CJUS385 Final Exam Study

The primary ethical duties of the judge are to__________________. A. See that justice is done and that the guilty are punished B. Act without bias or prejudice and follow the law C. See that the public interest is protected and integrity of the court upheld D. See that the guilty are punished and that the public interest is protected

B

The principle of understanding, tolerance, standing up and fallability are all parts of the theory of ethical____________. A. Relativism B. Pluralism C. Absolutism D. Exoneration

B

When a prison officer recruits as a whole were asked to respond to hypothetical dilemmas involving inmates, most approved of a prison officer acting in a________________ manner toward inmates. Retributive Sympathetic Callous Empathetic

B

Which United States Supreme Court case governs interrogations of suspects in the custody of police? United States V. Sherman Miranda V. Arizona Terry V. Ohio Brady V. Maryland

B

Which United States Supreme Court case ruled the prison cells could be searched at any time but prohibited delivered act of harassment of inmates by prison staff? Bell V. Wolfish Hudson V. Palmer U.S .V. Nix Farmer V. Brendan

B

Beginning from the late 1980s, crime related infotainment began to appear on television and ______ dissolved.

the boundary between crime and entertainment

An ethical dilemma can arise when a person__________________________. A. Is faced with choices that involve conflicting ethical principles B. Knowingly decides to violate the clearly applicable ethical standards C. Is punished for making an ethical decision D. Cannot determine which ethical principles apply

A

Correctional officers often engage in "corruption of authority," meaning they______________. Deliberately refrained from enforcing prison rules Engage in many crêpe acts when exercising their authority Strictly enforce prison rules, but do so unethically Are prompted to act unethically due to the authority they are given

A

Ethical absolutism assumes that ______________. A. There is an essential, unchanging moral law that applies everywhere to everyone B. There are absolutely no moral universals C. There are many possible ethical truths D. No set of moral rules is absolutely true in all times and all places

A

In his explanation of police culture, Crank (1998) characterizes ______ as the notion that police view much of their work by reference to the use of force. A. coercive territorial control B. the new warriors C. turbulence and edge-control D. cynicism

A

In its decision in Farmer V. Brennan (1994) the United States Supreme Court held that "delivered indifference resides on a continuing between mere negligence and something less than acts or omissions for the very purpose of causing harm or with knowledge that will result in harm" this case dealt with which of the following? Prison rape Excessive force Thefts Homicides

A

In the context of the officer______, fighting an inmate was seen as an expression of masculinity and machismo. Subculture Status Control Power

A

In which United States Supreme Court case did the court argue that deadly force to prevent inmate escape was valid under certain circumstances? United States V. Nix Whiteley V. Albers Clark V. Evans Kenny V. Indiana youth center

A

In which case did the court strike down a statute limiting jury service to white men on grounds it violated the 14th amendment to the Constitution Strauder V. West Virginia McLeskey V. Kemp Brown V. Board of Education Bateson V. Kentucky

A

It has been argued that any_________________ within the juvenile justice system should be considered separately from the adult system. Arrests Discrimination Interrogation Charges brought

A

Michael Nifong, the district attorney for Durham County North Carolina was disbarred because__________________. A. He failed to disclose to the defendants that the DNA samples did not match any of the DNA from unidentified males found on the alleged victim's body and clothing B. He dismissed all the charges against Duke athletes C. The defense attorney for the Duke athletes complain that he was charging a more serious crime that was awarded by the evidence D. He was not disbarred. He was censured by the ethics commission and banned from practicing law for five years in North Carolina

A

Occupational culture is defined as which of the following? A. The particular roles and experiences of the different occupational groups within the institution. B. The attitudes, values, and norms of an institution. C. police professionalism D. all of the above

A

The Supreme Court has declared that the use of deadly force is permitted only when an officer is confronted with_________________. A. A suspect that possesses a threat of death or serious physical injury to the officer or others B. A suspect that advances towards an officer in a threatening manner C. A suspect who is suspected of being armed D. A fleeing felon who tries to escape

A

The first United States law addressing the issue of male prison rape was the__________________ Prison rape elimination act Rape elimination act Elimination act Prison rape act

A

Theories of crime which focus on preventing crime in the future are turned____________ . Utilitarian Contingent Overt Formalism

A

Those professing a belief in___ authority as well as those favoring legalistic authority agreed that full enforcement of institutional regulations would effectively cause the institution to cease operating because all inmates would be forever locked down for rule violations Personal Legalistic Compliance Rewards

A

Utilitarian and retributive theories of punishment differ primarily in their__________________. Perspective, as being forward-looking or backward looking past Emphasis on severity of punishment Micro or macro level approach Ability to justify the stated purpose of punishment

A

What type of ethics is concerned with methods, language, and logical structure? A. metaethics B. normative ethics C. applied ethics D. method ethics

A

Which of the following elements of the prison guard code permits conduct that might otherwise violate bureaucratic rules? Always go to the aid of an officer distress Never make a fellow officer look bad in front of inmates Always support officer sanctions against inmates Show a positive concern for fellow guards

A

Which of the following is not an ethical issue arising from the privatization of prisons? A. Will state receive the benefits for which it paid when retaining a private correctional company? B. How more private prisons deal with the issue of use of deadly force? C. Is it appropriate for anyone but the state to meet out punishment? D. Will private prisons increase the demand for a constant flow of inmates?

A

Which type of whistle-blower report misconduct to another person inside an organization? internal exculpatory external domestic

A

As a result of___________________ activism in the social activism of the late 1960s, many inmates, especially minorities, were provided with a political rhetoric and ideology that radicalized prisons. Inmate Judicial Celebrity Prosecutorial

B

Despite threats to their personal safety, police are never permitted to use________________. Deadly force Excessive force Force likely to cause great bodily harm Verbal threats

B

Ethical relativism assumes that ______. A. all issues are related B. what is right or ethical may vary from person to person or culture to culture C. answers to ethical questions are leative to the etiology of the problem D. all people on the planet are related to each other in a symbiotic relationship

B

Every state has their own policy dealing with prison officers use of warning shots. What is the common feature of these policies? A. Nine Police departments and prisons forbid the use of warning shots. B. Warning shots by prison officers are allowed if innocent people will not be injured. C. Warning shots cannot be allowed within prison grounds D. Armed officers have complete discretion on when and where to use or shots.

B

The most common occasion for such_____________ violence was within an inmates cellblock at a time when he was about to be removed from segregation Power Provoked Compliant Rewarded

B

In a study of which state did researchers find that plea bargains did not overload the court system? Alabama Alaska Arizona New Mexico

B

In many institutions, prison officers have engaged in "corruption of authority." This means that the prison officers, for a variety of reasons, have____________________ . Begun taking monetary bribes from prisoners Refrain from enforcing certain prison rules and regulations Began directly disobeying orders from superiors Became members of prison gangs

B

In which United States Supreme Court case that the court determine the "reasonableness" standard must be used in judging excessive but non-deadly force? Tennessee v. Garner Graham v. O'Connor Scott v. Harris Canton v Ohio.

B

Individual or specific deterrence seeks to___________________. Deter potential offenders and crime Deter the individual punished Deter both the individual and the public Control crime by keeping criminals out of society

B

Inmates are not only entitled to be treated ethically, but the____requires that they be provided humane conditions of confinement. Fifth Amendment Eighth amendment 14th amendment 11th amendment

B

It is morally impermissible to treat people differently unless there are_______________ differences between them Racial Factual Economic Religious

B

Legislation that imposes penalties for specific offenses in the belief that those penalties will deter or prevent persons from committing those offenses is a form of________________ deterrence. Specific General Individual Retributive

B

Many argue that if police are permitted wide discretion, a high level of ______ should match it. professionalism accountability subjectiveness ethics

B

Normative ethics is a form of ethics devised to assist in ______. A. deciding which system of ethics is best B. making decisions about the proper behavior C. deciding what is good or right in the abstract D. deciding which government or agency policies are best

B

Of the three types of stress officers face, those that corrode confidence and resilience are known as ______. explosive events daily tensions implosive events media events

B

Proponents of which ethical theory argue that every society has a different moral code that explains which acts are permitted or not? A. ethical relativism B. cultural relativism C. extreme or individual relativism D. ethical absolutism

B

Punishment consists of which of the following elements? A. It must involve in unpleasantness for the offender B. It must be for an offense C. It must be imposed by law enforcement before the offender goes to court D. It must be deserved

B

Some have argued that the_____________________ has been the cause of high ranking enjoyed by drug enforcement. The rise of drug arrest The comprehensive crime act of 1984 The drug abuse act of 1968 None of these

B

Stereotypes concerning jurors of different races especially in relation to judgments that are made on the basis of limited knowledge_________________. A. Render it precisely the type of judgment most likely to be biased by race B. Lead to the conviction of innocent defendants C. Require the prosecutor to get special permission to question the juror D. All the defense attorney to file a motion of in re delimited

B

The branch of ethics concerned with the question of what "good" means is ______. A. normative ethics B. metaethics C. applied ethics D. philosophy

B

The concept of "grand apartheid" (as distinguished from "petit apartheid") refers to________________ racism in police interactions with members of minority groups Occasional Overt Daily, informal Rare

B

The difference between an ethical dilemma and an ethical issue is that the__________________. A. Former is more important than the latter B. Ladder involves a public policy question C. Ladder involves questions of individual ethical conduct D. Former involves conflicting principles, why the latter does not

B

The exercise of____________________ by prison officers was not intended as a symbol of their power but rather a reflection of their sense of vulnerability. Sympathy Violence Coercion Empathy

B

The idea of natural law is_____________. A. Almost identical to religious law B. We can identify some factors that are common to our human nature C. That a behavior is natural because God commands it D. God commands a law because it is natural

B

Which group in New York City found that the most salient forms of police corruption included groups of officers protecting and assisting drug traffickers for often sizeable profits? Warren Commission Mollen Commission Jeffers Commisson Knapp Commission

B

Which of the following is a major problem with cultural relativism? A. It provides answers to issues and Spurs debate B. It operates as a moral isolationism C. Values of different historical periods are valid throughout time D. Cultures are totally isolated from one another

B

With regard to violence in the prison, over time, most inexperienced prison guards______. A. Are more likely to report excessive violence by other guards B. Get used to the violence and accepted C. Become more active in trying to protect inmates from violence by other guards D. Become more active in trying to protect inmates from other inmates

B

A major area of prosecutorial misconduct in the form of misleading conduct rises from the prosecutors dealing with____________________________. Defendants Judges Juries Defense attorneys

C

A study conducted in Philadelphia in 1966 found that_________________% of inmates reported sexual assaults while incarcerated are being transported to and from court 2.3 3.4 4.7 5.6

C

A weakness of contemporary civilian review bodies is that they ______. have limited funding have no subpoena power do not have the power to impose discipline are difficult to staff

C

As the case with police officers in many occupations, prison officers have________. A strong interest in weeding out unethical officers A strong interest seeking that external oversight is strong An occupational subculture A strong interest in creating and enforcing a strict disciplinary system

C

Denouncing criminals can also be referred to as___________________ . Empathizing with the victim Vengeance Alienation All the above

C

Ethical pluralism argues that in most situations ________________. A. There are a lot of alternatives but only one can be correct B. The principle with which the greatest number of people agree is the correct principal C. There are many truths rather than a single truth D. Ethical absolutism applies only when there are a large number of ethical options

C

In addition to the formal rules and regulations of the job, police behavior is also heavily influenced by police ______. A. demeanor B. mystique C. culture D. mythology

C

In which United States Supreme Court case that the court validate use of deadly force during a high-speed vehicle pursuit where the suspect endangered the lives of police and innocent third parties? Tennessee V. Gardner Brandon V. O'Connor Scott V. Harris Canton V. Ohio

C

Legislation, statutes, and regulations made by governments are known as______________. A. Natural law B. Relative ethics C. Law D. Metaethics

C

Most police codes of ethics do not ______ A. mention service to the public B. require respecting the rights of members of the public C. have enforcement provisions or procedures D. expect officers to increase their knowledge and competence over time

C

Police work involves a lot of flexibility and options when exercising authority and power. The formal term for this is ______. compulsion mandates discretion directionality

C

Prison officers have a myriad of ways of retaliating against troublesome inmates, short of writing tickets for rule violations. These are termed forms of_________ control. Governmental Societal Informal Formal

C

The United States Supreme Court ruled in Bateson versus Kentucky (1986) that prosecutors engage in unlawful discrimination when they exclude Blacks from jury service through the use of ___________________. Inflammatory arguments Challenge for cause Preemptory challenges Prosecutorial misconduct

C

What process is used by prosecutors where they charge a person with more than one cry with the intention of dropping the most serious charges in hopes of the defendant will plead to the lesser charges Charging Stacking Overcharging Indicting

C

What theory seeks to explain the use of extralegal as opposed to excessive force by police? use of force theory extralegal force theory angry aggression theory use of aggression theory

C

Which form of corruption is understood to include accepting payments for not making an arrest or issuing a summons that in ordinary course of events would have been made or issued. kickbacks opportunistic theft shakedowns traffic ticket fix

C

Which of the following aspects to racism involves policies and practices of institutions operate to produce symptomatic and continuing differences between racial groups? Personal prejudice Ideological racism Institutional racism Practical racism

C

Which of the following is not a problem inherent in incapacitative sentencing: A. It works only if we lock up those who would have committed further offenses if they had been left free B. It works only if those we lock up are not immediately replaced by new recruits C. It only works if we fix offenders while we lock them up D. It works only if the crimes committed after release are not so frequent or serious so as to negate the effects of the crimes prevented through incapacitated sentencing

C

Which of the following is not one of the arguments against partisan judicial elections? A. The nominees are selected based on political grounds instead of merit B. That voters have a tendency to be swayed by nonjudicial qualifications C. That many qualified candidates seek office because they get to run a political campaign D. That having to seek reelection deters many qualified candidates

C

Which theory argues that we should rehabilitate criminals because it is just to do so and because each person possesses moral worth? Denunciation theory Deterrence theory Deontological theory Restorative theory

C

With regard to racism and police decision-making, including arrests and use of force the research results, ______________. A. Almost unanimously show the influence of racial factors B. Almost unanimously show that race has no influence are mixed C. Are not worthy of discussion because the research is poorly done

C

___ intended to degrade or dehumanize inmates is not authorized by the sanctions society has imposed on them. Punishment Coercion Treatment All the above

C

Much interaction between police and minorities may involve ""petit apartheid." This term means_____________. Overt racism Legally sanctioned racism Jim Crow laws Informal, low visibility racism

D

A judicial code of conduct was adopted by the American Bar Association in________________________. 1960 1970 1980 1990

D

Deadly physical force can be used in the following situations____. To prevent escape In self-defense To prevent arson All of the above

D

Ethical codes have a "rhetorical function" in that they _______________. establish grounds for discipline establish norms of behavior assure the public that police are required to follow certain standards create rules the public can rely upon

D

In the prison environment, prison officers are often forced to tolerate minor rule violations, petty stealing, and making concessions to inmate leaders in order to_________ . Gain respect of inmates Retain their discretion Treat inmates ethically Maintain power

D

In which United States Supreme Court case that the court rule that the "separate but equal" doctrine in public schools? Brown V. Topeka Topeka V. Board of Education Bartholomew V. Board of Education Brown V. Board of Education

D

In which court case to the United States Supreme Court rule that exculpatory evidence not made available to the accused could result in denial of the constitutional right to a fair trial? United States versus Bayer God versus Florida bar Next versus Whiteside Brady versus Maryland

D

Individual character, institutional culture, and societal (systemic) pressures on the police have all been suggested as explanations for ______. police use of excessive force the police subculture police discretion police corruption

D

Medium security inmates are generally_____________________. Nonviolent First-time offenders White-collar criminals All the above

D

Natural laws are said to__________________. A. Govern human behavior B. Incorporate human nature and goals humans naturally seek C. Represent a search for moral absolutes D. All the above

D

Petit apartheid is_______________. Racism by high-ranking government officials Overt racism Racism by the community Informal or hidden police racism during interactions with minorities

D

Some scholars of policing have suggested that police culture has changed with the advent of ______. A. community policing B. a greater focus on service to the public C. enhancement in communication and interpersonal skills D. all of the above

D

The form of police oversight in the shape of a police auditor emerged during which decade? 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s

D

The modern era of corrections brought with it a set of written ethical___ for correctional officers and management. Rules Guidelines Instructions Standards

D

The theory of punishment that assumes that people will refrain from crying because of fear of punishment is_________________ . Retribution Incapacitation Just deserts Deterrence

D

Underreporting of prison rape is a problematic issue and is exemplified in a 1996 Nebraska study which found that only___________________% of victimized inmates reported abuses 13 19 25 29

D

Valuable_____________ such as drugs would ingender more conflict. Personal Legalistic Compliance Rewards

D

Which of the following is an ethically permissible, expert judicial activity for judges? Accepting gifts from prosecutors Accepting a loan from another judge Giving a gift to the public defender Having a housewarming party

D

Which of the following is not a norm in the typical informal prison guard code? Don't rat or inform on other guards Don't lug or smuggle drugs into inmates Always support fellow officers against inmate claims or allegations Assist inmates in getting rehabilitated

D

Which of the following is not one of the ways that the use of police discretion is regulated? judicial rule-making legislative regulation internal codes and regulations police promotions

D

Which of the following is true about judges? A. It must be faithful to the law B. Partisan elections can raise questions about influences elected judges may be subjected to C. They are expected to disqualify themselves in any proceeding in which their impartiality is question D. All the above

D

Which type of police lying is considered the most harmful, as it violates the law and police regulations? Accepted lying Justified lying Tolerated lying Deviant lying

D

Why do prison gang members have a comparative advantage over non-gang affiliated inmates when it comes to trafficking contraband inside prisons? A. Inmates no gangs will use force to collect payment for the drug on credit B. Gang members on the outside use creative, stealthy methods to deliver contraband inside C. Gang organization provides governance facilitating delivery and distribution. D. All of the above

D

_____ Relates to the need for prison officers to understand the informal rules and processes that shape daily prison interaction and how to avoid being manipulated by inmates Education Training Understanding Knowledge ability

D

______________ laws conflict with ethical standards A. Always B. Never C. Maybe D. Sometimes

D