictions.

Powell v. Alabama

Powell v. Alabama, 287 U.S. 45 (1932), was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court reversed the convictions of nine young black men for allegedly raping two white women on a freight train near Scottsboro, Alabama. The majority of the Court reasoned that the right to retain and be represented by a lawyer was fundamental to a fair trial and that at least in some circumstances, the trial judge must inform a defendant of this right. In addition, if the defendant cannot afford a lawyer, the court must appoint one sufficiently far in advance of trial to permit the lawyer to prepare adequately for the trial.

Richmond Newspapers Inc. v. Virginia

Richmond Newspapers Inc. v. Virginia, 448 U.S. 555 (1980), is a United States Supreme Court case involving issues of privacy in correspondence with the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, the freedom of the press, the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. After a murder case ended in three mistrials, the judge closed the fourth trial to the public and the press. On appeal, the Supreme Court ruled the closing to be in violation of the First Amendment and Fourteenth Amendment asserting that the First Amendment implicitly guarantees the press access to public trials.

Roe v. Wade

Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States protects a pregnant woman's liberty to choose to have an abortion without excessive government restriction

Romer v. Evans

Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620, is a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with sexual orientation and state laws. It was the first Supreme Court case to address gay rights since Bowers v. Hardwick, when the Court had held that laws criminalizing sodomy were constitutional. The Court ruled in a 6-3 decision that a state constitutional amendment in Colorado preventing protected status based upon homosexuality or bisexuality did not satisfy the Equal Protection Clause.

Shepherd v. Maxwell

Sheppard v. Maxwell, 384 U.S. 333, was a United States Supreme Court case that examined the rights of freedom of the press as outlined in the First Amendment when weighed against a defendant's right to a fair trial as required by the Sixth Amendment and the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Judge failed to protect the jurors from media influence

Sweatt v. Painter

Sweatt was denied admittance to Texas Law School because of his race. Result: SC ruled that the school had to let him in because the separate facility for African americans was not even close to equal. - 14th A.

Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.

The federal government may prohibit discrimination in housing by private parties under the Civil Rights Act of 1968.

Fisher v. University of Texas

a case which ruled that strict scrutiny should be applied to determine the constitutionality of a race-sensitive admissions policy.

Grutter v. Bollinger

affirmative action case (lost) ; race could be used as a factor in admissions as long as there was no point system and race was not a major factor; upheld Bakke case