CJ Chapter 4
Daniel works in a probation department. He is preparing a report on the characteristics of probationers between the years 2010 and 2012. Which of the following statements is most likely to be present in Daniel's report. a. Fifty-three percent of probationers exited supervision in 2012 b. In 2012, 40% of probationers who exited supervision have successfully completed their supervision before leaving c. In 2012, 1.1 million adults moved onto and off of probation d. the probation population decreased in 2011 but increased in 2012
A
Jacob is serving a probation sentence. His probation officer files a report stating that Jacob has violated some of the conditions of his probation. Which of the following is true? a. Jacob has the right to legal counsel during his revocation hearing b, Jacob sill be provided a copy of the violation report only at his revocation hearing c. If arrested, Jacob can be released from jail only after a full revocation hearing has been concluded. d. During a preliminary hearing, Jacob's probation officer will present the violation report
A
Jason has been under house arrest. Electronic monitoring is being used to supervise him. Jason ankle bracelet acts as a receiver for radio waves sent by a transmitter in his home. Which of the following statements is true of this scenario? a. The system automatically alarms or sends a notice when Jason is not at home at the time when he is supposed to be. b. the system can not only actively monitor if jason is at home, but it can also identify where he is at any time c. jason should place the receiver against the transmitter when he receives a monitoring telephone call to prove that he is in the home. d. Jason's probation officer visits him at his residence at random times to ensure that he is at home following the house arrest.
A
Justin has been placed under house arrest for committing a misdemeanor. Electronic monitoring is being used to supervise him. Random telephone calls are made during times he should be in the home. Justin receives the monitoring telephone call and places the receiver against the transmitter, proving the he is in the home. Which of the following systems is being used to monitor Justin> a. passive system based on radio frequency technology b. active system based on radio frequency technology c. global positioning system d. free space optical communication system
A
Matthew is analyzing the effectiveness of various intermediate sanctions. He evaluates the effectiveness of shock probation. Which of the following conclusions about shock probation is Matthew most likely to confirm? a. Reincarceration rates for shock probation indicate that the program has potential for reintegration b. The length of incarceration necessary to secure the deterrent effect should be longer than what is currently used, at least 180 days or more. c. Shock probation is unlikely to reduce overcrowding in correctional institutions d. Shock probation should be allocated only to first time offenders
A
Morgan has been convicted of a misdemeanor. He has a substance abuse problem. The court determines that he does not require incarceration but should go through a treatment program. Which of the following statements is true of this scenario a. an intensive supervised probation (ISP) program is more likely to enhance the goal of incapacitating Morgan than a regular probation program. b. An intensive supervised probation (ISP) program is less likely to enhance Morgan's rehab than a regular probation program. c. Morgan is likely to have fewer contacts with a probation officer if he is placed in an ISP program than if he is placed under regular probation. d. MORgan's daily life is less likely to be disruptive if he is placed in an intensive supervised probation (ISP) program than if he is placed under regular probation
A
Which of following statements is true of the broken-windows probation? a. it partners with citizen groups, churches, and other neighborhood organizations to supervise offenders b. it forbids the use of electronic monitoring and house arrest c. it charges the police department with the responsibility of supervising the offenders d. it forbids all officers from carrying a weapon while visiting a probationer's home as it moves supervision away from a casework model.
A
Which of the following is true regarding the effectiveness of felony probation? a. when evidence based practices are implemented, probation outcomes are found to be more successful b. during tight budge times, elected officials and correctional administrators support probation and do not look for ways to increase its effectiveness to protect society and deter crime c, prison parolees have lower rates of recidivism than probationers d. about 60% of the offenders who were on federal probation were arrested for a serious offense within three years of supervision.
A
Which of the following statements is true of electronic monitoring? a. Global positioning systems can actively monitor if an offender is at home and also identify where offender is at any time b. active systems require random telephone calls during times when an offender should be in the home c. passive systems send a notice when the signal is not communicated between the transmitter and receiver when an offender is supposed to be in the home. d. transmitter that exchange signals with ankle bracelets are placed in the local police department
A
Which of the following statements is true of regular caseload? a. they are for standard probationers who may have a significant risk of reoffending, but require no special program or supervision b. fewer than half of all probationers are on regular caseloads c. they are made up of offenders with a particular type of problem, such as substance abuse, mental illness, or a history of sex offenses d. they are for offenders with too high a risk or a need to be on regular supervision and were created as an alternative to sending these offenders to prison
A
Which of the following statements is true of the characteristics of probationers? a. the average time served on probation was twenty-three months during 2012 b. the probation population has grown at a higher rate from 2007 to 2012 than it has from 1980 to 2007. c. The number of exits from probation supervision increased in 2010 d. more than half the probationers are black
A
which of the following statements is true of the probation revocation process> a. if a probationer pleads guilty to a violation at the preliminary hearing, the judge will decide how to handle the violation at that time.. b. a probationer who has been detained in jail before a preliminary hearing cannot be released until a full revocation hearing c. after a probation office files a report of the violation, the next step in the probation revocation process is to hold a full revocation hearing. d. a probationer may not be detained in jail until a violation of the conditions of probation has been established
A
Which of the following statements is true of net widening? a. net widening leads to an increase in the overall cost of corrections b. net widening is the phenomenon of parole boards showing greater leniency toward prison inmates while making release decisions. c. net widening is the phenomenon of sentencing offenders, who would otherwise receive prison sentences, to intermediate sanctions. d. net widening diverts offenders from prisons
A If offenders are maintained in the community and net widening occurs, the overall cost of supervision could end up being more than if they are sent to a minimum security prison
The correctional sanction that requires offenders to have short hair, shine their shoes, wear uniforms, do extensive physical exercise, and perform hard physical labor is called ________. a. shock incarceration b. intensive supervised probation c. supervised mandatory release d. shock probation
A Shock incarceration or boot camp is an alternative to traditional incarceration that is operated like a military boot camp. Offenders are required to wear uniforms, have short hair, shine their shoes, do extensive physical exercise, and perform hard physical labor.
Nolan is analyzing the various types of intermediate sanctions. He researches the effectiveness of intensive supervision. Which of the following conclusions is Nolan most likely to affirm in his research paper? a. Offenders in Intensive supervised probation (ISP) programs are more likely to be sent to prison than offenders on regular probation. b. Agencies that have smaller caseloads in Intensive supervised probation (ISP) programs have higher recidivism rates among their participants than those with larger caseloads c, Intensive supervised probation (ISP) participants are more likely to be arrested than regular probationers. d. Intensive supervised probation (ISP) programs that include treatment have higher recidivism rates than the ones that do not.
A They found that high risk ISP participants, were watched more closely than regular probationers. There were more technical violations committed by ISP participants, resulting in 27% of the ISP participants being returned to prison or jail compared to only 19% of regular probationers.
Santiago has been awarded an intermediate sanction. he is placed in a community residential center (CRC). Which of the following is most likely true of this scenario? a. Santiago will receive a weekend pass to visit family or friends if he complies with center rules. b. Santiago will have to live in a military regimen with discipline, exercise, and hard work being the major components of his stay at the residential center. c. Santiago will be required to have short hair, shine his shoes, wear uniforms, and perform hard physical labor. d.Santiago will be held under high physical security.
A if they are complying with rules they may be given a weekend pass
The overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community-based offenders, rather than diversion of offenders from prison is called __________. a. net widening b. shock incarceration c. concurrent sentencing d. blended sentencing
A intermediate sanctions are not always used with high-risk probationers who would not have been sent to prison even if the intermediate sanction did not exist. This phenomenon is called net widening, the overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community-placed offenders, rather than diversion of offenders from prison.
Identify the true statement about the outcomes of felony probation a. probation without adequate surveillance and treatment is not effective. b. adequately funded probation programs are also ineffective in reducing recidivism c. probation outcomes are less successful when evidence-based practices are implemented d. even well-managed probation programs fail to reduce recidivism
A well managed and adequately funded probation programs do reduce recidivism
Bryan is studying criminal justice. He is researching probation operations between 1980 and 2010. Which of the following is most likely to be a finding of Bryan's study? a. The number of those on probation decreased every year from 2008 to 2010. b. the probation population decreased between 1980 and 2008 c. In 2009 and 2010, most of the probationers were discharged after they completed their entire probationary period. d. More than half of probationers leave supervision each year successfully by completing their supervision
A. Probation decreased by .9% in 2009 and 1.7% in 2010. This change is due to the fact that the number of entries onto probation declined for 3 straight years, and the number of exits from probation supervision also declined in 2010.
Ethan is a probation officer. He requires that probationers comply with the rules of supervision. He focuses on detecting violations and returning those to custody who have broken the terms of their probation agreement. Ethan has adopted the _________. a. surveillance style of supervision b. indirect supervision approach c. direct supervision approach d. casework style of supervision
A. surveillance style of supervision It emphasizes monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules or supervision and the detection of violations.
which of the following statements is true regarding the effectiveness of felony probation a. the average cost per day for regular probation for each inmate is lower than the cost per day of maintaining and housing an inmate in a maximum-security prison. b. prison parolees have lower rates of recidivism than probationers c. more than half the offenders who were on federal probation were arrested within two years after successfully completing their supervision. d.more than half the offenders who were on federal probation were arrested for a serious offense in the first year of supervision
B
which of the following statements is characteristics of community residential centers (CRCs)? a. CRCs are more expensive to operate than a regular prison. b. Most CRCs require residents to pay a portion of the cost of their stay through wages they earn while in the community c. physical security provided at CRCs is similar to the security in a prison. d. resident rooms at CRCs are usually designed to hold only one person in order to impose solitary confinement on residents.
B CRCs are less expensive to operate than a regular prison. The cost is further reduced, as most halfway houses or CRCs require residents to pay a portion of the cost of their stay through wages they earn while in the community
Which of the following statements is true of community residential centers (CRCs)? A. CRC placement occurs only at the time of sentencing, when a judge determines that the offender needs the services of a residential center. b. CRCs operate their own kitchen and provide meals to residents c. Residents are free to come and go as they please, as CRCs are provided with limited physical security d. CRCs are currently used only to help ex inmates make the transition between prison and the community
B CRCs are usually an old boarding house, a YMCA, or some other large residential structure in an urban area. The CRCs operate their own kitchen and provide meals to residents
Samuel has been awarded an intermediate sanction. He is being housed in an old boarding house in a dormitory-style environment. There is very minimal physical security at this house. Samuel sit stay at the house unless he is approved to go to work or attend an authorized program. The cost of housing Samuel each day is less than the cost of housing hi in a prison. Which of the following intermediate sanctions is Samuel most likely to be serving? a. boot camp b. community residential center c. intensive supervised probation d. shock probation
B CRCs offer offenders to live in the community that provide supervision, room and board, and some treatment as an alternative to prison.
Bill committed a misdemeanor and was placed on probation. His supervising probation officer files a report stating that Bill has violated one of the conditions of his probation. Which of the following is true> a. If there is a finding of a violation in the probation revocation hearing, the court hast to sentence Bill to imprisonment. b. Bill's probation cannot be revoked without fulfilling limited due process requirements. c. In most jurisdictions, Bill will have the right to a jury trial during his probation revocation hearing. d. Bill will have to represent himself in his probation revocation hearing.
B Once probation is granted, the probationer has a liberty interest in avoiding incarceration, and probation cannot be revoked without limited due process requirements.
Olivia is a student who has taken up a course on criminal justice. She prepare a report on the function and effectiveness of boot camps. which of the following statements is she likely to include in her report> a. boot camps are very effective in reducing recidivism b. boot camps are expensive compared to minimum security prisons. c. boot camps are reserved for offenders who have a history of violent crimes d. boot camps require a low staff to inmate ratio
B boot camps are criticized as expensive and not effective
Which of the following statements is true of shock probation? a. offenders with a history of violent crimes are usually sentences to shock probation b. it is based on the theory that as a result of placement in prison for a short period of time, offenders granted shock probation will be deterred from commission of further crimes c. shock probation is generally believed to be an expensive intermediate sanction d. the major components of shock probation are military regimentation, discipline, exercise, and hard work.
B shock probation is based on a specific deterrence model, which is achieved through the placement of an offender into a prison for a short period of time
Which of the following statements is true of a casework style of supervision? a. probation officers spend very little of their time on casework activities during supervision b. probation officers who have adopted this style of supervision help offenders with problems and provide them with counseling c. it emphasizes the detection of violations that may lead to revocation and a return to custody d. it emphasizes monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules
B.
Nathan is a probationer. His county adopts the broken window probation strategy. Which of the following statement is most likely be true of this scenario? A. Nathan's contact with his neighborhood organizations will be curtailed. b. The police department takes sole responsibility for supervising Nathan. c. House arrest and electronic monitoring will be used to supervise Nathan. d. Nathan will be visited at his residence or place of employment only by unarmed officers
B. Broken windows probation uses graduated sanctions such as house arrest, electronic monitoring, and mandatory substance abuse treatment. Armed officers carry a weapon and go with a partner to visit the probationer.
Which of the following is true of shock incarceration? a. boot camps are less expensive than minimum security prisons. b. boot camps are usually reserved for young, first time prisoners who are deemed likely to benefit from structure and discipline c. offenders who complete a boot camp are held for a longer duration than if they had received a traditional prison sentence. d. boot camps are based on the belief that the shock of the sentence will deter offenders from committing more crimes
B. boot camps are usually reserved for young, first time prisoners who are deemed likely to benefit from structure and discipline
Who posted bail for a man charged with public drunkenness in 1841, in Boston, and became the nation's first probation officer a. Jeremy Bentham b. John Augustus c. Cesare Lombroso d. John Howard
B. John Augustus was a Boston shoemaker who became the father of probation. when he died, he had bailed out over 1800 offenders.
Paul work in the los angeles county probation department. In drug courts, he helps offenders find suitable treatment programs and reports not their progress. He also collects information about defendants to help courts decide if they can be released on recognizance. Which of the following division of the Los Angeles County probation Department is Paul employed? a. adult investigations b. Pretrial Services Divisions c. Specialized programs d. Adult supervision
B. pretrial services division includes many ways to reduce the number of jail inmates or to divert offenders from formal and traditional criminal sentencing. Programs and units in the division include the drug court program, release on recognizance program, early disposition, and electronic monitoring.
Which of the following statements is true of the conditions of probations? a. judges may not modify the conditions of probation during the probation period. b. maintaining employment is usually not a standard condition of probation c. one of the standard conditions of probation is that probationer must not leave the judicial district without obtaining permission from the probation officer or the court d. requiring a probationer to not commit any crimes is usually a special condition imposed by a judge
C
Which of the following type of caseload would an offender who is classified as a high risk and in need of frequent contacts between the offender and the probation office be? a. regular caseload b. they are categorized into special caseloads. c. they are categorized into intensive-supervision caseloads d. they should be monitored using a casework style of supervision
C
Which of the following statements is characteristics of intensive supervised probation (ISP) programs? a. Regular probationers are more likely to be sent to prison or jail than ISP participants. b. ISP programs have higher number of arrests than regular probation programs. c. ISP programs that provided treatment had lower rates of recidivism than the programs that did not include treatment d. recidivism rates are generally higher for ISP programs having smaller caseloads.
C In a review of 14 counties in 9 states, Petersilia and Turner found that if the ISP supervision combined drug treatment, community service, and employment programs with surveillance, recidivism rates were 10 to 20% lower than those who did not participate in such activities.
Which of the following statements is true regarding net widening? a. Net widening is the phenomenon of sentencing offenders, who would otherwise receive prison sentences, to intermediate sanctions. b. net widening aims on diversion of offenders from prison. c. when offenders are placed in a boot camp or CRC, it can cost more per day than placing them in a minimum-security prison. d. net widening is the phenomenon of parole boards showing greater leniency toward prison inmates while making release decisions
C Placement in a boot camp or CRC can cost more per day than placement in a minimum-security prison.
Kevin works in a probation department. He has been asked to prepare a report on probation operations in the US that focuses on the caseloads of probations officers. Which of the following conclusions is Kevin most likely to affirm in his report? a. Caseload size b. probation outcomes are more successful when evidence-based practices are implemented c. the large average caseload size of probation officers indicates that probation receives extensive financial support from governments d. the average caseload size is very similar across various jurisdictions
C evidence based practices are more effective to reduce recidivism
The broken windows probation strategy mimics the philosophy of ________. a. traditional policing b. remote supervision c. community policing d. indirect supervision
C The broken windows probation strategy mimics the philosophy of community policing, in that all broken windows in a neighborhood are to be promptly repaired, as this small indication of a lack of community concern leads to a larger instability and criminal activity in the community.
Which of the following is a true statement about the history of probation? a. The District of Columbia passed the first probation statute for juveniles in 1878. b. Most of the offenders bailed out by John Augustus forfeited bond. c. John Augustus insisted on investigating the situations of offenders before sentencing. d. John Augustus received high recognition for his probation efforts during his life time.
C. Augustus' idea of investigating offenders' situations prior to sentencing resulted in the concept of presentence investigations (PSIs) being assigned to Probation officers (POs).
Which of the following statements is true of intermediate sanctions> a. intermediate sanctions are poor at achieving proportionality of sentencing b. intermediate sanctions lead to poorer ties between the offenders and the community. c. prison overcrowding is one of the factors cited in support of intermediate sanctions d. courts usually consider only the type of crime committed to set the fine amount
C. an increase in the number in prisons and prison overcrowding is one of the factors cited in support of intermediate sanctions
A study uses 2 groups consisting of 511 probationers and 511 parolees. Each group is determined to have an equal risk of recidivism (DO YOU KNOW WHAT THIS MEANS?? LOOK IT UP). Over a two year follow up, results showed that a. probationers were incarcerated in greater numbers than parolees b. parolees had higher success rates than probationers. c. new charges filed against paroles and probationers were nearly equal in number d. parolees were arrested in greater numbers than probationers
D
Claire has been convicted of public intoxication and disorderly conduct. Clear evidence against Claire has led to her conviction. Claire has been sentenced to probation, and the judge has imposed certain conditions for her to complete her probation. Which of the following conditions of Claire's probation is a standard condition of probation? A. Claire shall undergo vocational training b. Claire shall stay out of bars or poolrooms c. Claire shall undergo drug and alcohol testing d. Claire shall refrain from the excessive use of alcohol
D
Which of the following statements is true of the surveillance style of supervision? a. it helps the offenders with their problems and provides counseling b. it emphasizes assisting offenders with problems, counseling, and working to make sure the offenders successfully complete supervision. c. probation officers spend most of their time on surveillance activities during supervision d. It emphasizes monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules or supervision and the detection of violations.
D
which of the following statements is true of intensive supervised probation (ISP) a. ISP programs result in fewer contacts between offenders and probation officers b. ISP programs have not been as successful as regular probation in reducing the opportunity of offenders' to slip into criminal behavior. c. ISP programs cause fewer disruptions to the daily lives of offenders than regular probation d. ISP programs accept offenders who need greater supervision than that available through regular probation
D
which of the following statements is true of the history of probation? a. most of the offenders bailed out by Augustus forfeited bond. b. Ideas for requiring offenders to meet conditions of supervision and reporting to the courts came into effect after the death of John Augustus. c. California was the first state to pass a statute authorizing the use of probation for adult felons. d. Massachusetts passed the first probation statues for juveniles
D
Martha works in Los Angeles County Probation Department. She provides officers the support necessary to see probationers in their office and to conduct home and work visits. She also coordinates with various social service and treatment providers in the community. Which of the following sections of the Los Angeles County Probation Department does Martha work in? a. specialized programs b. pretrial services division c. adult investigations d. adult supervision
D This section is organized to support the supervision of probationers in the community, providing officers support necessary to see probationers in their office, to conduct home and work visits, and to coordinate with various social service and treatment providers in the community.
Which of the following statements is a characteristic of economic sanctions> a. asset forfeiture cannot be used in the prosecution and punishment of drug offenders b. the U.S. supreme court has forbidden sentencing judges form considering victim statements when determining victim compensation c. asset forfeiture is the authorized seizure of any legal property owned by an offender to pay a fine or make restitution d. community service is considered to be an economic sanction
D community service is an Economic sanction as it is often used when offenders do not have funds from which to pay a fine or make restitution
Carter is analyzing the impact of net widening on intermediate sanctions. Which of the following conclusions is he most likely to affirm? a. net widening decreases the overall cost of supervision b. net widening focuses on diversion of offenders from prison c. net widening reduces the burden of punishment on an offender d. net widening is the overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community placed offenders
D net widening is the overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community placed offenders, rather than diversion of offenders from prison
Which of the following statements is true of the probation population in the United States? a. probationers are predominantly female b. the number of entries into probation increased every year between 2007 and 2012. c. the average time served on probation was sixteen months during 2012. d. more than half the probationers are white
D over 1/2 of probationers are white, 31% are black and 13% are hispanic
the latin term probatio that forms the basis of the term probation means a period of _________. a. actual criminal processing b. jail sentence c. certification d. proving oneself
D. Augustus himself came up with the term probation
Which of the following statements is true about house arrest? a. the cost of supervision for house arrest is usually the burden of correctional agencies b. offenders who have been placed under house arrest cannot continue to be employed. c. the upkeep of offenders placed under house arrest is usually paid for by correctional agencies d. house arrest allows for participation in community based treatment programs
D. House arrest imposes severe restrictions on the offender's freedom and opportunity to commit crimes and allows for participation in community based treatment programs
Samantha is a probation officer. She believes that probation officers should provide support to offenders rather than forcing them to comply with rules. She often counsels offenders to help them deal with their problems. Samantha has adopted the _____. a. direct supervision approach b. surveillance style of supervision c. indirect supervision approach d. casework style of supervision
D. Casework style of supervision emphasizes helping the offender with problems, providing counseling, and ensuring that the offender completes supervision.
Thiago has been given an intermediate sanction. The correctional facility he is housed in cuts his hair as soon as he arrives, requires that we wear a green jumpsuit, and wakes him up every morning, early, to do extensive physical exercise. He is also required to partake in hard physical labor. Which of the following correctional sanctions has the judge awarded to Thiago? a. offender restitution b. shock probation c. shock incarceration d. community residential center
c
Joseph has been convicted for damaging his community library. He is sentenced to a short prison sentence and is required to repay his community for the damage caused. Which of the following economic sanctions has the court imposed in the scenario> a. asset forfeiture b. cost of supervision c. offender restitution d. net widening
c. offender restitution requires offenders to repay society for the harm created by the offense
by partnering with citizen groups, churches, and other neighborhood organizations to create a joint responsibility for the supervision of offenders, probation supervision follows the lead of _________ a. target policing b. indirect supervision c. informal supervision d. community policing
d
A short period of imprisonment to "shock" the offender, with a return to the community within a few weeks to continue supervision on probation is called _________. a. offender restitution b. shock incarceration c. intensive supervised probation d. shock probation
d shock probation: short period of imprisonment to "shock" the offender with a return to the community within a few weeks to continue supervision on probation.