Class Notes

Aftermath of Munich

- Before Munich no one knows about the PLO, but after Munich everyone knows about PLO - By 1974, Arafat Granted UN observer Status - Seems like PLO is being rewarded for its terrorist organization Arafat talking Being clapped- like a hero • During 60s-70s really celebrating revolutionary movements • The general assembly has lots of people who have previously been under colonies • Lots of Latin American, African, Southern Asian countries that supported the PLO because it was another attempt to do - Called himself "freedom fighter", refers to FLN as heroes - By 1980, it had formal diplomatic relations with more countries than Israel - Without the international terrorism, it is likely that the PLO wouldn't have been known before international terrorism

Phineas Priesthood

- Christian Patriot activist group that want to impose what they believe is god's law: getting rid of interracial marriages, abortion, homosexuality. very anti-Semitism, and anti-multiculturalism. -ot considered an organization because it is not led by a governing body, its members do not hold gatherings, and it does not have a membership process. One simply becomes a Phineas Priest by adopting the Priesthood's beliefs and acting upon them. -Adherents of the Phineas Priesthood ideology are considered terrorists because among other things, their crimes include numerous abortion clinic bombings in 1996, the 1996 bombing of The Spokesman-Review newspaper in Spokane, bank robberies, and plans to blow up FBI buildings -they have been connected to religious terrorist activities such as Paul Hill shoting in Pensacola

Yom Kippur War Context

- Combination of OPEC, oil power, the Arab-Israei conflict becomes a huge importance in global affairs -o We are suddenly starting to see a vacuum open in the middle East o GB leaves the middle East 1970 American oil production peaked and until this year US had control over oil pricing, this crisis occurs with Peak oil in America

British counterterrorism: suppression

- Detention without trial, assasinations, targer - Suppression doesn't work, so they shift to criminalization -suppression is like a knee-jerk reaction to terrorism

Targeted Assasinations Israeli Counterterrorism

- First person they get is a PLO rep in Britian, then they get a PLO rep in France, then Hussein al Bashir -The committee's first task for Israeli intelligence was to draw up an assassination list of all those involved in Munich. This was accomplished with the aid of PLO operatives working for Mossad, and with information provided by friendly European intelligence agencies.[4] While the contents of the entire list are unknown, reports put the final number of targets at 20-35, a mix of Black September and PLO elements.[nb 1] Once this was complete, Mossad was charged with locating the individuals and assassinating them.

History of Terrorism: Anarchism

-Anarchism was extremly significant in the -it was a big problem because numerous heads of state were being killed -it is seen as the first of four big waves of terror -Anarchists said they might have to resort to violence to achieve their goals -Anarchism has a very Russian face, thereforem immigrants coming from Russia and coming into the US caused fears that anarchists were coming into the US. These fears stirred up a significant amount of anti-foreigner sentiments -1890s was the decade of the bomb.

Gaulle assasination attempt

-French dissident paramilitary organization tried to bomb and assasinate him so that he would not be able to sign the treaty because they did not want to lose Algeria -there was a series of cafe bombings and assasination attempts in Algeria and France -it was the OAS that tried this assasination

Historical Evolution: Conservatism, Liberalism, Socialism

French revolution= leftist Bolshevik revolution= rightest National sociatlist: right vs left -"classical liberalism," opposed government intervention in social programs and economic affairs. Classical Liberals favored an economic policy of unrestrained private enterprise, commonly known as Laissez Faire. -Socialism was a radical doctrine with roots in France. Opposed capitalism and argued that the government should organize the economy and not depend on competition to do so, as competition was ultimately destructive. They also had a passionate desire to protect the poor from exploitation by the rich; -conservatives: a preference for the historically inherited rather than the abstract and ideal. favour institutions and practices that have evolved gradually and are manifestations of continuity and stability. Government's responsibility is to be the servant, not the master, of existing ways of life, and politicians must therefore resist the temptation to transform society and politics.

MaGuire Seven

During visit to see an aunt Accused of aiding the Guilford four They were put in prison Tony Blaire apologized in 2005 Huge case -were charged with possessing nitroglycerine allegedly passed to the IRA to make bombs after the police raided the West Kilburn house of Anne Maguire on 3 December 1974.

Stipulation for majority rule

Have a lot more kids If population shifted to majority Catholic, they might have gotten referendum

Describe main characteristics of PLO factions

Mostly left-wing nationalism, secular • Almost socialist • Not religious • Marxist revolutionaries

OPEC during Yom Kippur War

OPEC in war boycotted oil shipments to the US, so the price of gas and oil quadrupled in the US • Gas rationing in US • Lines for gas • Used the oil weapon to put pressure on US to stop supporting Israel • For a while, speed limit was lowered to 55 • 1970s, oil super important -In response to U.S. support of Israel, the Arab members of OPEC, led by Saudi Arabia, decided to reduce oil production by 5% per month on October 17. On October 19, President Nixon authorized a major allocation of arms supplies and $2.2 billion in appropriations for Israel. In response, Saudi Arabia declared an embargo against the United States, later joined by other oil exporters and extended against the Netherlands and other states, causing the 1973 energy crisis.

Anarchists in general leave us with

"Propaganda of the deed" idea

WMDs and the radical right

"THE CHRISTIAN PATRIOTS DO NOT APPEAR TO RECOGNIZE ANY OF THE POLITICAL, MORAL, OR PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS THAT CONSTRAIN MOST OTHER TERRORIST GROUPS FROM CAUSING MASS DEATH AND DESTRUCTION. THERE ARE, IN FACT, STRIKING PARALLELS BETWEEN THESE GROUPS AND RELIGIOUSLY MOTIVATED ISLAMIC SHI'IA AND MESSIANIC JEWISH FANATICS IN THE MIDDLE EAST. ALL OF THESE GROUPS TRANSFORM ABSTRACT POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES AND OBJECTIVES INTO A RELIGIOUS IMPERATIVE. VIOLENCE IS NOT MERELY SANCTIONED; IT IS DIVINELY DECREED. THE KILLING OF THOSE DESCRIBED AS 'INFIDELS' BY THE SHI'A, 'DOGS' BY THE JEWS, OR 'CHILDREN OF SATAN' BY THE CHRISTIAN PATRIOTS BECOMES A SACRAMENTAL ACT." -1995 1995: -Minnesota Patriots Council (militia group) convicted of stockpiling ricin -Aryan Nations member ordered bubonic plague through the mail -Arrest in Arkansas of militia member: attempt to smuggle 130 grams of ricin into the US from Canada

lone wolves: Walter bond

"The arson at the Sheepskin Factory in Denver was done in defense and retaliation for all the innocent animals that have died cruelly at the hands of human oppressors. Be warned that making a living from the use and abuse of animals will not be tolerated. Also be warned that leather is every bit as evil as fur. As demonstrated in my recent arson against the Leather Factory in Salt Lake City. Go vegan!

Civil Rights Movement: Series of events

(A) Series of Events 1967-1971 • Copy the civil rights movement in the US • Want global media coverage • GB comes in in greater force/ trying to take neutral position -Catholics in Northern Ireland began a civil rights campaign against discrimination in voting, housing, and employment by the dominant Protestant government and population. Violence by extremists against the demonstrators—unhindered by the mostly Protestant police force (the Royal Ulster Constabulary) • What happens overtime is that GB seem to start supporting the loyalists, which sparks protests • So in 1970 IRA starts to mobilize • 1971 IRA v loyalist violence • GB makes internment policy in which they arrest people without trial • Shift goes from civil rights to unified state (IRA wants unified state) o Lots of support among population o People help IRA with housing, food

Good Friday Agreement 1998: 1. Major Features

- *Devolved Northern Ireland Assembly *Majority vote for future unification *Cross-community principle for major decisions (catholics/protestants) *A power sharing "Northern Ireland Executive" *North-South Ministerial Council and North South Implementation Bodies *British-Irish Inter-governmental Conference (hardest part, no one wants to get rid of their weapons/ fully decommission. IRA decommissioned in 2006) *paramilitaryweapons decommissioning

Jews in Palestine: Destruction of Temples

- 66 AD the Jews of Judea rebelled against their Roman masters. -Romans targeted Jerusalem -The Roman legions surrounded the city and began to slowly squeeze the life out of the Jewish stronghold. They eventually destroyed the Temple at Jerusalem -Romans slaughtered thousands of JEws

Malcolm X

- African-American Muslim minister and human rights activist. To his admirers he was a courageous advocate for the rights of blacks, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans; detractors accused him of preaching racism and violence. He has been called one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history. -promoted black supremacy, advocated the separation of black and white Americans, and rejected the civil rights movement for its emphasis on tegration -radicalied in prison to support nation of islam -emphasizes that revolutions must be violent/bloody -assasinated in internal power struggle in 1965 -eventually became disillisuoned with nation of islam

Dominion Theology

- a group of Christian political ideologies that seek to institute a nation governed by Christians based on their understandings of biblical law -Christian Reconstructionism, founded by the late theologian R.J. Rushdoony (1916-2001) advances the idea that Christians must not only dominate society, but institute and enforce Old Testament biblical law.

Red Brigades

- a left-wing[1] paramilitary organization, based in Italy, responsible for numerous violent incidents, including assassinations, kidnapping and robberies -ideology: Marxist/ leninist group that hoped to overthrow the Italian government and help start a world revolution -It sought to overthrow the democratic Italian state and replace it with a dictatorship of the proletariat. Its primary targets were symbols of capitalism and the Italian state. These included politicians, especially those of the center-right Christian Democratic party, law enforcement, and factories. -claimed that its use of violence was self-defense; protecting workers -typically attacked factories and the offices of right-wing targets such as political parties or certain trade unions. -used killings, kidnappings -founder: Renato Curcio -Kidnapping and murder of Prime Minister ALDO MORO 1978 ((PEAK) -decline: . Members began being arrested at higher rates, and those arrested began increasingly to cooperate with authorities, leading to the capture of more members. The group split numerous times over the period, and these factions began attacking each other, so it ended -kidnapped US army officer, James Dozier

Committee X

- a small group of government officials tasked with formulating an Israeli response -created by Prime Minister Golda Meir -came to the conclusion that, to deter future violent incidents against Israel, they needed to assassinate those who had supported or carried out the Munich massacre, and in dramatic fashion.

OPEC

- an intergovernmental organization of 14 nations which hold 44% of global oil production -to coordinate and unify the petroleum policies of its member countries and ensure the stabilization of oil markets, in order to secure an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consumers, a steady income to producers, and a fair return on capital for those investing in the petroleum industry

weathermen underground radicalization and violence

- the Weather Underground issued a "Declaration of War" against the United States government, using for the first time its new name, the "Weather Underground Organization" -stated that it was Fred Hampton's death that prompted the Weather Underground to declare war on the US government. -se of violence as a means of social and political change. - for the Weathermen, violent action was nothing short of necessary in a time of crisis, a last-ditch effort to grab the country's attention. And grab attention they did—in March 1970, just days after Bernardine Dohrn publicly announced a "declaration of war." When an accidentally detonated bomb killed three Weathermen in the basement of a Manhattan townhouse, the group suddenly became the target of an FBI manhunt, and members were forced to go into hiding. -

Naradnaya Volya

-"The People's will" -prevalent in the late 1800s -wanted to use terrorist tactics to instigate a revolution -sought to overturn the autocratic regime of the Tsars, in Russia. They sought democratic and socialistic reforms of Russian political structure -killed Tsar Alexander II - nineteenth-century revolutionary political organization in the Russian Empire which advocated an indigenous socialism based upon the massive Russian peasantry, a movement known as "Populism" -goal: attack representatives in the tsarist regime to prove a brutal state response and inspire peasant uprising -killing Czar killed the group, many members were arrested and executed; also the Narodnaya Volya failed to cause a peasant revolt.

History of Terrorism: Middle Ages

-An order of Nizari Ismaiis (a group that split off from Ismailisim, a branch of Shia Islam, in the end of 11th century) assasins that targeted political, military, and religious leaders. The group was small and geographically diverse, but under the leadership of Hasan i-Sabah is became very lethal -the assasins are said to have been drugged, brought to a beautiful garden, and sent off on a suicide mission that would allow them to stay in the gardens forever (an example of suicide terrorism) -They posed a strong military threat to Sunni Seljuq authority within the Persian territories by capturing and inhabiting many mountain fortresses under the leadership ofHassan-i Sabbah.

The lone wolf

-*a person who acts on his or her own without orders from - or even connections to - an organization (ex: Paul Hill, Timothy McVeigh) -connected to the group by ideology, but not part of cell structure in a larger organization -biggest threat of committing an act, but not an existential effect on bringing government down -He or she may be influenced or motivated by the ideology and beliefs of an external group and may act in support of such a group. -thend to draw ideological inspiration from formal terrorist organizations but operate on the fronges of those movements -In the white-supremacist realm, the shift toward leaderless resistance - taken because of the government's success in penetrating and disrupting group operations - was an admission of failure on the part of leaders like Pierce, Hoskins and Beam. It is important to note that in the two decades that have passed since the leaderless-resistance model rose to prominence in the white-supremacist movement there have been only a handful of successful long-wolf attacks. The army of lone wolves envisioned by the proponents of leaderless resistance never materialized."

Dallas Shootings: Micah Johnson

--during the standoff he told police negotiators that he was upset about the recent police shootings. -stated that he wanted to kill white people, esp. white officers -was linked to black separatist groups including the New Black Panther Party for Self-Defense, the Nation of Islam and the Black Riders Liberation Party. -echo of the late 1960s tension over police brutality/ police violence

french come to Algeria

-1830 -Algeria was part of the Ottomon Empire, but the empire was going to be breaking down soon -French were being drawn to Algeria in 1830 to collect debt from Algeria's leadership--> used this as an excuse to occupy the country -initatied in the last days of the Bourbon restoration by Charles X in an attempt to increase his popularity

Revolt against french rule

-1954 -first strategy was the rural insurget strategy: but this was undermined by French security forces -therefore, this caused them to shift the stregey to Urban guerrila warfare: They focused on targeting Algers, the capital -used strategic logic to say that it is okay to kill people if it attracts American press. At this point a crucial component of their strategy was trying to attract international sympathy -Ramdane Abane was the leader of the revolt

Algerian War of Independence

-1954-1962

Algeria's official independence

-1962 -in the aftermath of this, a lot of people flee and return to France -many of the French settlers left -this is referred to as the exodus of the pieds noirs (10% of population left)

Civil rights movement overview

-1967: British Intervention -1968: ban on march in Londonderry -1969: suppression of protest march -1970: IRA mobilizes -1971: IRA vs loyality violence Internment politicy introduced -overtime IRA's shift from a civil rights focus to a desire to obtain a unified state)

Black september

-1970 -PLO kicked out of Jordan because PLO was seen as destabilizing for the Jordian government -PLO's power in Jordan was growing and the PLO started to disregard laws and regulations and attempted to assasinate King Hussein -PLO actions in Jordan culminated in the Dawson's Field hijackings incident on 10 September, in which the fedayeen hijacked three civilian aircraft and forced their landing in Zarqa, taking foreign nationals as hostages, and later bombing the planes in front of international press. Hussein saw this as the last straw, and ordered the army to move -moved to Lebanon -a group called Black September broke off from Fatah and they lead the Munich crisis

Operation peace for the Galilee

-1982 - when the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) invaded southern Lebanon, after repeated attacks and counter-attacks between the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operating in southern Lebanon and the IDF that had caused civilian casualties on both sides of the border -• Forces the PLO to get out of Lebanon and moved to Tunisia • Antifada (we will come back to this) • Important: o In the late 1980s, the PLO changed part of its platform o They recognize Israel- from Tunisia o Stuff that is happening is Israel PLO losing control of • This leads to negotiations/ peace process- Oslo

Manchester bombing

-1996 -largest IRA bomb ever detonated by IRA (in 1996) • Widespread damage from the blast • No one killed, but many people injured • Lots of retail and office space destroyed • After the explosion, the center of Manchester renovates • Very dramatic maybe to assert their power (there were negotiations going on during this) • Clinton credited with it • IRA were sending a message, but then we get a deal 2 years later, which is crazy

Palestinian Diaspora/ Refugees

-700,000 citizens of Israel -1.2 milion in West Bank -1 million in Gaza Strip -3 million in 'diaspora' -lots of Palestinians who end up in refugee camps

context of Easter uprising

-Acts of the Union 1800 abolished the Irish Parliament and giving Ireland representation in the British Parliament. From early on, many Irish nationalists opposed the union and the ensuing exploitation and impoverishment of the island, which led to a high level of depopulation -Irish nationalists wanted to establish a home rule (meaning a devolution of power from the UK) -These demands make Protestants nervous and they start to oppose Catholics

Algeria eventually becomes settler coloy

-Algeria directly assimilated into France -Alger, Oran, Constaintine seen as integral pieces of France; part of France proper as opposed to a colony -French citizens elected their own councils and mayors -limitations on muslims role in public office -settlers came to Algeria- mostly peasant farmers, some criminals -grand colons (great settlers) who were very wealthy -After 1830 France essentially establishes colonial rule of the teritory (even though the French constitution made Algeria part of France)

Assymetric conflict

-At its simplest, asymmetric warfare is violent action undertaken by the 'have-nots' against the 'haves' whereby the have-nots, be they state or sub-state actors, seek to generate profound effects - at all levels of warfare (however defined), from the tactical to the strategic - by employing their own specific relative advantages against the vulnerabilities of much stronger opponents. Often this will mean that the weak will use methods that lie outside the 'norms' of warfare, methods that are radically different. It is this element of differences that lies at the heart of asymmetric approaches

Galvin Long

-Baton Roughe -went on a shooting rampage on his 29th birthday that left two police officers and a sheriff's deputy dead, police sources said.

impacts of Yom Kippur War

-Both sides felt as if they had some kind of success -The Arab world was content by their early victories in the conflict -the war led to recognition that there was no guarantee that Israel would always dominate the Arab states militarily, as it had consistently through the earlier First Arab-Israeli War, the Suez War and the Six-Day War. -this helped pave the way for the Camp David Accords

British counter terrorism: infiltration

-British intelligence infiltrated and undermined the IRA -o Sow internal discord into them o British security forces did a lot of Proving bona fid: if you have an agent in a group sometimes they have to prove their loyalty by committing a murder • Let infiltrates commit murderers so that they wouldn't lose their position -Kevin Fulton and Freddit Scappaticci

1950s Crossborder Insurgency

-Cross border attacks from Syria, Egypt, Jordan -there were many insurgencies back and forth -Palestinian Fedayeen would cross the border and strike, then Israeli strike forces came in and dried to defeat Palestinian forces -Cross-border operations by Israel were conducted in both Egypt and Jordan "to 'teach' the Arab leaders that the Israeli government saw them as responsible for these activities, even if they had not directly conducted them -Israel also opened fire in a refugee camp - From the very beginning there was the idea that this idea of Israel was not going to exist

deep ecology worldview

-Deep ecology's core principle is the belief that the living environment as a whole should be respected and regarded as having certain inalienable legal rights to live and flourish, independent of its utilitarian instrumental benefits for human use. -which holds that all forms of life on Earth have equal value in and of themselves, without regard for their utility to human beings. -influenced by anarchist political philosphoy

Christian Patriot radicals

-EXCEPTION: not all all militias or Christian dominionists/reconstructionists accept racist doctrines -a radical and extremist movement of American political commentators and activists. They promote various interpretations of history based on their belief that the federal government has turned against the ideas of liberty and natural rights expressed in the American Revolution, and against what they believe to be America's Christian heritage. -movement originally regerred to Posse Comitatus group -This ideology holds that state and federal governments are agents of an arcane conspiracy to deprive Americans of their rights as "sovereign citizens." 1. hostile to any form of government above the county level 2. vilify jews/ think jews are children of satan 3. obsessed with achieving religious and racial purification of US 4. believe jewish interests are controlling gov't, media, banks 5. advocate the overthrow of the ZOG (zionist occupied government)

February 15 1945

-FDR met with the Saudi King -The two leaders' focus was shaping the future relationship between the United States and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. -Officially he went to Great Bitter Lake because of oil. -he allowed the United States to build a base whereas the British had a much harder time getting access to the kingdom. -

Jews in Palestine: Ancient kingdom of Israel: C. 960

-First iteration of Jewish right to stay in Israel -politically Israel existed for a small amoung of time -Jewish kingdoms in the 900s. So politically Israel existed for a short period of time -under David and Solomon

Black Liberation army

-Formed after expulsion of Eldrige Cleaver -black nationalist marxist -ideology: anti-caitalist, anti-racist, anti-sexist, anti-imerialism -states goeal was to take up arms for the liberation of black people inthe US -used series of bombings, robberies, and prison breaks -blamed for the murder of 13 police officers -former black panther members (response to failure of the black panthers after 1970)

Action reaction

-French execultes leader, so FLN reacted with urban ambushes (in which they shot people and then melted back into streets) -the French government then sealed off the Casbah to collectively punish Algerian population (where insurgency and terrorism interact- WHY) -FLN reacted by innovative bombings (used women to be able to pass as french and placed bombs in airline office) -government reacted with military escalation (brough in general Jacques MAssu. Their strategy was decapitation: to destroy algerians. They needed intelligence, and decided to use torture to do so) -FLN responded with general strike and another series of bombings -government captured leadership

Public opinion

-French looked bad (especially because news that they had used torture spread around) -media started supporting the case of Algers -Terrorists worked the media as a weapon

Decapitation strategy

-French method to destroy FLN -to do so they needed intelligence, therefore, they began to use torture

1930s antisemitism

-German party was on the rise and anti-semiticism was increasing -Jews were forced to wear yellow stars, lost there jobs, eventually moved to Ghettos -The legacy of the Holocaust -During WW2 Jews trying to flee Germany were at a loss becuase immigration to US was cut off, GB outlawed immigration to Palestine so Jews had no where to go

Partition of Palestine

-Great Britain used th eUN to get out of Palestine -UN wanted partition but this was rejected by Arabs -After GB left, the partition plan failed, and Arab armies began attacking Israeli forces -This lead to the 1948 Arab Israeli war which eventually led to the creation of Israel

Territorial gains 1967 Six Day War

-Huge blow to Egypt -Israel seized control of the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank and East Jerusalem from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. -began developing settlements in the West Bank and Gaza strip where it began establishing settlements in the 1970s -Led to the displacement of thousands of Palestinians

Irish War of independence: Formation of the IRA

-IRA forms overtime -Irish volunteers that fought in Irish war of Independence -formed in 1917 from those Irish Volunteers who refused to enlist in the British Army during World War I, members of the Irish Citizen Army and others. During the Irish War of Independence it was the army of the Irish Republic, declared by Dáil Éireann in 1919. -republican paramilitary organization seeking the establishment of a republic, the end of British rule in Northern Ireland, and the reunification of Ireland. -The IRA's purpose was to use armed force to render British rule in Ireland ineffective and thus to assist in achieving the broader objective of an independent republic, which was pursued at the political level by Sinn Féin, the Irish nationalist party. -eventually split into IRA and PIRA

why the weathermen underground members were not arrested

-In April 1971, the "Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI" broke into an FBI office in Media, Pennsylvania.[97] The group stole files with several hundred pages. The files detailed the targeting of civil rights leaders, labor rights organizations, and left wing groups in general, and included documentation of acts of intimidation and disinformation by the FBI, and attempts to erode public support for those popular movements. -FBI established the "Special Target Information Development" program, where agents were sent undercover to penetrate the Weather Underground. Due to the illegal tactics of FBI agents involved with the program, government attorneys requested all weapons- and bomb-related charges be dropped against the Weather Underground. The most well-publicized of these tactics were the "black-bag jobs," referring to searches conducted in the homes of relatives and acquaintances of Weatherman

During this third wave national/separatist era there was also state sponsored terrorism

-In response the US manipulated sanctions on terrorist supporting countries in an endeavor to get the countries to not support these organizations -many countries at the time were indirectly helping terrorist organizations through financial aid, providing safe havens -ex: Iran (was instrumental in founding, training, and supplying Hezbollah) -cuba: -Libya: (government supported (with weapon supplies, training camps located within Libya and monetary finances) an array of armed paramilitary groups both left and right-wing. Leftist and socialist groups). This is the idea of SST: giving money, so indirectly helping terrorists not directly helping them -Sudan: (sheltering suspects of the murder of Hosni Mubarak, president of Egypt. Sudan has been suspected of harboring members of the terrorist organizations Al-Qaeda, Hezbollah, Hamas, the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Abu Nidal Organization, Jamaat al-Islamiyya, and the Egyptian Islamic Jihad) -Syria -North Korea:

King David Hotel

-Irgun bombed this hotel in 1946 (hotel housed British military headquarters for Palestine) -91 killed, mostly civilians -attracted international attraction -Disguised as Arab workmen and as hotel waiters, members of the Irgun planted a bomb in the basement of the main building of the hotel

Historical overview of IRA: English Colonialism and Domination

-Irish have a sense that they are being colonized by the English -English enter in 1169- so they have had over 800 years of English involvement -Henry VIII proclaimed himself King of Ireland and also tried to introduce the English Reformation, which failed in Ireland. Attempts to either conquer or assimilate the Irish lordships into the Kingdom of Ireland provided the initial impetus for a series of Irish military campaigns between 1534 and 1603. -Christianity brought to Ireland -However, the English were not successful in converting the Catholic Irish to the Protestant religion and the brutal methods used by crown authority (including resorting to martial law) to bring the country under English control, heightened resentment of English rule.

History of terrorism: State terrorism?

-Is there a such thing as state terrorism -or is terrorism by definition committed y non-state actor -when states commit these crimes the geneva conventions apply to them and these crimes are considered war crimes -states see terrorists as criminals thus states are often stuck between US code law and geneva convention (indicating the they need due process, etc) but if they are criminals, criminals don't want this

Oslo Peace Accords

-Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Negotiator Mahmoud Abbas signed a Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements -• Israel recognizes the PLO by Israel • Forms Palestinian authority • PLO recognizes Israel's right to exist o Corruption in Lebanon in 1970s-1980s • What happens is that the PLO has moderated eventually o Yasir Arafat shakes hands of Begin -Israel accepted the PLO as the representative of the Palestinians, and the PLO renounced terrorism and recognized Israel's right to exist in peace. Both sides agreed that a Palestinian Authority (PA) would be established and assume governing responsibilities in the West Bank and Gaza Strip over a five-year period. -but by the time Clinton left presidency, a round of violence started again

Lillehammer affair

-Israeli forces thought they had found the red prince: Ali Hassan Salameh -But they were wrong and they accidentally killed a Moraccan waiter -Norweigans thus arrested 6/15 members of the group -the group was called kidon because each assasin had their own special role -all this information leaked out

1970 shift in Weathermen

-It was caused by the premature detonation of a bomb that was being assembled by members of the Weather Underground, an American radical left group. The bomb was under construction in the basement of 18 West 11th Street, when it accidentally exploded; the blast reduced the four-story townhouse to a burning, rubble-strewn ruin -three weathermen were killed -After the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, per the December 1969 Flint war council decisions the group was now well underground, and began to refer to themselves as the Weather Underground Organization. At this juncture, WUO shrank considerably, becoming even fewer than they had been when first formed. -he group decided to reevaluate their strategy, particularly regarding their initial belief in the acceptability of human casualties, and rejected such tactics as kidnapping and assassinations -The group began striking at night, bombing empty offices, with warnings always issued in advance to ensure a safe evacuation; in the movie they highlighted that they were "very careful from the moment of the townhouse on to be sure we weren't going to hurt anybody, and we never did hurt anybody. Whenever we put a bomb in a public space, we had figured out all kinds of ways to put checks and balances on the thing and also to get people away from it, and we were remarkably successful." --abandon the goal of killing people or targeting the police -only focus on symbolic bombings of vacated properties after warnings. -Realization that the Fort Dix bombing would have turned millions of people against them.

Soveign citizens

-Its adherents believe that virtually all existing government in the United States is illegitimate and they seek to "restore" an idealized, minimalist government that never actually existed. To this end, sovereign citizens wage war against the government and other forms of authority using "paper terrorism" harassment and intimidation tactics, and occasionally resorting to violence.- people who subscribe to an ideology, originated by the antisemetic Posse Comitatues of the 1980s, that claims that whites are of a higher kind of citizen- subject only to "common law", not the dictates of the government- while blacks must obey their government masters -enage in "paper terrorism," using "fraudulent legal documents and filings, as well as the misuse of legitimate documents and filings, in order to intimidate, harass and coerce public officials, law enforcement officers and private citizens." -although not all sovereigns subscribe to the theory's racist basis, most contend that they don't have to pay taxes, are not subject to most laws, and are not citizens of the US -these individuals along with milita membrs and tax protestors form the larger Patriot movement -Sovereign citizens believe any form of government is illegitimate and the only law is the one they create

Militarization expanded- General strike

-January 28, 1957 -FLN called on an 8-day general strike across Algeria -most muslim shops and businesses shut down -but General Jacques Massu and his troops rounded up workers and school children and forced them to attend school or to work -Within a few days the strike had been broken.The bombings however continued and in mid-February female FLN operatives planted bombs at the Municipal Stadium and the El-Biar Stadium in Algiers killing 10 and injuring 45 -they had the strike at this time in anticipation of crucial UN assembly councils; through this strike the FLN wanted to show the UN the unanimity of Algerian opinion

Series of lone wolf attacks and plots events in 2008-2015

-Jim Adkisson:Motivated by a desire to kill liberals and Democrats, gunman Jim David Adkisson fired a shotgun at members of the congregation during a youth performance -Richard Poplawski: Richard Poplawski opened fire on two Pittsburgh Police officers. believed in zog -Scott Roeder: kills an abortion doctor in church; also part of milita -James von Brunn: opens fire in a Haulocaust musem -Hutaree family: had a plot to kill a policemen, and attack other police men at the first policemen's funeral. -Justin Carl Moose: posted plans to blow up abortion clinics

Political violence and terrorism in the US overview

-John Brown -KKK -Anarchists (including McKinley assasination)

History of Terrorism: Roman Empire

-Julius Ceasar's assasination -Sicarri: early terrorists who helped foster a revolt against Rome. The Sicarri often targeted Roman officials and Jews who collaborated with Romans. They ultimately sought to end Romans' rule over Jews. This was different than modern terrorism because the Sicarri used short daggers and often attacked Jewish officials or elites in crowded places before slipping away in the crowd -Sicarri are a subset of Zealots

return of leftist violence?

-back in 2012 -echo of the early 70s -Floyd Corkins (mentally unable mad) -part of family research council which is an anti-gay organization that (The intention is to denigrate LGBT people as the organization battles against same-sex marriage, hate crime laws, anti-bullying programs and the repeal of the military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" policy.)

Resurgence of the Militant Far Right in the United States?

-Late 200s -the election of Obama lead to a huge resurgence in the militia movement (after the OCB, many groups layed low, but they increased during this time) -they increased with the election of Obama and the economic disastor -have a conspiracy worldview: think that they are living in troubled times and that the UN is takingover, that they are confiscating guns, and some suggest a fear that the federal government has plans to putAmericans in detention camps -the dilemma of counter terrorism is that these groups are amassing lots of weapons

William McKinley assassination

-Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, shot Mckinely in his stomach twice -1901 -Czolgosz had lost his job during the economic Panic of 1893 and turned to anarchism, a political philosophy adhered to by recent killers of foreign leaders. Regarding McKinley as a symbol of oppression, Czolgosz was convinced that it was his duty as an anarchist to kill him. Unable to get near the President during the presidential visit earlier, Czolgosz shot McKinley twice as the President reached to shake his hand in the reception line at the temple.

MLK death and Fred Hamptom murder

-MLK's assasination--> nonviolence doesn't work -Fred Hampton's assasination by FBI. Turning point in the Weather underground because it illustrated the government's sanctioned killing in an effort to wipe out militant groups such as the Panthers

Strategy and tactics of IRA

-Maximalist objective: union with Ireland -o Undertook a long-war strategy Modeled it on the Irish War of Independence Settle in for the long war even if it takes decades, thus create 1. Attrition 2. Bombing-financial interests 3. Make six counties ungovernable (like Irgun) 4. Punish internal collaborators and informers 5. Non-violence, hunger strikes A war of attrition against enemy personnel [British Army] based on causing as many deaths as possible so as to create a demand from their [the British] people at home for their withdrawal. A bombing campaign aimed at making the enemy's financial interests in our country unprofitable while at the same time curbing long term investment in our country. To make the Six Counties... ungovernable except by colonial military rule. To sustain the war and gain support for its ends by National and International propaganda and publicity campaigns. By defending the war of liberation by punishing criminals, collaborators and informers

Dien Bien Phu

-May 1954 -the First Indochina War between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist-nationalist revolutionaries. -French underestimated their enemy and were defeated -resulted in the end of French rule in Southeast Asia -France agreed to withdraw its forces from all its colonies in French Indochina -settlement created South and North Vietnam (North Vietnam becomes communist while South Vietnam becomes authoritarian and anti-communist -French don't want to repeat this, they want to keep other colonies -defeat weakened position and presitge of the French -This defeat served to spur independence movements in other colonies, noteably the North African territories from whch many of the troops who fought at Dien Bien Phu had been recruited -six months after the battle at Dien Bein Phu, the Algerian War started

The ancient Middle East

-Mesopatameia -there was a time before Jews, Christians, Muslims -the area was populated by ancient peoples -Abraham is a patriarch of all religions

Muslim and native elite frustration

-Muslim opposed the French attempts to colonize -frustrated with the restrictions imposed by authorities -decreased elegibility to cote, underrepresented on local councils, their attempts at reform were blocked -faced higher taxes than Europeans, didn't allocate money towards education or mosques

New black liberation army?

-New Black Panther Party and the New Black Liberation Militia -People's New Black Panther Party BABU OMOWALE National Chairman facebook Founder, Huey P. Newton Gun Club Aim: create a 'nation within the nation' in five southern states New Black Liberation Milita -General: Prince Na'iee Shaka Muhammad -National spokesman: Fred Hampton Jr

Third wave terrorism

-New Left terrorism -We see this in the US, Europe, Japan -this waves is very ideological, more so than the ethno-nationalist wave

Irish War of Independence: Cairo Gang

-a group of British intelligence agents who were sent to Dublin during the Irish War of Independence to conduct intelligence operations against prominent members of the Irish Republican Army -Twelve men including British Army officers, Royal Irish Constabulary officers and a civilian informant were killed on the morning of 21 November 1920 by the Irish Republican Army in a planned series of simultaneous early-morning strikes engineered by Michael Collins. The events were the first killings of Bloody Sunday.

PLO 1968-1972: Changing Tactics

-hijackings of planes -think that conventional diplomacy has failed, so its going to fight Israel through toerrorism -PFLP is one of the main groups involved in this -focus on attracting international attention -in 1970, the PLO is kicked out of Jordan in Black September

Arab nationalism

-Once the Ottoman empire fell Arabs wanted their own state - nationalist ideology celebrating the glories of Arab civilization, the language and literature of the Arabs, calling for rejuvenation and political union in the Arab world -want to end Western influence in the region -Both Arabic and Islam served as the pillars of the nation. -response to the increased Jewish immigration -ASK

How does Israel respond to Munich games

-Operation Wrath of Gods/ Operation Bayonet

Yasser Arafat

-PLO chairman -he was so important because he helped bring the PAlestinian problem to the international community and he managed to keep Palestinians in the spot light -he is an iconic figure of the PLO -very good buisnessman -child of a prosperous Palestinian merchant -grew up in Jerusalem, moved to Cairo -degree in civil engineering -starts a group called Fatah which eventually becomes part of PLO -by 1974 he is addressing the US general assembly; he is super famous

PLO Terrorism 1970s

-PLO involves itself in a series of terrorist incidents in the 1970s (Although Arafat often tries to absolve himself of responsibility, he ultimately is overviewing everything) -Avivim school bus massacre (DFLP) -Munich Massacre (Black September) -Kiray Shimona Massacre (PFLP) -Ma'a lot massacre- school seixure in Israel (DFLP) -Savoy Hotel Hostage Situation (Fatah) -Coastal Road Massacre (Fatah)

British mandate

-Palestine and Transjordan -want to accomadate Arabs and Jews -Population growth in Palestine: population of Jews increased, it decreased for Arabs, so it made it look like Jews were arriving in a colonial manner -this pits Arab nationalism against Jewish immigration expansion -Jews come in and fairly buy land, but the population is 80% Arab -1920s antizionist revolts and 1930s: arab revolts

Hot Autumn 1977

-RAF kidnapped Hanns-Martin Schleyer, a leading industrialist and head of the German Employers' Association, killing his driver and three escorting police officers in the process. -They wanted to blackmail the government, led by then Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, into releasing one of the group's founders, Andreas Baader, and three other RAF members being held in prison. -Schleyer was held in captivity in an apartment in Cologne and forced to deliver appeals for his and the others' release. -To ratchet up the pressure, Palestinian allies of the RAF aligned with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) hijacked a Lufthansa jet in Mallorca on Oct. 13 and flew the jet to Mogadishu, Somalia, executing the plane's pilot en route. -Schmidt ordered elite troops form the German special task force GSG 9 -- formed to prevent a situation similar to the failed response of the German forces during the 1972 Munich Olympics hostage crisis -- to raid the plane. All hostages were rescued; three of the four hijackers were killed. -Baader and two other RAF members killed themselves in jail and one survived self-inflicted stab wounds. The next day, Schleyer was found shot to death in a car in Mulhouse, France.

White Aryan revolutionary movement worldviews

-a neo-Nazi white supremacist organization in the United States founded and led by former Ku Klux Klan Grand Dragon Tom Metzger. -The Aryan Republican Army is the name given to white supremacist criminal group active in the United States in the early to mid-1990s. The group is alleged to have associated with convicted bomber Timothy McVeigh in the months before the Oklahoma City bombing. -Acts as an umbrella group for like-minded anti-semetic, Neo-nazi, white supremacists

infighting in BPP

-Some Panther leaders, such as Huey Newton and David Hilliard, favored a focus on community service coupled with self-defense; others, such as Eldridge Cleaver, embraced a more confrontational strategy. Eldridge Cleaver deepened the schism in the party when he publicly criticized the Party for adopting a "reformist" rather than "revolutionary" agenda and called for Hilliard's removal. Cleaver was expelled from the Central Committee but went on to lead a splinter group, the Black Liberation Army, which had previously existed as an underground paramilitary wing of the Party.[121] The split turned violent, as the Newton and Cleaver factions carried out retaliatory assassinations of each other's members, resulting in the deaths of four people -violent rhetoric of BPP increased with Cleaver who is a part of the infighting in the black panther party -split over the necessity of armed struggle as a response to COINTELPRO and other actions by government against black panthers and other radical groups -Cleaver advocated the escalation of armed resistance into urban guerilla warfare, while Newton suggested the best way to respond was to put down the gun, which he felt alienated the Panthers from the rest of the black community -Will split with Huey Newton (on trial) and Bobby Seale (in prison) in 1968 Newton and Cleaver each expel the other from the organization

Cultural and Social changes in the 60s

-Student activists grew more radical. They took over college campuses, organized massive antiwar demonstrations and occupied parks and other public places. -counterculture grew; hippies, woodstock -American society, these claimed, had been corrupted by capitalism and the materialist culture it spawned. In pursuing "success," people had lost sight of the more meaningful experiences life had to offer.

KKK

-Terrorist group -is the name of three distinct movements in the United States that have advocated extremist reactionary positions such as white supremacy, white nationalism, anti-immigration -the KKK used terrorism—both physical assault and murder—against groups or individuals whom they opposed -strategies: lynching, -targets: slaves, immigrants

Congressional baseball practice shooting

-an individual opened fire on senators playing baseball -shooter was anti-trump -perhaps radicalized by kathy griffin violence/ violent rhetoric -FBI says its not terrorism -James Thomas Hodgkinson -WHY isn't this terrorism?

Fourth wave of right wing terrorism in US

-art of the fourth wave of right wing terrorism in the US -they are very anti-federal government -ZOG: an antisemitic conspiracy theory that claims "Jewish agents" secretly control the governments of Western states -The expression is used by white supremacist, far-right, nativist,[4] or anti-semitic groups in the United States

Lord Mountbatton assasination

-assasinated by the IRA -he was the last viceroy of India -"his operation is one of the discriminate ways we can bring to the attention of the English people the continuing occupation of our country. "

JEws in Palestine: Babylonian and roman domination

-The Babylonian conquest entailed not just the destruction of Jerusalem and its temple, but the liquidation of the entire infrastructure which had sustained Judah for centuries.The most significant casualty was the state ideology of "Zion theology,"the idea that the god of Israel had chosen Jerusalem for his dwelling-place and that the Davidic dynasty would reign there forever. -This empire was eventually taken over by Alexander the great and eventually came under the roman emprire -Jewish roman tensions eventually caused the first jewish revolt (zealots)

Geopolitical context of third wave terrorism

-The Cold War - a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) -no large-scale fighting between both sides, although there were proxy wars that each side supported -main stimulating event in third wave terrorism was the Vietnam War -In response, many terrorist/ anti-war groups were formed and these groups were then supported by SU through funding, training, etc

FBI and militancy movement

-The FBI specifically developed tactics intended to heighten tension and hostility between various factions in the black militancy movement, for example between the Black Panthers, the US Organization, and the Blackstone Rangers. This resulted in numerous deaths, among which were San Diego Black Panther Party members John Huggins, Bunchy Carter and Sylvester Be

Jews in Palestine: Expulsion and Diaspora 70 AD - 19th century

-The Jewish Diaspora was established as a result of both voluntary and forced migrations of Jews out of their ancient homeland—Eretz Israel (the Land of Israel). Later, Jews were either exiled from their host countries (such as Spain and England in the Middle Ages and Middle Eastern states in the twentieth century) or voluntarily migrated to secondary and tertiary host countries. -Jews spread out- lacked their own state ASK

Fears of Jack-booted thugs

-The boots are connected to fascism, particularly Nazism, as they were issued by the Wehrmacht and SS as part of the World War II German uniform before Germany encountered leather shortages -In the United States in October 1993, the National Rifle Association (NRA) ran a 4-page ad in the center of its American Rifleman magazine, the first page of which showed goose-stepping, jackbooted legs under the question, "What's the First Step to a Police State -There was a fear that the government were nazis who were taking away constitutional rights, destroying property, and harming citizens. So it led to the idea that these people need to be fought

Irish War of Independence: Bloody Sunday

-The day began with an Irish Republican Army (IRA) operation, organised by Michael Collins, to assassinate the 'Cairo Gang' - a team of undercover British intelligence agents working and living in Dublin. IRA members went to a number of addresses and shot dead fourteen people -members of the Auxiliary Division and RIC opened fire on the crowd at a Gaelic football match in Croke Park, killing eleven civilians and wounding at least sixty, -considerd as a victory for IRA because it was a public relations disastor for the British -people criticized how GB soldiers responded

impact of Easter Sunday

-The executions and deportations after the Rising fuelled popular hostility in Ireland towards Britain -this led to the rising of Sinn Fein -won the elections of 1918, defeating the moderate Irish Parliamentory Party which had dominated the political landscape -form Dail Eireann (parliment) -pattern: impact of prison on radicalization

Aum Shinri kyo

-a Japanese doomsday cult founded by Shoko Asahara -It carried out the deadly Tokyo subway sarin attack in 1995 and was found to have been responsible for another smaller sarin attack the previous year. -Formed in 1984 10,000 members in Japan 30,000 members in Russia Failure in 1989 election FUNCTIONED AS A CULT -totalitarian -social isolation -indoctrination -drug use -intimidation -apocalyptic cult leader: Shoko Asara; thought he was the 1st enlightened one, he targeted young distontet people, ran businesses ti get money, Aum Shinrikyo, whose name means "supreme truth", began in the 1980s as a spiritual group mixing Hindu and Buddhist beliefs, later working in elements of apocalyptic Christian prophesies. The group's founder, Shoko Asahara, declared himself to be both Christ and the first "enlightened one" since Buddha. -The group gradually became a paranoid doomsday cult, convinced the world was about to end in World War Three and that only they would survive. -Tokoyo 1995: Sarin attack; cult members punctured bags filled with a liquid form of the nerve agent sarin, using sharpened umbrellas, on train lines that went through Tokyo's political district. (killed 13 people) -group is resurfacing in Europe -apocalyptic: nostradam -the cult was also developing oher biological agents and other chemical weapons; they had developed them they just had not figured out how to spread them. The group had deep pockets of scientists -shifts terrorism studies b/c WMDs (technology makes it easier for terrorists to accomplish these things) -groups like this and the unabomber are an existential threat because they are so apocalyptic that they are willing to use WMDs

Munich Crisis 1971: Evolution of crisis

-The olympics were held in Germany in September 1972 in Munich -It was a big event because it was the first global mass terrorist event that at least half the world watched at the time on TV -symbolically this was hard for Germany -Turns into a major media spectacle -1. Kidnapping of eleven Israeli Olympic team members by Palestinian terrorist group Black September -2. Demand: Palestinians demanded prisoner exchange: demanded 234 prisoners jailed in Israel and the German-held founders of the Red Army Faction (Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof) be released 3. Negotiations: claimed that they would kill one athlete every two hours until demands were met. Israel immediately said they would not negotiate with terrorists. Germans... DID THEY NEGOTIATE? 4. Media Event: Half the world was watching 5. Botched Rescue 6. Political aftermath

The Troubles: 1968 - 1998 - Violence and Negotiations 3. The Brighton Hotel Bombing 1984

-a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) assassination attempt against the top tier of the British government -the IRA planted it to kill Margaret Thatcher and her cabinet -Thatcher initially responded very cooly saying that terrorists will not succeed in destroying democracies

Prarie fire

-a book created by leaders of the weathermen underground like Bill Ayers, Bernardine Dohrn -it was an attempt to consolidate our political organization and to forge unity with progressive activist" -The book was a call to organize. It was Weather's attempt to ask the questions that all revolutionary groups faced and to apply the lessons of former revolutionary groups to the present fight against imperialism

Religious texts associated with Jerusalem

-Torah (genesis says that the land is given to the Jews) -Quran: (says the land has been given to Muslims) -Bible: (land is not as important to Christians, but they are still present)

example of propaganda of the deed

-Tunisia: one street vendor lit himself on fire and this sparked a revolution that spread not only throughout Tunisia but also across the Middle East -terror attacks also want this- terrorists don't want to conquer anything they want this same spark to change the world in the "right direction", so they accept that violence is necessary

Vietnam

-Vietnam had an independence movement -southeast asia revolted against French rule in the 1950s

the 1970s

-Vietnam war ends -Nixon resigns -black power terrorism ends

Red army faction

-West Germany -in its early stages commonly known as the Baader-Meinhof Group or Baader-Meinhof Gang, it was a West-German far-left military group -The RAF was founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, and Ulrike Meinhof -The origins of the group can be traced back to the student protest movement in West Germany which decried the United States as an imperialist power and characterized the West German government as a fascist holdover of the Nazi era. Newly found youth identity and issues such as racism, women's liberation and anti-imperialism were at the forefront of left-wing politics. Many young people were alienated, from both their parents and the institutions of state. The historical legacy of Nazism drove a wedge between the generations and increased suspicion of authoritarian structures in society (some analysts see the same occurring in post-fascism Italy -ideology: Marxist Lenonist ideology, socialist, it was also influenced by maoist thought -goals: to trigger an aggressive response from the government, which group members believed would spark a broader revolutionary movement. -composed of middle class, affluent, younger generations -At the height of its popularity, around a quarter of young West Germans expressed some sympathy for the group. -inspired by red army faction -targets: US military officials, German politicians, businesses -tactics: Explosives to gain the desired effect of damaging property and producing a large casualty rate. Selective targets would be attacked by either Long Barrel Weapons -relation to black september group: One terrorist in the Black september had a girlfriend in Red army faction. Also it was briefly trained by the PLO, although the training was not that successful because this was more of an urban gureilla group -peak: Hot Autumn 1977 -decline: They stated their disbanding in 1988 The dissolution of the Soviet Union in late December 1991 was a serious blow to Leninist groups, but well into the 1990s attacks were still being committed under the name RAF

Settlements: West Bank and Gaza

-West bank is often referred to as Judae and Samaria by Israeli government and military officials -many Jewish individuals consider this to be biblical Israel -still fighting over it in 2017 -displaced many Palestinians -Jewish settlers beging to move into the occupied west bank after the rise of center-right political party in Israel- LIKUD- in 1977 -

Historical overview of IRA: Protestants and Plantations 1600s

-When the English crown confiscated lands in Northern Ireland and colonized the land with English settlers -there were a lot of Protestants coming from England to GB at this time -Irish have this sense that they are being colonized -They resulted in the removal and/or execution of Catholic ruling classes and their replacement with what became known as the Protestant Ascendancy (was the political, economic and social domination of Ireland between the 17th century and the early 20th century by a minority of landowners, Protestant clergy and members of the professions, all members of the Church of Ireland or the Church of England.) -English crown essentially starts controlling Ireland

USA domestic terrorism 2012

-Wisconsin Sikh Temple -S. John the Baptist Parish shooting: the wounding of two others have been linked to the sovereign citizen movement

Assatta Shakur

-a former member of the Black Liberation Army,, who was convicted in 1977 of the first-degree murder, under New Jersey's "aiding and abetting" statute, of State Trooper Werner Foerster during a shootout on the New Jersey Turnpike in 1973. She escaped from prison in 1979 and fled to Cuba, where she was granted political asylum. -classified as a domestic terrorist by the FBI - Recent Cuba negotiations have focused on her extradition to the United States

Christian Reconstruction

-a fundamentalist[1] Reformed theonomic movement that developed under the ideas of Rousas Rushdoony, Greg Bahnsen and Gary North;[2] it has had an important influence on the Christian Right in the United State -Reconstructionists advocate theonomy and the restoration of certain biblical laws said to have continuing applicability -For Rushdoony, the idea of dominion implied a form of Christian theocracy or, more accurately, a theonomy.

What is in a terrorists arsenal?

-assasination, bombing/ suicide bombing, hostage taking, hijacking, kidnapping, mass shootings, cyberterrorism, property structure -targets: everyone

Munich Crisis Botched rescue

-a planned rescue attempt had to be called off when it was realized that actions of West German police were being broadcast live to nearly 1 billion people around the world and to the many televisions throughout the Olympic Village. At about 10:00 pm on September 5, believing they had reached an agreement, the terrorists led their bound and blindfolded hostages from their quarters into buses that transported them to waiting helicopters. -tense stalemate, terrorists eventually threw a bomb into the helicopter killing people -rescue attempt: The terrorists demanded transportation to Cairo following more than twelve hours of unsuccessful negotiations. Authorities led the terrorists to believe they would comply while in truth they were planning to ambush them at the airport. Shortly after 10 p.m., two helicopters transported the terrorists and their hostages to nearby Fürstenfeldbruck airbase, where a Boeing 727 aircraft was waiting. But this didn't work because the snipers chosen were not very skilled, the flight crew, made up of German police who had volunteered for the assignment to overpower the terrorists when they boarded the plane, abandoned their post as the helicopters arrived carrying the terrorists and their hostages. Six of the Palestinian terrorists disembarked from the helicopters with the four pilots held at gunpoint. When two of the terrorists inspected the plane and found it empty, they sprinted back toward the helicopters and the police snipers opened fire.

why the milita movement re-emerged

-a response to real societal stresses and strains, from the seemingly inevitable rise of multiculturalism to the faltering economy to another liberal administration, this one headed by a black man. -backlash against the move away from traditional social and political hierarchies -also come from "birthers" who claim that Obama is not a US citizen

British counterterrorism: Prevention of Terrorism Acts, 1974-2005

-a series of Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1974 to 1989 that conferred emergency powers upon police forces where they suspected terrorism

Propaganda of the deed

-a specific political action meant to be exemplary to others and serve as a catalyst for revolution. -The origins of this idea come from anarchism -for this to work you need: 1. Discontented population 2. Shared narrative 3. Expectation of violence 4. Visible dramatic deed

Peaceful Protest: The MLK Legacy: MArch on Selman

-activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using the tactics of nonviolence and civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs and inspired by the nonviolent activism of Mahatma Gandhi. -MLK was a super influencial figure who was influenced by Ghandi -emp called bloody sunday -In the March from Selma to Montgomery, they marched in pursuit of equal rights -the peaceful protestors were met with harsh police brutality -the assasination of MLK marks a turning point; causes some to believe that noviolence doesn't work

"we don't negotiate with terrorists"

-almost all democracies negotiate with terrorists at some point - Idea is that you have to demonstrate that terrorism does not work Virtually all democractic government negotiate at somepoint Argues that if groups stay around longer than 5 yars Way of managing terrorism

Lehi

-also called Stern Gang - a Zionist paramilitary organization founded by Avraham ("Yair") Stern in Mandatory Palestine -Split off from Irgun to continue fighting British during world war 2 -partly responsible for Dier Yassir Massacre -killed the UN mediator

Eric Rudolph

-an American domestic terrorist convicted for a series of anti-abortion and anti-gay-motivated bombings across the southern United States the perpetrator of the Centennial Olympic Park bombing in Atlanta, which occurred on July 27, 1996, during the 1996 Summer Olympics. -connection with Christian identity group and army of God

Timothy McVeigh

-an American domestic terrorist convicted[3] and executed[4] for the detonation of an ammonium nitrate fertilizer and nitromethane truck bomb in front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995 -deadliest act of terrorism within th US prior to 9/11 -anti-government, right wing extremist -him and his firned Terry Nickhols bombed the buildint to commemorate the second aniversary of the FBI's assault on the Branch Davidians' compound in Waca Texas and because of Ruby Ridge. In this moment he though federal agents were taking on th role of executioner -symbolic date of the attack: American revolution -he was also anti-Iraq war -also motivated by vengeance, protest, and armed resistece -laimed that the terrorist bombing was "morally equivalent" to U.S. military actions against Iraq and other foreign countries. -lone wolf terrorist

July 1, 19, El Al Flight 426

-an El Al passenger flight hijacked on July 23, 1968 by three members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), setting off a wave of hijackings by the PFLP -The nature of hijackings began to change during this period, as more began to be made as part of extortion attempts, especially in the Middle East. Palestinian and other Arab militants hijacked planes to garner attention for their cause, secure the release of prisoners and receive ransom payments. These hijackings could become violent, and passengers were put at risk. - International hijacking incident Demands violent and coercive Three armed PFLP hijacked a commercial flight • Wanted to trade passenger hostages for Palestinian hostages in Israel • Coincided with the rise of live media broadcasts • One of the leaders (George Habash: leader of PFLP) say that hijacking a plane has 100 times the value than killing Israelis

Michael Bray

-an american minister in a Lutheran church -he was convicted in 1985 of two counts of conspiracy and one count of possessing unregistered explosive devices in relation to ten bombings of women's health clinics and offices of liberal advocacy groups in Washington, D.C. -destroyed 7 abortion facilities -spent four years in prison -runs a website now, called a time to kill

British counter terrorism: criminalization

-attempt to take a rule of law approach -treated terrorists like they treated criminals

Strategy of American Christian Patriot Radicals

-based on Turner Diaries and Milita of Montana 1- paralyze America's entire economy: agriculture, industry, transport, communications 2-assassinate prominent artists and sports figures, and other leading personalities 3-eliminate spies and traitorous government officials 4-foment an 'air of nervousness, discredit, insecurity, uncertainty and concern on the part of the government.'

Eldridge Cleaver

-became an early leader of the Black Panther Party. -Cleaver's influence on the direction of the Party was rivaled only by founders Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. Cleaver and Newton eventually fell out with each other, resulting in a split that weakened the party. -Cleaver advocated the escalation of armed resistance into urban guerilla warfare, while Newton suggested the best way to respond was to put down the gun, which he felt alienated the Panthers from the rest of the black community -calls police pig, openly calls for police murders -aim for guerilla warfar--> split -the factions of both groups killed each other off -THEME: RADICAL GROUPS TEND TO FACTIONALIZE -violent rhetoric: -aimed for a Vietnam style urban guerrilla war in America -"Off the Pig' (coined in Black Panther newspaper) -openly called for the murder of policemen -supplied tips on ambush tactics and ways to build bombs "It was under Cleaver that the Panthers would drastically escalate their language of violence and insurrection to levels never before heard in America." (dor, 49)

Principles of anti-facism

-believe facism is a real, tangible force -strike back at those who advocate white supremacy as self-defense -never allow fascists to be given change to spread their ideas -defend oppressed communities at any cost -antifa is ideological and physical confrontations with facism -anti-facism is anti-capitalis

Camp David Peace Accords

-between Israel and Egypt -conflict with the PLO intersects global politics and oil -what was going on was a precursor to al-quada forming -During this peace treaty, signed by Egyptian President Anwar El Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin -witnessed by United States President Jimmy Carter -This was seen as a very great act of diplomacy -this made a lot of Arabs mad -Saddat eventually assasinated -led directly to the 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty. Due to the agreement, Sadat and Begin received the shared 1978 Nobel Peace Prize. -Called for a formal peace treaty to be signed between Israel and Egypt, within three months. Called for establishment of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Called for Israeli withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula in stages, to be completed within three years. Called for further meetings to resolve the Palestinian question. The meeting would include Jordan and a representative of the Palestinian people. Called for a five-year transitional period of Israeli withdrawal from the West Bank and Gaza. This transitional period would include the introduction of Palestinian self-government. Called for an end to Israeli settlements in the West Bank.

video clipps in class

-claim to be defending themselves -thought they used means necessary to constrain abortion -relative idea of lesser/greater evil -acted as invididual, the idea that they are protecting innocent -claimed murder is unjust murder so by killing an abortionist he was justified because he is killing a murderer -feels as though he had to act in the way he did -brings in religiou/ christianity

Charlotsville

-clash at a unite the right rally -rightwing groups protested the removal of a statue of robert E. Lee in a park -turns into a big riot and James Alex Fields drives his car into a crowd -need more information

Ethno-nationalist/ separatist terrorism

-context for these cases: IRA, PLO, ETA, PFLP, PKK, ASALA, FALN -ETA: a Spanish nationalist and separatist terrorist group that was founded in 1959 and evolved into a paramilitary group engaged in a violent campaign of bombing, assassinations and kidnappings. It was responsible with assasinating Luis Carrero Blanco, Franco's chosen successor and president of the government -PKK: an organization based in Turkey that has been involved in an armed conflict with the Turkish state, with the initial aim of achieving an independent Kurdish state, later changing it to a demand for equal rights and Kurdish autonomy in Turkey -ASALA: an Armenian militant organization, that operated from 1975 to the early 1990s. It was described as a terrorist organization which sought to "to compel the Turkish Government to acknowledge publicly its responsibility for the Armenian Genocide in 1915, pay reparations, and cede territory for an Armenian homeland" -FALN: a Puerto Rican clandestine paramilitary organization that, through direct action, advocated complete independence for Puerto Rico; manipulated a lot of bombings

Israel established 1948

-created 700,000 palestinian refugees -Palestinians dream of returning back to land -This has lead to the creation of PLO and Hamas

Turner Diaries

-depicts a violent revolution in the United States which leads to the overthrow of the federal government, nuclear war, and, ultimately, a race war. All groups opposed by the author, such as Jews, gays, and non-whites, are exterminated -suggested the call for a race war against the non-white "enemies" of a nation -this is ferred to as the bible of white Aryan Revolutionaly griyps -Calls for the institution of gureilla warfare against the gvovernment, ethnic cleansing, etc

The terrorist profile

-different faces of terrorism -people can be motivated by a way array of reasons including social reasons, economic, religious, etc -factors that people typically study when trying to determine what causes terrorism is 1. Economy: Impovershed communities might be manipulated by terrorists and persuaded into joining that terrorist group (but roots of terrorism is not purely economic/ terrorists do not always come from poor backgrounds) (Mudsill theory) 2. Education: Indoctrinating individuals. School curriculums might indoctrinate children with terrorist beliefs from a young age. Ex: Hamas does this in Palestine and teaches Palestinian children to not trust Israelis 3. Political regime type: The idea that authoritarianist regimes provide breeding grounds for terrorism to thrive, while democracies do not. However, democracy produced Hamas and has helped Hezbollah form. This is a really naive idea because just because a democracy is established does not mean that people will vote like Americans want them too. Democracy might help if you force extreme people to become more moderate, but it essentially has failed everywhere in the middle east except Tunisia (people originally thought the Arabi Spring would kill jihadi terrorism) 4. Is terrosim a rational choice? Terrorists are not necessarily crazy (they consider all the options they have and think T. is the best option. There is a logic behind what they are trying to do. Cost-benefit analysis- think the benefit might be worth the cost) 5. Psychology/ Personal traits: (Terrorism is a social activity. It is a way that allows people to fit in, if someone's family member joins, he/she might be more likely to participate as well, sometimes these organizations provide people with social services) 6. Female terrorists (a lot of major leaders in especially leftist organizations were women. Al quaeda also recruted women)

histories

-dualing histories of Jews and Arabs -both lay claim to the same land

Context of American Christian Patriot radicals

-early post cold war -farms are being taken over, many workers are going bakrupt -there is a loss of jobs -things are being downsized and ousources -white men were simply losing a lot in the 90s -this provided the raw material for conspiracy theories to gain traction 1. Rust belt: refers to the deindustrialization, or economic decline, population loss, and urban decay due to the shrinking of its once-powerful industrial sector. Previously known as the industrial heartland of America, industry has been declining in the region 2. Farm crisis 3. Downsizing: many individuals were losing their jobs -because of globalization, many jobs were being lost to foreingors

biocentricism

-earth first ideology -in a political and ecological sense, as well as literally, it is an ethical point of view that extends inherent value to all living things.[1] It is an understanding of how the earth works, particularly as it relates to biodiversity. -nature based, not human based

Irgun, FLN< IRA are all...

-ethno-nationalist -shift to small cell overtime

Republic of Ireland 1921

-eventually established after peace talks and Ultimately, the peace talks led to the negotiation of the Anglo-Irish Treaty (It provided for the establishment of the Irish Free State within a year as a self-governing dominion within the 'community of nations known as the British Empire') which was then ratified in triplicate: by Dáil Éireann -he War of Independence ended with the Anglo-Irish Treaty, signed on 6 December 1921 and narrowly approved by Dáil Éireann on 7 January 1922. -The treaty allowed Northern Ireland, which had been created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, to opt out of the Free State if it wished, which it duly did on 8 December 1922 under the procedures laid down -

WWII

-eventually reached Algeria, which was part of the battleground for WWII -many Algerians fought for French during world war -After WWII there was a drive towards decolonization (india and pakistan tried to get their independence)

world view and ideology of weathermen underground

-explanatory: opposed capitalism, imperialism, racism, traditional family and monomagy -evaluation: oppression by capitalism and capitalist ruling clss. Structural violence and inequality; thought world could be improved -orientative: identity: revolutionaries -programmatic: vanguard communist party urban guerrilla warfare and revolution. Radical alliances; smash monogamy, destroy traditional family -human nature: potentially cooperative, malleable -freedom: overcome structural oppression (capitalism, imperialism, racism)

Israeli Counter-terrorism: "Operation Bayonet" strategy

-fear -decapitation Targets -Black September -PLO leaders

Jewish Nationalism (zionism): Five Aliyahs to Palestine: 1882-1948

-five waves of Jewish immigration to Palestine -This was almost a last resort (most Jews didn't want to come here- its a hard place to live) -Aliyah is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to the Land of Israel -First aliyah: 35,000 Jews immigrated to the southwestern area of Syria. The migration of Jews from Russia correlates with the end of the Russian pogroms, with about 3 percent of Jews emigrating from Europe to Palestine. -Last Aliyah was the largest (after ww2 broke out) with hundreds of thousands of Jews coming over

second wave terrorism

-focused on anti-colonialism and ethno-nationalist terrorism -post ww1 breakdown of empires -former ottoman empire was divided by Britain and France into mandate countries that eventually got their independence -Woodrow Wilson's 14 points: emphasized the concept of self determination: it was the concept behind the arising of nation-states (ex: formation of Serbia)

weathermen underground

-formed: a faction of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)composed for the most part of the national office leadership of SDS and their supporters. Their goal was to create a clandestine revolutionary party to overthrow the U.S. Government -conducted a campaign of bombings through the mid-1970s and took part in actions such as the jailbreak of Dr. Timothy Leary. The "Days of Rage", their first public demonstration on October 8, 1969, was a riot in Chicago timed to coincide with the trial of the Chicago Seven. -For the bombing of the United States Capitol on March 1, 1971, they issued a communiqué saying that it was "in protest of the U.S. invasion of Laos". For the bombing of the Pentagon on May 19, 1972, they stated that it was "in retaliation for the U.S. bombing raid in Hanoi". For the January 29, 1975 bombing of the United States Department of State building, they stated that it was "in response to the escalation in Vietnam" -ideology: marxist, anti-imperalist -goals: the destruction of US imperialism and the achievement of a classless world: world communism. Wanted to overthrow the gov't. They viewed the struggles against Vietnam, anti-capitalism all stemming from one core: a connection against the US -other events around the world such as the Cultural Revolution in China; the 1968 student revolts in France, Mexico City and elsewhere; the Prague Spring; the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association; rise of black panther party gave them a sense that "world revolution was imminent". There was a period of revolution across the world; perhaps the force of history was so strong that these groups were almost bound to arise

Waves of KKK

-founded in 1865 in Tennessee by Nathan Bedford Forrest -Reign of terror 1867-1871: ORIGINAL AIMS -Force Northerners out of the Confederacy -Destroy black power in the southern states -(frighten black voters away form the polls) -main methods were cross-burning, lynching Rebirth in 1915 -founded in the the South in 1915 -It stressed opposition to Catholic, Jews, and immigrants, was anti-semetic -inspired by Birth of a Nation -nativist reaction to new immigrants -grew rapidy because of its anti-immigrant and later anti-communist positions during a time of increasing immigration -declined in the 1940s after the group divided Third phase: 1960s -response to Brown vs Board, -focused on opposition to the Civil Rights Movement, often using violence and murder to suppress activists. It is classified as a hate group by the Anti-Defamation League -lawsuits placed against KKK; group went bankrupt, so its marginal today

Irgun

-founded in 1931 -offshoot of Haganah (Jewish Militia) -Irgun was a tiny group of people and most Jews/ people in the Haganah did not like them -Irgum split off from Haganah because it didn't think Haganah was working hard enough to create a state for Jewish people -led by Menachem Begin (who later became a prime minister of Israel) -the group's success inspired other terrorists -marked the birth of modern terrorism

Left Revolutionary Terrorism in the Developed ("First") World 1960s-1980s: Japan: Japanese red army

-founder: Fusako Shigenobu -communist/ leftist military group -broke away from the Japanese communist league because they thought it was too conservative -the ideology was marxist, lenoninst, wanted to overthrow the Japanese government and start world communist revolution -played a role in the Lod airport massacre -inspired by student revolutions -had only 40 members, but it had ties to the PFLP -carried out a series of attacks around the world, including the massacre in 1972 at Lod Airport in Israel, two Japanese airliner hijackings, and an attempted takeover of the US Embassy in Kuala Lumpur -at its peak it had 40 members -often hijacked airlines -responsible for various combings -leader eventually arrested in Japan -Decline: declined in the 1990s as its members - never more than 40 - were arrested or found themselves living in isolation in countries like Syria and North Korea.

Black Revolutionary violence in US

-goes back to 1865 Confederacy, this started black nationalism -came full force during civil rights era

Rivalry: Celtics vs Rangers

-good sign o This was like a standin for the conflict o Someone would always be killed during the soccer match

Difference between Terrorism and guerilla insurgency

-guerille insurgency tends to occur in totoal warfare -guerillas can maintain control of a region while terrorists don't ususally control a region, they exercise some soverignty over a population, and they can engage in force on force attacts and thus act similar to a military unit -guerillas go indirect and go into the shadows -Terrorism is just another tactice of political warfare and it usually occurs because they don't control land

Dyland Roof

-gunned down churchgoers in Charleston -Had a manifesto -an American white supremacist and mass murderer convicted in December 2016 of perpetrating the Charleston church shooting on June 17, 2015 -confessed that he committed the shooting in hopes of igniting a race war. -federal hate crime charges against him -the internet helped radiclize him -not considered domestic terrorism/ not charged with domestic terrorism becase there is no specific domestic terrorism statute -Even when the USA Patriot Act, post 9/11, redefined terrorism to include domestic crimes, the provision simply allowed the government to investigate more broadly what it called "terrorism." Actually charging someone with domestic terrorism remains a separate matter. - cautions against creating a specific domestic terror charge, because there are already too many crimes being labeled as terrorism that may be nonviolent or exercising freedom of speech. "You have all these acts that are terrorist but already criminalized," she says. "[The crime of] providing material support to a foreign terror organization is already problematic. It captures things that are nonviolent."

PLO is very...

-hierarchial -most hierarchial group so far -Arafat is very iconic/ charismatic (deliberate in how he dressed/ theatrical aspect to him)

IRA organization

-hierarchial structure -eventually shift to shell structure 1. IRA chief of staff (organisation's commander, responsible for directing the organisation's military strategy in conjunction with General Headquarters ) 2. Northern and Southern Commands 3. Active service unit (a Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) cell of five to eight members, tasked with carrying out armed attacks.)

IRA introduction

-huge terrorist group before 9/11 -Northern Ireland conflict had basically two major antagonists o Irish nationalists: republicans, anti-monarchy o Protestants: loyalists, monarchists, wanted to stay with the UK o Looks like religious dispute but religion is not that important- it looks like an ethnic thing Ended peacefully

PLO terrorism against Israel is a problem in Lebanon

-in the 1970s, by the early 1980s, 40 terrorist groups had been trained at PLO's camps -Network of terrorist groups -6 week program costed $10,000 per person -PLO made a lot of money in these camps -PLO very successful/ famous - Menachem Begin and Arield Sharon operate a war called Operation peace for the Gaililee -Interestingly, Baadar Meinhof gang got kicked out of PLO training camp

is antifa a terrorist group?

-in there minds its self defense -if they are a gang penalties increase, you can also surveil them differently in a gang -we don't use the term domestic terrorism because this one isolated crime of chasing people at a protest is not terrorism. Furthermore, it sets a dangerous precedent and may cause the term to be musused. If you label them this, this might make them last out more, danger of government overreach. They have a direct action approach, globalization impact (enables radicals to be brought together)

combating antifa it its a gang

-increased legal penalties if crime is related to gang activity -social-network analysis - identify most violent gang members -focused deterrence strategies: Target small number of chronic offenders Incentives for non-violence -civil injunctions can restrict gang behavior

Jewish Nationalism (zionism): Theodore Herzl

-intellectual who wrote the pamphlet Der Judenstaat (in which Herzl envisioned the founding of a future independent Jewish state during the 20th century. He argued that the best way to avoid antisemitism in Europe was to create this independent Jewish state) -became a zionist after the Dreyfus affair -he thought that Jews needed their own state and that they can't rely on their own states to help them -he said that Jews needed their own land (Palestine) because 1. There is a Jewish people 2. Assimilation into Europe/elsewhere is impossible given the anti-semetic sentiments 3. Right to the promised land (Eretz Israel) 4. No other people in Palestine -Chaim Weizman also claimed Palestine had no people there

Government of Ireland act 1920

-intended to establish separate Home Rule institutions within two new subdivisions of Ireland: the six north-eastern counties were to form "Northern Ireland", while the larger part of the country was to form "Southern Ireland".

army of god

-is a Christian terrorist organization that has engaged in the use of anti-abortion violence in the United States to fight against abortion -Paul Hill and Eric Rudolph considered heroes, Michael Bray

Rise of ISlam

-islam rose greatly in 600-700 AD -The expansion of the Muslim Empire in the years following the Prophet Muhammad's death led to the creation of the caliphates, occupying a vast geographical area and conversion to Islam. These early caliphates, coupled with Muslim economics and trading and the later expansion of the Ottoman Empire, resulted in Islam's spread outwards from Mecca towards both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the creation of the Muslim world. Trading played an important role in the spread of Islam in several parts of the world, notably southeast Asia -last islamic empire was the ottoman empire -prophet muhammad

why did Great britain stay in Northern Ireland instead of pulling out

-issue of empires -mercantilism

why did FLN consider battle of Algers a victory

-it caused French to use torture -international community started criticizing French for torture -caused civilians to hate french more -French won Battle of Alger but lost the way

eco-terrorism in the 70s

-it starts to increase -creation of Earth first -liberal, moderate environmentalists -but radical environmentalitsts accused liberals of being to moderate

Why did the wave of anarchist terrorism stop?

-it stopped with the assasination of Archduke Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip -IT stopped because the assasination led to world war 1 -the world became consumed with WW1, the russian revolution, the first against facism, and the struggles against colonialism -also rational anarchists realized that terrorism seldom achieves the ends desired of it -everything ends (waves of terrorism end)

Hardest part of defining terrorism

-its meaning has changed overtime and its subjective in that terrorists never think of themselves as terrorists -controversy: does terrorism only apply to non-state actors? targets: civilians, noncombatants -do you need casualies for it to be terrorism, or is it enough to destroy properties -people use the term terrorism to a wide array of cases, therefore, the term loses its meaning -UN doesn't have a definition for terrorism -globally most people don't define it

the word nazi

-its used a lot Gowlin's law: As an online discussion grows longer, the probability of a comparison involving Hitler approaches

How do the weak fight the strong? How do you decide violent direct political action? How do people justify terrorism

-justify violence for greater purpose (relativity)- the idea that killing 2 people for example was better than the continued system under place (This was the ideology Briam McBride used) -machiavellian idea -think that violence is not as bad as something else -try to rationalize it -willing to take the chance to kill someone to pursue one's greater goals

Deep Green resistence

-leaders: Derrick Jenson, Lierre Keith -Mainstream environmental activism has been mostly ineffective Industrial civilization itself is endangering all life on the planet Industrial civilization is fundamentally unsustainable and must be actively dismantled Agriculture and cities STRATEGY AND TACTICS -"People's Militia" for "Decisive Ecological Warfare" -multiple attacks on (energy) infrastructure around the world Pipelines, power lines, tankers, refineries, etc.

unabomber

-long series of events/ crisis -he is worried that machines will take over, they will become more intelligent and will eventually be making decisions for us humans; eventually we will become so reliant on them that we won't be able to turn them off -Theodore John Kaczynski (/kəˈzɪnski/; born May 22, 1942), also known as the Unabomber, is an American mathematician, anarchist and domestic terrorist -lived as a recluse for a while -questions of The Unabomber sent us a 35,000 word essay claiming to explain his motives and views of the ills of modern society. After much debate about the wisdom of "giving in to terrorists," FBI Director Louis Freeh and Attorney General Janet Reno approved the task force's recommendation to publish the essay in hopes that a reader could identify the author. After the manifesto appeared in The Washington Post and The New York Times, thousands of people suggested possible suspects. One stood out: David Kaczynski described his troubled brother Ted, who had grown up in Chicago, taught at the University of California at Berkeley (where two of the bombs had been placed), then lived for a time in Salt Lake City before settling permanently into the primitive 10' x 14' cabin that the brothers had constructed near Lincoln, Montana.he was mentally ill -neo-luddite; opposes modern technology

What is terrorism

-look at book -premediated, politically motivated violent acts perpetrated against noncombatant targets by typically a non-state entity and is usually intended to motiviated an audience -"the systematic employment of violence and intimidation to coerce a government or community ... into acceding to specific political demandst 1. It has to be political: if its not then its not terrorism 2. Needs to be public (attract media's attention) 3. Needs to create a mood of fear 4. Mostly non-state actors 5. Target: civilians, noncombatents, occasionally symbolic figures/buildings, (there is a randomness to terrorism which creates fear) 6. has to be an act of violence

Great Britain withdrawal from the middle east

-lost Palestine -then Iran nationalized the oil company, Anglo-Iranian oil company, in which britain owned 51% of shares -British thus boycotted the company, which essentially broke diplomatic ties between both countries. Ruler of Iran kicked out, replaced by Shah, the oil company was created again, but the US held most of the shares -British kicked out of Egypt with the rise of Nasser -Suez canal was a water-shed in GB history

Objectives of IRA

-mThe IRA's purpose was to use armed force to render British rule in Ireland ineffective and thus to assist in achieving the broader objective of an independent republic, which was pursued at the political level by Sinn Féin, the Irish nationalist party. From its inception, however, the IRA operated independently of political control and in some periods actually took the upper hand in the independence movement. -wanted north ireland to unite with Ireland

Militia movement after oklahoma bombing

-militia movements and groups largely quieted and disbanded because Timothy McVeigh was erroneously associated with Michigan milita -this led to public scrutiny and law enforcement pressure, and brought in more recruits due to the heightened awareness of the movemen

Religious strand of milita movements

-most milita men are not religious, but can be culturally Christian -nevertheless, the second strade starts to get on the edge of religious terrorism. All religions have some form of terrorism because they can pick and choose certain passages in religious texts to justify violence

The Militia Movement 1980s-1990s

-most militia organizes are non-violent -goes back to the 80s, with roots in rural, small towns/ second ammendment -linked to globalization -based on the second ammendment right to own a gun. They see gun regulation as a threat to liberties -they often have an anti-government, conspiracy oriented ideology -almost an extreme libertarian group which rejects centralized federal authority and wants to protect themselves from federal overreach

Milita of montana and michigan militia

-train in guerilla warfare, survivalist techniques, and other unconcentional tactics -think that the government is going to try and seize their weapons and deny them of their rights to have arms, like the Branch Davidian raid. -michigan milita: paramilitary militia group in Michigan. Declined after the leader blamed the Japanese for the Oklahoma City bombing

who were the wethermen undergorund

-mostly students -"During an eighteen-month period in 1971 and 1972, the FBI reported more than 2,500 bombings on U.S. soil, nearly 5 a day. Yet less than 1 percent of the 1970s-era bombings led to a fatality; the single deadliest radical-underground attack of the decade killed four people. Bombs basically functioned as EXPLODING PRESS RELEASES. "As hard as it may be to comprehend today, there was a moment during the early 1970s when bombings were viewed by many Americans as a semilegitimate means of protest. In the minds of others, they amounted to little more than a public nuisance." (p. 5) -"The radicals of this new underground weren't hippies, they weren't primarily interested in the war, and it wasn't the 1960s.... .the young radicals who engaged in bombings and the assassination of policemen during the 1970s and 1980s were, for the most part, deadly serious, hard-core leftists...... While members of this new underground were vehemently antiwar, the war itself was seldom their primary focus...... What the underground movement was truly about - what it was always about - was the plight of black Americans." (p. 27)

Operation Backfire and Daniel McGowen

-multi-agency criminal investigation, led by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), into destructive acts in the name of animal rights and environmental causes in the United States described as eco-terrorism by the FBI -Daniel Gerard McGowan (born 1974) is an American environmental and social justice activist who was arrested and charged in federal court on multiple counts of arson and conspiracy, -Using the code name Operation Backfire, the FBI arrested six people. Chelsea Gerlach, William Rodgers, Kendall Tankersley, Kevin Tubbs, McGowan and Stanislas Meyerhoff were arrested for allegedly taking part in a wide variety of crimes, including arson and domestic terrorism

Paul Hill

-murdered abortion physician outside a Pensacola clinic -he was a part of the Christian Reconstructionist movement -connected to army of God -justified that he killed the doctors because the doct would have murdered 25-30 people in his daily round of abortions

Context of French colonialism

-north Africa -Barbary states: (Algeria was originally part of these) -barbary coast had a lot of Berber pirates which carried out raids against European and American ships -conflicts between the Barbary States and the newly independent United States of America --> First and Second Barbary war. -ASK: what is the connection between the formation of Barbary States

Did IRA achieve goal?

-not really, there is no united Ireland -terror alone never achieve objectives

Earth liberation front

-offshoot of Earth first -founded in the UK -the collective name for autonomous individuals or covert cells who, according to the ELF Press Office, use "economic sabotage and guerrilla warfare to stop the exploitation and destruction of the environment". -worldview: -uses the leaderless resistance model outlined by ALF -refers to itself as an eco-defense group that fights ecolgical terrorism -expansion: now an international terrorist organization with actions reported in 17 countries. ELF quickly spread across to Europe by 1994, with actions first occurring in the Netherlands, Germany, Russia, Scandinavia, New Zealand, Italy, Ireland, Poland, Spain, France and Finland, and the name starting to be used across the globe

tet offensive

-one of the largest military campaigns of the Vietnam War, launched in 1968, by forces of the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese People's Army of Vietnam against the forces of the South Vietnamese Army of the Republic of Vietnam, the United States Armed Forces, and their allies -It was a campaign of surprise attacks against military and civilian command and control centers throughout South Vietnam -The American people, who had been told a few months earlier that the war was successful and that U.S. troops might soon be allowed withdraw, were stunned to see fighting taking place on the grounds of the U.S. embassy. People began to question whether American military forces could defeat communist forces

Rovert f williams

-one of the leaders of the NAACP. He was the grandson of slaves. He forms the black armed guard which was created to defend the local black community from racist attacks and from the Klan. Williams' book Negroes with Guns (1962) has been reprinted many times, most recently in 2013. It details his experience with violent racism and his disagreement with the non-violent wing of the Civil Rights Movement. The text was widely influential; Black Panther Party founder Huey Newton cited it as a major inspiration. -stays in cuba for a bit

Viemer echo

-organized brown shirts fighting on streets- how nazi's got to power -in berkely you have white supremacists fighting communists/ antifada

Propaganda of the deed part two

-originated from terrorists -the idea is that if you have the spark to achieve your aim, you just need to find the trigger -terrorists feel violence is all they have -they hope that if they do the deed that it will set off the process to get the goal they want (most of the time this fails)

Evian Accords 1962

-treaty between the French government and the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic which sought Algeria's independence from France -Granted Algeria its independence

Gerry Adams

an Irish republican politician who is the president of the Sinn Féin political party

Animal liberation front

-originats in the UL -1991 decade to save animals -willing to kill people for animal liberation -an international, clandestine leaderless resistance that engages in direct action in pursuit of animal rights. -tactics: removing animals from laboratories and farms, destroying facilities, arranging safe houses and veterinary care, and operating sanctuaries where the animals subsequently live -active in over 40 countries -while the group does not support violence, activists have either failed to condemn acts of violence or have themselves engaged in it, either in the name of the ALF or under another banner. -But they shift strategy Series of attacks -attack researchers' homes, use doxing, placed incendiary device that ignited under Ken Hunt's car. -these events continued, but then kind of just ended (when the FBI comes in and puts an end to it undercover) -group is constantly evolving its strategy -leaderless resistence

Rise of Pan-Arabism and Abdel Nasser

-pan-Arabism is the iideology espousing the unification of the countries of North Africa and West Asia from the Atlantic Ocean to the Arabian Sea, referred to as the Arab world -also connected to nationalist thoughts which asserts that the Arabs constitute a single nation -often associated with socialist principles and a distrust of the West and a desire to get Western imperial forces out of the Middle East

wetherman underground tactics

-resorted to violence because nonviolent SDS was not accomplishing anything in their perspective -by not acting against violence, they though you are taking the side of the oppressor. In fact, you are the oppressor. -

Europe's Far right: Breiviks killing spree

-right wing parties have increased in Europe -Anders Brivik went on a killing spree -two attacks: the first one was a car bomb explosion in Oslo, the second attack occurred less than two hours later at a summer camp on the island of Utøya in Tyrifjorden, Buskerud. The camp was organized by the AUF, the youth division of the ruling Norwegian Labour Party (AP). Breivik, dressed in a homemade police uniform and showing false identification,[19][20] took a ferry to the island and opened fire at the participants, killing 68 of them outright -opposes Islam, marxist -very far right, calls himself a facist

Rise of black power and black nationalism

-rose in 1963 -Marcus Garvey encouraged African people around the world to be proud of their race and to see beauty in their own kind. -Robert F. Willians: -Malcom X / nation of islam -Stokel Carmichael

Bloody Sunday 1972

-second bloody Sunday -March planned -March was banned, but they continued to do it -when British soldiers shot 28 unarmed civilians during a peaceful protest march against internment. - there was a general strike in the Republic, described as the biggest general strike in Europe since the Second World War relative to population • But GB brought in military forces to supervise, and something happens and then GB police force open fire on crowd and kill 13 people • Recruitment to IRA shot up after this- so the problem is that GB reacted with violence and sparked this reaction • PIRA responded with frequent bombings after this o Tons of bombings o Did GB go to far with counterterrorism?

Tactical vs strategic aims

-tactical aims (are aims that help the group along the process of achieving their main goals) -strategic: outcome goals

Chicago Democratic convention 1968

-tens of thousands of Vietnam War protesters battle police in the streets, while the Democratic Party falls apart over an internal disagreement concerning its stance on Vietnam. -ASK

conditions of terrorism

-terrorism is often the last in a sequence of choices (represents the outcome of a series of learning experiences) -terrorism is often rational: it may be a reasonable and calculated response to circumstances -To say that the reasoning that leads to the choice of terrorism may be logical is not an argument about moral justifiability. It does suggest, however, that the belief that terrorism is expedient is one means by which moral inhibitions are overcome

1968 as a symbolic year

-the Tet Offensive in Vietnam brought a shift in American public opinion toward the war and low approval ratings for the President. -Martin Luther King's assassination led to another wave of grief. Then waves of rioting swept America. -Robert Kennedy assasinated -Democratic Convention in Chicago that August. With Kennedy out of the race, the nomination of Hubert Humphrey was all but certain. Antiwar protesters flocked to Chicago to prevent the inevitable Humphrey nomination, or at least to pressure the party into softening its stance on Vietnam. As the crowds chanted "The whole world is watching," the police bloodied the activists with clubs and released tear gas into the streets. The party nominated Humphrey, but the nation began to sensed that the Democrats were a party of disorder. -Alabama GOVERNOR GEORGE WALLACE ran on the American Independent Party ticket. Campaigning for "segregation now, segregation forever"

Berkeley rallies cancelled

-the antifa has been successful in preventing and shutting down rallies by threatening to use violence -used pepper spray and pushing

vietnam and civil rights

-the combination of vietnam war, anti-war protests, civil rights movement, the growth of the counterculture movement, and Ken State caused the 60s to be a very tumultuous time -When the Vietnam War escalated and was wholeheartedly backed by the White House, President Johnson failed to realise the racial nightmare that American involvement in Vietnam would create. Vietnam coincided with the protests of the Civil Rights Movement and the rise of Black Power during 1960s America. -mass protest movement against racial segregation and discrimination in the southern United States that came to national prominence during the mid-1950s. This movement had its roots in the centuries-long efforts of African slaves and their descendants to resist racial oppression and abolish the institution of slavery. -The movement was characterized by major campaigns of civil resistance. Between 1955 and 1968, acts of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience produced crisis situations and productive dialogues between activists and government authorities. -there were sit-ins, marches -March on Washington: The purpose of the march was to advocate for civil and economic rights for African Americans. At the march, Martin Luther King Jr., standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his historic "I Have a Dream"

right vs left

-the difference is how much change each side wants -the left tends to be more supportive of change in a political sustem while the right tends to be more skeptical of political change and will (at the extremes) hope to change back to a previous political system -now left is more associated with protecting minorities, advocating for more government regulation of certain instiutions, while the right is less regulation on business

French domestic politics

-the entire French empire almost collapses -French general and statesmen -Charles De Gaulle creates the fifth republic of France -there constitution -The trigger for the collapse of the Fench fourth republic was the Algiers crisis of 1958 -Algerian War not just separatist movement, but it had elements of a civil war -De Gaulle came out of retirement and created the fifth French Republic -Gaulle originally wanted to keep Algeria as part of French empire, but in 1960 he realizes that that won't happen -Gualle arranged a cease-fire in Algeria and eventually recognized Algeria's independence

1956 change in strategy and tactics

-the execution of FLN fighters acted as a catalyst to change FLN strategy -Then FLN targeted French civilians (security personnel) and gunned them down -Then there was a bombing campaign in which the FLN used women (who looked European) to sneak bombs past the checkpoints and then leave them in places like bars and cafes to target French citizens -This resulted in the French implementing martial law and stricter checkpoints in the Casbah -this resulted in militariazation

classical liberalism

-the ideology advocating private property, an unhampered market economy, the rule of law, constitutional guarantees of freedom of religion and of the press, and international peace based on free trade. -a political ideology, a branch of liberalism which advocates civil liberties under the rule of law with an emphasis on economic freedom. It is closely related to libertarianism and to free market capitalism

Rise of modern environment conscious

-the indea of environment is a pretty new concept -it essentially cosues on wilderness preservation (which is why we have natural parks)- incluenced by Roosevelt -the modern environment movement was set off by Silent spring by Rachel Carson (which focuses the the negative impacts of pesticides like DDT) -also the book Population Bomb was influential and it said that people will die from famine if our population continues to grow -earth day

Arab Israeli Crisis "Act Two": 1948-1967

-the middle east is very complicated: there have been numerous empires that have claimed the various regions over the years -within this crisis we get the rise of the PLO -Israel was established in 1948 (Has dealt with numerous wars and crises)

All social, economic, and political phenomenon occur in...

-waves -they all have cycles of beginnings, middles, and ends -people copy those that came before them -wave may disappear for different reasons

History of Terrorism: French Revolution

-the origins of the word terrorism came from this time period -terrorism was seen as positive -during French revolution, terrorism was seen as a way to cleanse history and bring in the new. Therefore, the word originally obtained positive connotations -The regime de la terreur designed to consolidate new government and was associated with virtue and democracy -Robspierre (took control of the Revolution in its most radical and bloody phase: the Jacobin republic. His goal in the Terror was to use the guillotine to create what he called a "republic of virtue", wherein terror and virtue would be imposed at the same time.) he said "terror is nothing but justice, prompt, severe and inflexible; it is therefore an emanation of virtue."

People watching Vietnam war on TV

-the public grew outranged over the war -there was a draft to get people into the war + more and more people were being sent to fight in the vietnam war. There were even drafting channels on TV: 25% (648,500) of total forces in country were draftees. (66% of U.S. armed forces members were drafted during WWII Draftees accounted for 30.4% (17,725) of combat deaths in Vietnam; this helped galvanize anti-war/ new-left sentiments) The new left comes to a peak at the ken state protest (there were mass protests and demonstrations around the countyr, most of which were student strikes)

what do Arabs and Israelis want?

-the same land -this fight for land has produced 7 wars , refugees, etc

Ruby Ridge

-the site of an eleven-day siege near Naples, Idaho, U.S., beginning on August 21, 1992, when Randy Weaver, members of his immediate family, and family friend Kevin Harris resisted agents of the United States Marshals Service (USMS) and the Hostage Rescue Team of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI HRT). Following a Marshals Service reconnoiter of the Weaver property pursuant to a bench warrant for Weaver after his failure to appear on firearms charges, an initial encounter between six US marshals and the Weavers resulted in a shootout and the deaths of Deputy US Marshal William Francis Degan, age 42, the Weavers' son Samuel (Sammy), age 14, and Weaver's family dog (Striker). In the subsequent siege of the Weaver residence, led by the FBI, Weaver's 43-year-old wife Vicki was killed by FBI sniper fire. All casualties occurred on the first two days of the operation. -Randy Weaver refused an offer to become an informant in exchange for dismissal of charge of possession of illegal weapons -This incident included many of the same agencies of the Waca siege -people perceived this as federal government coming down and trying to get guns

1969 SDS splits into factions

-the weathermen take it over -these were considered the new heroirc figures of the new left -they were anti-imperalistst, anti-capitolist, marxist

Historical legacy of Christian violence/ crusades/ biblical interpretations

-there are examples of religious terrorism in history, and utilizing Christianity to justify violence -ex: crusades and there are biblical passages that people can isolate and then manipulate to justify violence

radical anti-abortion Framing and world view

-there is a certain logic -argue that the fetus is a human being, and killing it is murder. Since the state condones abortion (according to the Roe vs Wade ruling), then they argue that they need to oppose the state -Due to these assumptions they act rationally and target Incidents of violence have included destruction of property, in the form of vandalism; crimes against people, including kidnapping, stalking, assault, attempted murder, and murder; and crimes affecting both people and property, including arson and bombings -anti-abortion is considered a single-issue terrorism -based on their actions and the logical consequences of their actions they act strategically

FLN and French: what are they willing o do

-they ask themselves what they are willing to do to achieve their goals -Maximalist goals: end goals; if they think in a maximalist way it may help them achieve what they hope for

How are the Japanese red army, the RAF, and Red Brigades related

-they were countries that were axis powers in ww2 -therefore, this might be a reaction to the 30s and anger/dissolution at parent generation for ww2, the nazis, rise of Germany

The Racist Right

-third strand of radical right wing terrorism -the road to Oklahoma city bimbing moves through the racist right -Richard Butler was an American Christian religious leader and white supremacist. After dedicating himself to Christian Identity, an offshoot of Christianity and British Israelism, Butler founded the neo-Nazi Aryan Nations and would become one of the most well known and influential leaders of the American far-right. -Aryan nations: white supremacist religious organization. It was founded as an arm of the Christian identity organization Church of Jesus Christ. This was an umbrella organization which included numerous different groups

Terrorism 1968-1972: Changing Tactics and Strategy

-this is when people started using hte word "revolution" -birth of international terrorism -PFLP: El Al Hijacking -Black September: Munich massacre -the PLO becomes a model and ally for many other terrorist organizations -during this time hijackings, kidnappings, taking of hostages become more prominent -international element to this wave of terrorism

short term military victory

-through using torture, the French were able to capture Yacef and Ali la Pointe which parked the defeat of the FLN in the city -while this was a French victory, it ended up leading to mass uprisings across Algeria which helped lead to the General Assembly of the United Nations unanimously passed resolution 1573 (XV), recognising the Algerian people's right to "self-determination and independence".

-Cube-US Aircraft Hijackings 1958

-throughout the 60s hijackings were pretty common -planes were often hijacked and taken to Cuba

why the weather underground used bombs

-to retaliate against attacks against blacks and third world peoples -disrupt and agitate US agression and terror against the Veitrnam and the third world: wanted to make country unliveable -expose and focus attention against the power and institutions which oppress the people

British counter terrorism: accommodation

-towards the final stages in peace process -treat terrorists more leniently than criminals -Start to say there are some legitament grievances/ people feel alienated and so maybe they need to be addressed

Jewish Nationalism (Zionism): Anti-Semitic Violence late 19th century in Russia

-trigger for this was the assasination of Czar Alexander II of Russia which was blamed on the Jews -Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire were large-scale, targeted, and repeated anti-Jewish rioting that first began in the 19th century.

1968

-tumultuous -China: at the peak of its cultural revolution: you have students attacking political leaders, re-establishment of Mao-ist thought -Global youth protests: in Germany, France, Japan, etc -January TET OFFFENSIVE (Vietnam) April MLK ASSASSINATION May STUDENT REVOLTS (France) June RFK ASSASSINATION August USSR CRUSHES PRAGUE SPRING (Czeckoslovakia) CHICAGO RIOTS (DNC) POLICE CRACKDOWN October MEXICO CITY STUDENT MASSACRE

Act of Union 1800

-united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland (previously in personal union) to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland -Irish nationalism eventually rose within 100 years -Two forms of Irish nationalism arose from these events. One was a radical movement, known as Irish republicanism. -One was more moderate and tried to work with the UK to win concessions

Irgun strategy to drive out British

-used dramatic acts of violence to attract international attention to Palestine and to highlight zionists' grievances about GB and claims for statement -group would mask themselves as ordinary people and then emerge and strike GB officials and then hide back in Palestine neighbors -bombed symbolic places: immigration offices, security forces, taxation and finance forces

torture

-used torture on Algerians in a method to obtain information -same Machiavellian justifications that the terrorists used the french used -this torture also ended up serving the terrorists because it increased the international community's critique of the French's actions in Algeria in addition to further mobilizing Algerian support against the French in Algers -French security forces became institutionalised, the techniques ranging from beatings, electroshock (the gegene), Waterboarding, sexual assault and rape.

Protestants/ Catholics terroriality

-very territorial issue -"you are in protestant territory"

Yom Kippur War

-war began when the Arab coalition launched a joint surprise attack on Israeli positions in the Israeli-occupied territories on Yom Kippur, the holiest day in Judaism -1973 -• Egypt crosses canal, heads toward Israel, Israel was taken by surprise, US slowly reacted, Soveits eventually got involved by sending military support -After crossing the cease-fire lines, Egyptian forces advanced virtually unopposed into the Sinai Peninsula. After three days, Israel had mobilized most of its forces and halted the Egyptian offensive, resulting in a military stalemate. -The Syrians coordinated their attack on the Golan Heights to coincide with the Egyptian offensive and initially made threatening gains into Israeli-held territory. Within three days, however, Israeli forces had pushed the Syrians back to the pre-war ceasefire lines -tensions between US and SU -As a result, a second ceasefire was imposed cooperatively on October 25 to end the war.

White Rose society

-was a non-violent, intellectual resistance group in Nazi Germany led by a group of students and a professor at the University of Munich. The group conducted an anonymous leaflet and graffiti campaign which called for active opposition to the Nazi regime. -were eventually executed by Nazis -Michael Bray refers to themselves as the white rose society, and refers to government as Nazis

Black panther party

-was a revolutionary black nationalist and socialist organization founded by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton in October 1966 -symbol of the fist -formed to challenge police brutality and to protext African American people -Founded in california in 1966, disolved in 1982 -BPP platform: 1. Freedom 2. employment 3. end robbery of wite man 4. decent housing 5. election for African American people 6. exception from military 7. end in police brutality 8. freedom for blacks in prison 9. blacks should be judged by blacks in juries 10. education, peace, bread, housing, and a black colony

Easter Uprising

-was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week, April 1916. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans to end British rule in Ireland and establish an independent Irish Republic while the United Kingdom was heavily engaged in the First World War. -Irish volunteers declared a republic and launched an insurrection in Dublin in which they tried to sieze important sites in central Dublin -this was put down in one week and leaders were rounded up and executed -patter: impact of prison on radicalization

1956 Suez Crisis

-was an invasion of Egypt in late 1956 by Israel, followed by the United Kingdom and France. -goal was to regain Western control of the Suez Canal and to remove Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser from power -related to Egyptian and pan-Arab nationalism -Brings the US into the region as a power -Israeli armed forces pushed into Egypt toward the Suez Canal after Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser (1918-70) nationalized the canal in July of that same year and immediately embargoed Israel (didn't let Israel use canal or airspace, so Israel was going to have to go around Nasser), initiating the Suez Crisis. -o French mad that Egypts were harboring FLN insurgents o So French, Israelies, and British meet secretly in Europe Israe agrees to be the bad guy and invades Egypt Plan to invade Egypt, the GB and French come in and intervene In reality, US steps in and puts economic pressure on GB to stop the operation, so GB and France were humiliated Some think it represents the end of European dominance and the beginning of American dominance Set into motion beginning of the EU to regain European power globally -A diplomatic and military confrontation in late 1956 between Egypt on one side, and Britain, France and Israel on the other, with the United States, the Soviet Union, and the United Nations playing major roles in forcing Britain, France and Israel to withdraw

Lufthansa Flight 181

-was hijacked on 13 October 1977 by four members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -The objective of the hijacking was to secure the release of imprisoned Red Army Faction leaders. -the aircraft was stormed by the West German counter-terrorism group GSG 9 in Mogadishu, Somalia, and all 86 passengers rescued. -murdered the pilot -The rescue operation was codenamed Feuerzauber (German term for "Fire Magic")

Context of the rise of black power

-watts riots (he community reacted in outrage to allegations of police brutality ) -detroit riots (police brutality/ raided underground bar) -washington DC riots (after MLK assasination) -urban riots in the 1960s -there re numerous casulaitys -accusations of police brutality -this leads to the creation of a new group because the police cannot supposedly be trusted for protection -in this context, the Black Panther party rose to protect African Americans from police

Dier Yassir Massacre

-when around 120 fighters from the Zionist paramilitary groups Irgun and Lehi attacked Deir Yassin, a Palestinian Arab village of roughly 600 people near Jerusalem. The assault occurred as Jewish militia sought to relieve the blockade of Jerusalem during the civil war that preceded the end of British rule in Palestine. During and after the battle for the village, at least 107 Palestinians were killed, including women and children—some were shot, while others died when hand grenades were thrown into their homes

why has there been a larger crackdown on militias

-with all of their weapons, we are scared that they might commit domestic terrorism

PLO in Lebanon 1971- 1982

-• PLO get kicked out of Jordan in 1970, they get themselves set up in parts of Lebanon • Arafat= "Teflon Guerilla" because nothing sticks to him (He is vague, often shifts political ties) o What begins to happen with the PLO in the 1970s is that they get corrupt A state within a state in Lebanon PLO involves itself in a series of terrorist incidents in the 1970s -in Lebanon, PLO becomes a bit more corrupt because it has access to Lebanon's luxaries. Made PLO become compacent and stop fighting for peace

Oil

-• Saudi Arabia has 25% of World's oil supply - Politics of Israel collide with the broader world -Rise of OPEC

psychology and sociology of ideological divides

... ASK

challenges of counterrorism for ecoterrorism

1- leaderless resistance model 2-transient and nomadic individuals 3-nicknames; no id 4-proficient instruction manuals 5-favor isolated targets 6-demographics 7-jihadi terrorism makes them lower priority

Worldview of American Christian Patriot radicals

1-hostility to any form of government above the county level 2-Racism and Anti-Semitism 3-obsession with 'religious and racial purification' of the United States 4-belief in a conspiracy of global interests (mostly Jewish) controlling all elements of US economics and politics 5-thus: overthrow of the 'Zionist Occupation Government', as they call it.

Overview of Functions of ideology

1. Explanatory (helps us explains political phenomena that might otherwise be puzzling) 2. Evaluative (ideology provides a criteria and a standard of evaluation for deciding right and wrong, good and bad) 3. Orientative (allows someone to have a sense of who they are and where they belong. The idea that there is a social or cultural compass to define and affirm their individual and collective identity) 4. Programmatic: (ideology supplies a political program; This program provides and answer questions like what is to be done, who should do it) 5. Human nature (helps gives us a better understanding of human nature and its fundamental aspects) 6. Freedom (a way of understanding our own rights; impacts how we view ourselves as historical agents)

Four waves of modern terrorism

1. First wake (Anarchist wave in the late 19th and early 20th centuries) 2. 1920s-1960s (nationalism/ethnic conflict/ separatist groups) Anticolonial wing 3. 1960s-1980s (mostly in LAtin America, US, Europe, Japan) New Left wing 5. 1980's-present day (heavily religious- not just Islamic. We are still in this wave. When the energy of the wave can't inspire other/ new organizations, it will disappear ASK FOR CLARIFICATION

Types of Terrorist groups

1. Left Wing: anarchist and marxist 2. Right wing: neo-nazis and militias 3. Nationalist: separatist (ex: PLO) 4. Religious 5. Millenial apocalytic, religious, exotic (ex: Animal liberation front)

Why...?

1. Ransom (morph from terrorist group to crime group. Might do this when the group needs funds 2. Prisoner release 3. Publicize a message 4. Breakdown of social order (IMPORTANT) 5. Prove overreaction (IMPORTANT) 6. Enforce target population's obedience 7. Punishment 8. Morale (try to do bad things to increase morality. Ex: as ISIS loses more land, it might try to do a big attack to rekindle morale)

overview of history of terrorism

1. Roman empire 2. Middle Ages 3. French Revolution 4. Anarchism 5. State terrorism

Why negotiate with terrorism

1. To try and end violence 2. Learn more about motivations/ intelligence 3. Divide the group into different factions 4. Undermine propaganda 5. Refusing to talk can give power to terrorists -negative: may depict government asbeing weak

Categories of Right wing terrorism

1. anti-government 2. anti-abortion 3. racist

Irgun goals

1. disrupt daily life (make Palestine ungovernable) 2. alienate population from the british 3. create the image of army and police as oppressors 4. appeal to global opinion + attract international attention to the worsening situation in Palestine (turn Palestined into a glass house with entire world looking into it)

Modern Trends in Terrorism

1.WMDs are more available 2. Media: global communication, technology 3. Network forms of organization (use internet to network and propagate) 4. Changing motives (ex: millenial, apocalytipc motives) 5. Failed states (offer up potential for terrorism. Ex: Somolia, Chad, Yemen, Syria) -these factors make modern terrorism distinc -modern terrorism: began July 22 1946

Ottoman Empire

1299- 1922 -During the 16th and 17th centuries, at the height of its power under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent, the Ottoman Empire was a multinational, multilingual empire controlling much of Southeast Europe, parts of Central Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, North Africa, and the Horn of Africa -center of interactions between the Eastern and Western world -he empire allied with Germany in the early 20th century, hoping to escape from the diplomatic isolation which had contributed to its recent territorial losses, and thus joined World War I on the side of the Central Power -but was defeated after WW1

French colonialism

1830-1962 -how france created its colonies around the world

Anarchist assasinations

1881: the assassination of Russian Tsar Alexander II, by the group Narodnaya Volya 1894: the assassination of the French president Marie-Francois Sadi Carnot 1894: Bombing of Greenwich Observatory in London 1901: the assassination of American president William McKinley in September 1901, by an anarchist, Leon Czolgosz.

Rise of the New Left

1962: PORT HURON STATEMENT Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) formed Tom Hayden "Frankfurt School" Cultural Marxist influence established Herbert Marcuse "father of the New Left" 1964: "One-Dimensional Man" published 1964-1965: BERKELEY FREE SPEECH MOVEMENT call for end to campus restrictions on political speech 1965: RADICAL BLACK NATIONALISM: BLACK PANTHERS Move away from MLK faction of the civil rights movement Increasing radicalization and calls for urban guerrilla warfare and attacks on police by the late 1960s and early 1970s 1969: SDS SPLITS INTO FACTIONS Weathermen Organization 'hijacks' the organization *begins turn toward violence and extreme left political radicalism

The Troubles: 1968 - 1998 - Violence and Negotiations: 1. Early 1970s

1970 through to 1972 saw an explosion of political violence in Northern Ireland, peaking in 1972, when nearly 500 people, just over half of them civilians, lost their lives. -within a year the introduction of internment (imprisonment without trial) and the events of Bloody Sunday served to recruit large numbers of young nationalists into republican paramilitary groups. -New methods of violence, such as the car bomb and plastic explosives, supplemented the more established use of firearms. Bombs detonated with little or no warning produced high death tolls. In July 1972, nineteen IRA bombs across Belfast killed nine people on a day that became known as Bloody Friday.

ALF Actions

2003: -Sana Cruz Arson Attacks Incendiary device on porch of molecular biologist David Feldheim's home Target Shift: companies and universities to individual executives and researchers at their homes 2006: Incendiary Device: front porch of UCLA primate researcher Lynn Fairbanks (wrong house; device failed) 2007: Incendiary device under car of UCLA researcher Arthur Rosenbaum (device failed) 2008: Incendiary device left on front porch of UCA researcher Edythe London (ignited; damage to front of home)

when does Christianity become main religion in Roman empire

300 ADs -under Roman Emporer Constantine

What is anarchism?

A late 19th-century ideology that all government should be abolished, and that voluntary cooperation, rather than force, should be society's organizing principle. -most anarchists do not support the use of violence to achieve political aims -Kroptkin and Bakunin were significant ideologists to Anarchism -Tolstoy was a Christian anarchist

1970s decline and end of left revolutionary terrorism: international and social evolution, end of vietnam war

ASK

Millenialism and Apocalyptic Christian Movements

ASK

Mufti of Jerusalem and Hitler

Al-Husseini began the conversation by declaring that the Germans and the Arabs had the same enemies: "the English, the Jews, and the Communists."

John Brown

American abolitionist who believed armed insurrection was the only way to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States. -led a small raid on the U.S. military arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in hopes of inciting a slave rebellion and eventually a free state for African Americans -this ultimately failed

Six Day War

Between 1948 and 1967 there had been 'skirmishes' by small military Units from both sides....ghd West Bank was part of Jordan before this -Israel grew stronger during this time and Nasser is waiting to see if Arab countries together and push Israel out. Arabs thought they had military superiority because they got weapons from the Soviets -In the period leading up to June 1967, tensions became dangerously heightened. Israel reiterated its post-1956 position that the closure of the straits of Tiran to its shipping would be a casus belli and in late May Nasser announced the straits would be closed to Israeli vessels. Egypt then mobilised its forces along its border with Israel, and on 5 June Israel launched what it claimed were a series of preemptive airstrikes against Egyptian airfields. Claims and counterclaims relating to this series of events are one of a number of controversies relating to the conflict. The Egyptians were caught by surprise, and nearly the entire Egyptian air force was destroyed with few Israeli losses, giving the Israelis air supremacy. Simultaneously, the Israelis launched a ground offensive into the Gaza Strip and the Sinai, which again caught the Egyptians by surprise. After some initial resistance, Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered the evacuation of the Sinai. Israeli forces rushed westward in pursuit of the Egyptians, inflicted heavy losses, and conquered the Sinai. - But Israel shot first and took out 1/6 of Arab defense part -fought between Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, and Syria vs Israel -tensions were very high between these countries -Israel struck first and won -LOST THE WEST BANK, GAZA STRIP

Yasser Arafat and Nelson Mandela

Both's groups have used terrorist tactics like bombs, killings, car bombs, but justify their use as violence for necessary for pursuing justice

While Aryan revolutionary movement and Turner Diaries

Cohen Act: Federal Government has confiscated all civilian firearms Guerrilla war against the "System" (under left wing control) Opens with the Bombing of FBI headquarters Terrorism, assassination and economic sabotage insurgency The Order takes over Southern California: Begins ethnic cleansing of all blacks, Jews and leftists Initiate nuclear war after confiscating weapons

definitions of gangs

Definition of Gangs: (US DOJ) (1) an association of three or more individuals; (2) whose members collectively identify themselves by adopting a group identity which they use to create an atmosphere of fear or intimidation frequently by employing one or more of the following: a common name, slogan, identifying sign, symbol, tattoo or other physical marking, style or color of clothing, hairstyle, hand sign or graffiti; (3) the association's purpose, in part, is to engage in criminal activity and the association uses violence or intimidation to further its criminal objectives; (4) its members engage in criminal activity, or acts of juvenile delinquency that if committed by an adult would be crimes; (5) with the intent to enhance or preserve the association's power, reputation, or economic resources; (6) the association may also possess some of the following characteristics: (a) the members employ rules for joining and operating within the association; (b) the members meet on a recurring basis; (c) the association provides physical protection of its members from other criminals and gangs; (d) the association seeks to exercise control over a particular location or region, or it may simply defend its perceived interests against rivals; or (e) the association has an identifiable structure. (7) this definition is not intended to include traditional organized crime groups such as La Cosa Nostra, groups that fall within the Department's definition of "international organized crime," drug trafficking organizations or terrorist organizations.

DFLP

Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine)- Marxist

Why terrorist groups succeed

FLN, ANC, Irgun 1. Terrorist groups achieve their political aims 2. They either disband or stop engaging in violence 3. Goals comport with the broader historical, economic, and political changes occuring internationally and within the international system-- SEE CRONIN chapter -Leaders of group were engaged in terrorist attacks sometimes become revered statement and their organizations become respected political parties or candidates (all terrorists said they were not terrorists)

challenges/ Failure

Failure of Generational Transition Infighting and Factionalization Loss of Operational Control Accepting an Exit Marginalization: Diminishing Popular Support Ideology Becomes Irrelevant Loss of Contact With "The People" Targeting Error and Backlash

Tony Blair Labour Government 1997 Troubles/ Ireland

His contribution towards assisting the Northern Ireland peace process by helping to negotiate the Good Friday Agreement (after 30 years of conflict) was widely recognised

nation of islam ideology

Ideology -Blacks had ruled the earth 6,000 years ago -Were destroyed by a wizard named Yakub, who then created the white man (the 'white devil') -Future apocalypse: blacks would destroy the 'white devil' -Political message: "freedom, justice, equality" -Very socially conservative -African American political and religious movement, -black supremacist, anti-semetic -Louis Farrakham is the current leader of nation of Islam -Elijah Mushammad: messenger.

critics of antifad

Implicit in this view is that Antifa alone has the right to define who is racist, fascist or Nazi. It's a guerilla twist on the culture wars, when a microaggression must be met with a macroaggression. Antifa has also widely embraced "Black Bloc" tactics, including disguising themselves with black garb and covering their faces with bandanas and balaclavas. It's not a good look for a supposedly anti-authoritarian group to show up in uniform, like the KKK in white hoods, much less armed with batons.

Islam and Muslims in Palestine

In 638 AD, an Arab-Muslim Caliph took Palastina away from the Byzantine Empire and made it part of an Arab-Muslim Empire. The Arabs, who had no name of their own for this region, adopted the Greco-Roman name Palastina, that they pronounced "Falastin".

ulster volunteer force

an Ulster loyalist paramilitary group in Northern Ireland. -The group undertook an armed campaign of almost thirty years during the Troubles.

who are the loyalists paramilitary members

Loyalists want Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom , and many are willing to support the use of violence to keep the Protestant-majority province, also known as Ulster , under British rule. They are the adversaries of the Irish Republican Army, and others who seek a united Ireland , in the violent decades-long struggle that the Irish call "the Troubles." Young Protestant men from Ulster 's most downtrodden neighborhoods make up the core membership of loyalist paramilitary groups, which are effectively pro-state terrorist organizations.

MLK reaction to Stokely Carmichael

MLK shut him down harshly -states that violemence is immoral

anarchism impacted creation of Israel

March 1 1881 -People's will assasinated Alexander II of Russia -the reaction to this creates the zionist movement -the assasination is blamed on Jews, which leads to crack down on Jews and anti-Jewish sentiment (Jews had always been marginalized, but there was hope for inclusion, but after this there was not) -Drefus affair in France also unleased anti-Jewish sentiment which made Jews nervous -during this time there was the rise of nationalism -After WW1 Britain is in Palestine... later the creation of Israel

Good Friday Agreement: Referendums

May 22, 1998 referendum Northern Ireland: yes = 71% Republic of Ireland: yes = 94%

OPERATION FEUERZAUBER

Mogadishu, Somalia Airport GSG 9 West German counter-terrorism Strike Force All 86 passengers rescued 3 of four hijackers killed

Geopolitics of Oil

Most of these countries are members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries -The oil wealth of OPEC countries allows them to be the strategic pivot of world politics and economy. -The importance of energy as a major driver of economic activity, and by implication a basic denominator of growth, is well explained by history - especially with regards to how the world's energy use pattern has evolved over the years.

antifada

ORIGINS IN US: Late 1980s LEADERLESS DECENTRALIZED NETWORK 200 groups (approximately) WORLDVIEW: -anarchist and anarcho-communist -anti-fascism; anti-racist; leftist economic and social policies -oppose both government and corporations (anti-statism?) -police as legitimate targets (due to support of government-corporate power structure) JUSTIFICATION: -no such thing as 'non-violence: 'structural violence' and 'structural racism' -must thus counteract 'power disparities' -right wing 'speech' is different from other types of speech ("repressive tolerance") -should thus be completely shut down (the "Paul Hill defense"?) TACTICS: Direct Confrontation -shut-down events -attack demonstrators and protestors mace; weapons -"doxxing" -vandalism -connected to 1965 Berkely free speech riots

May 19, 1972

On May 19, 1972, Ho Chi Minh's birthday, the Weather Underground placed a bomb in the women's bathroom in the Air Force wing of the Pentagon. The damage caused flooding that destroyed computer tapes holding classified information. -symbolizes the rise of the New LEft in the US

vietnam protests

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War began with demonstrations in 1964 against the escalating role of the U.S. military in the Vietnam War and grew into a broad social movement over the ensuing several years. -many were students, hippies, counter-culture supporters -Opposition grew with participation by the African-American civil rights, women's liberation, and Chicano movements, and sectors of organized labor. -Anti-war marches and other protests, such as the ones organized by Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), attracted a widening base of support over the next three years, peaking in early 1968 after the successful Tet Offensive by North Vietnamese troops proved that war's end was nowhere in sight. -The anti-war movement began mostly on college campuses, -The launch of the Tet Offensive by North Vietnamese communist troops in January 1968, and its success against U.S. and South Vietnamese troops, sent waves of shock and discontent across the home front and sparked the most intense period of anti-war protests to date. -

PLO Organization

PLO incorporates a range of generally secular ideologies of different Palestinian movements "committed to the struggle for Palestinian independence and liberation," hence the name of the organization. It formally is an umbrella organization that includes "numerous organizations of the resistance movement, political parties, and popular organizations -When we say PLO we mainly mean the al-FAtah factions (al-fatah is the most popular- that's the one Arafat started)

PFLP

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine); it is Marxist -commits the most terrorist attacks

PFLP-GC

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command) Syria

Irish immigration in the US

Prejudice against Irish Catholics in the U.S. reached a peak in the mid-1850s with the Know Nothing Movement, which tried to oust Catholics from public office. -Irish immigrants numbered about 1,000,000 in the 1850s, following the potato famine. Most flocked to northern cities for factory jobs -signs saying "no irish needed"

1980-1981 prisoner hunger strikes

Provisional IRA prisoners in Crumlin Road Jail, Northern Ireland, started a hunger strike for the right to be treated as 'prisoners of war'. -It was led by Bobby Sands, leader of the Provisional IRA prisoners in the Maze. Sands made the strategic decision to organise the new strike with a staggered start. A new prisoner would join each week, thereby creating sustained pressure on the British government. -prisoners died -trying to attract global media and negotiate with GB -The strike radicalised Irish nationalist politics, and was the driving force that enabled Sinn Féin to become a mainstream political party. -IRA recruitment was boosted, resulting in a new surge of paramilitary activity

Guilford Pub bombing

Pub bombing - when the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonated two 6-pound gelignite bombs at two pubs in Guildford, Surrey, southwest of London. 21 died It was in England They arrested Guilford four The four confressed during tortue Convicted of murder Verdict was reprealed after evidence comes out that they were innocence

rebirth of clan

REBIRTH OF THE KLAN 1915 Stone Mountain Georgia Colonel William Joseph Simmons NATIVIST REACTION TO NEW IMMIGRANTS Jews, Catholics, socialists, non-Aryan foreigners 1925 peak: almost 4 million members 1940s: divisions and decline Third Phase: 1960s: civil rights movement SPLC lawsuit - bankruptcy - marginal today (3-6,000)

UNSC Resolution 242

Security Council passed in an effort to secure a just and lasting peace in the wake of the Six-Day (June) War of 1967, fought primarily between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The Israelis supported the resolution because it called on the Arab states to accept Israel's right "to live in peace within secure and recognized boundaries free from threats or acts of force." Each of the Arab states eventually accepted it (Egypt and Jordan accepted the resolution from the outset) because of its clause calling for Israel to withdraw from the territories conquered in 1967. -Israelies states that since it just calls to withdraw from "territories" and not "all terroritories" they don't comply

Mikhal Bakunin

Russian revolutionary anarchist -"It is through the wrecks of empires and that the anarchists have always seen the glittering towers of their free world arising."

Domestic protests: the 1960s

Social change movements erupted in the 1960s for several interrelated reasons -global youth protests -student revolts across the world -Along with the Civil Rights campaigns of the 1960s, one of the most divisive forces in twentieth-century U.S. history. The antiwar movement actually consisted of a number of independent interests, often only vaguely allied and contesting each other on many issues, united only in opposition to the Vietnam War. Attracting members from college campuses, middle-class suburbs, labor unions, and government institutions, the movement gained national prominence in 1965, peaked in 1968, and remained powerful throughout the duration of the conflict. Encompassing political, racial, and cultural spheres, the antiwar movement exposed a deep schism within 1960s American society.

what can terrorism do...

attract attention, provoke tactical responses, lead a state to undermining itself, and create a cause to celebrate, but it never installs new rulers, inspires ideological change, takes over territory -but terrorist success is an exception not a rule

Earth first group

a radical environmental advocacy group -founded by Dave Foreman, Mike Roselle, Howie Wolke, Bart Koehler, and Ron Kezar -argued that liberal environmental groups were not effective -promoted the idea of deep ecology and biocentricism -tactics include road blockades, activists locking themselves to heavy equipment, tree-sitting, and sabotage of machinery -but they claim that this doesn't work very well

The Troubles: 1968 - 1998 - Violence and Negotiations: Assasination of Mountbatten 1979

described above

Operation Spring of Youth

dressed up as women, put bombs in their breasts and then killed a future leader of Israel - Israeli raid on Lebanon -when Israel Defense Forces special forces units attacked several Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) targets in Beirut and Sidon, Lebanon

Leaderless resistence model

TIER ONE: 1-public activists: adheres to the law 2- services as propaganda service TIER TWO: 3- illegal direct action activities (smallest group) 4-lone wolves and phantom cells ADDITIONAL FEATURES 5- wealthy, anonymous donors 6-passive sympathizers

weatherman underground bombing campagin

The bombing campaign targeted mostly government buildings, along with several banks. The group stated that the government had been exploiting other nations by waging war as a means of solidifying America as a greater nation. Most were preceded by evacuation warnings, along with communiqués identifying the particular matter that the attack was intended to protest. No people were killed in any of their acts of property destruction, although three members of the group were killed in the Greenwich Village townhouse explosion. For the bombing of the United States Capitol on March 1, 1971, they issued a communiqué saying that it was "in protest of the U.S. invasion of Laos". For the bombing of the Pentagon on May 19, 1972, they stated that it was "in retaliation for the U.S. bombing raid in Hanoi". For the January 29, 1975 bombing of the United States Department of State building, they stated that it was "in response to the escalation in Vietnam

World War I: Contradictory Promises (Fall of the Ottoman Empire)

The armistice of 31 October 1918 ended the fighting between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies but did not bring stability or peace to the region. The British were in control of Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia (Iraq), and British, French and Greek forces stood ready to march across the Bulgarian border and occupy Ottoman Thrace and Constantinople.

wetherman underground leadership

The origins of the Weathermen can be traced to the collapse and fragmentation of the Students for a Democratic Society following a split between office holders of SDS, or "National Office", and their supporters and the Progressive Labor Party (PLP). During the factional struggle National Office leaders such as Bernardine Dohrn, Bill Ayers, Mike Klonsky began announcing their emerging perspectives, and Klonsky published a document titled "Toward a Revolutionary Youth Movement"

female operatives

Using assassins and local girls dressed not in Algerian garb but "Western" & "European" clothing, the FLN targeted cafés, bars, and other European gathering spots for random bombings and shootings, creating a tense situation of urban guerrilla warfare, kept in check by an almost unrestricted but still limited counter-insurgency campaign. -FLN militants recruited by Yacef Saâdi, Djamila Bouhired, Zohra Drif and Samia Lakhdari, carried out the first series of bomb attacks on three civilian targets in European Algiers.

First jewish revolt

The zealots -destruction of temple -70 AD destruction of temple -133 AD destruction of Jurusalem (Emporer Hadrian)

context of weatherman underground

This surplus of youth set the stage for a widespread revolt against the status quo: against previously upheld structures of racism, sexism and classism, against the violence of the Vietnam War and America's interventions abroad. At college campuses throughout the country, anger against "the Establishment's" practices turned to protest, both peaceful and violent.

Protestants and Protestant paramilitaries

Very violent Democratic Unionist Party is the face of this movement • His rhetoric against catholics is very hateful (Ian Paisely-a loyalist politician and Protestant religious leader from Northern Ireland.) Ulster Volunteer Force Ulster Defence Association Both groups commit violence Republic paramilitarites commit violence during long war of attrition • Mostly young men in the group • Mostly British security forces as victims

Atifa network groups

UNGOVERNABLE 2017 REFUSE FASCISM REDNECK REVOLT SKINHEADS AGAINST RACIAL PREJUDICE OCCUPY OAKLAND "IT'S GOING DOWN" BY ANY MEANS NECESSARY MALCOML X GRASSROOTS MOVEMENT

Student demonstrations

University of Buffalo May 6 Four demonstrators wounded Jackson State University May 15 State police kill 2 and wound 12 MAY 8 MASS DEMONSTRATION: DC -only 10 days notice -100,000 protesters San Francisco Protest: 150,000 College Campuses: -30 ROTC buildings are burned or bombed -26 schools witness violent clashes between students and police -National Guard units were mobilized on 21 campuses in 16 states *nationwide student strikes: 4 million students and 450 universities, colleges, and high schools Mostly peaceful protests and walkouts -sets the stage for leftist/ extreme leftist groups to rise and obtain support

wetherman underground organization

Weatherman created a central committee, the Weather Bureau, which assigned its cadres to a series of collectives in major cities. These cities included New York, Boston, Seattle, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Buffalo, and Chicago, the home of the SDS' head office. The collectives set up under the Weather Bureau drew their design from Che Guevara's foco theory, which focused on the building of small, semi-autonomous cells guided by a central leadership -were responsible for a string of bombings targetng the US capitol building, th eHarvard ROTC building,

World War I: Contradictory Promises (Balfour Declaration 1917: Jews)

a British government public statement to announce their support for the establishment of a "national home" for the Jewish people in Palestine, then part of the Ottoman Empire

Palestinian Intifada

a Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza. The uprising lasted from December 1987 until the Madrid Conference in 1991, though some date its conclusion to 1993, with the signing of the Oslo Accords. -The global diffusion of images of soldiers beating adolescents with clubs then led to the adoption of firing semi-lethal plastic bullets.[15] In the intifada's first year, Israeli security forces killed 311 Palestinians, of which 53 were under the age of 17.[15] Over the first two years, according to Save the Children, an estimated 7% of all Palestinians under 18 years of age suffered injuries from shootings, beatings, or tear gas

Battle of Algiers

a campaign of urban guerrilla warfare carried out by the National Liberation Front (FLN) against the French Algerian authorities from late 1956 to late 1957. The conflict began as a series of terrorist attacks by the FLN against the French forces and civilians in Algiers, reprisals followed and the violence escalated leading the French Governor-General to deploy the French Army in Algiers to suppress the FLN. Civilian authorities left all prerogatives to General Jacques Massu who, operating outside legal frameworks between January and September 1957, successfully eliminated the FLN from Algiers. The use of torture, forced disappearances and illegal executions by the French later caused controversy in France. -

Operation Bayonet

a covert operation directed by the Mossad (Israel's intelligence force) to assassinate individuals involved in the 1972 Munich massacre in which 11 members of the Israeli Olympic team were killed. The targets were members of the Palestinian armed militant group Black September and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) operatives. -operation believed to have ocntinued for 20 years- this is something that we are not supposed to know about

oathkeepers

a far-right,[1][2] anti-government[3][4][5][6][7][a] American organization associated with the patriot and militia movements. - pledge to fulfill the oath that all military and police take in order to "defend the Constitution against all enemies, foreign and domestic."[10] It encourages members - some of whom are current and former U.S. military and law enforcement officers - not to obey orders which they believe would violate the United States Constitution. -Members vow to fulfill the oaths to the Constitution that they swore while in the military or law enforcement. "Our oath is to the Constitution, not to the politicians, and we will not obey unconstitutional (and thus illegal) and immoral orders," the group says. Oath Keepers lists 10 orders its members won't obey, including two that reference U.S. concentration camps. -claim to be anti-racist, they are conservative, don't promote violence -controversy because there is a militia aspect for them

Posse Comitatus

a loosely organized, far-right social movement in the United States starting in the late 1960s, whose members spread a conspiracy-minded, anti-government -Many Posse members practice survivalism and played a role in the formation of the armed citizens' militias in the 1990s. -Developing strong ties to the white supremacist Christian identity movement, they believe themselves to be the true Israelites, chosen by God, and they state that the Jews seek to help Satan destroy civilization, and undermine white citizens' rights by means of the Federal Reserve and the Internal Revenue Service -believe that there is no legitimate form of government above that of the county level and they called for people to reject any government above the county level and specifically oppose federal and state income taxes, the existence of the federal reserve system, and the supremacy of federal judiciary over local courts -hat the true intent of the country's founders was to establish a Christian republic where the individual was sovereign, and that the Republic's first duty was to promote, safeguard, and protect the Christian faith.

prague spring

a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II. -The Prague Spring reforms were a strong attempt by Dubček to grant additional rights to the citizens of Czechoslovakia in an act of partial decentralization of the economy and democratization, but this was crushed by the SU -The Prague Spring deepened the disillusionment of many Western leftists with Soviet views.

Ideology and moral intuition

a person's moral intuitions, may underlie, motivate, and unite ideological positions across a variety of issues and offer new insights into the multiple "moral threads" connecting disparate political positions. -moral factors that predispose people to accept some political positions more readily than others.

power sharing 2007

a power-sharing executive was again established to govern Northern Ireland in devolved matters. The second Northern Ireland Executive had Ian Paisley of the DUP as First Minister and Martin McGuinness of Sinn Féin as Deputy First Minister. Although Paisley was the official head of the government, he and Martin McGuinness held equal powers. -implementation

World War I: Contradictory Promises (Sykes-Pikot Agreement)

a secret 1916 agreement between the United Kingdom and France -The agreement effectively divided the Ottoman Arab provinces outside the Arabian peninsula into areas of British and French control and influence, and led later to the subsequent partitioning of the Ottoman Empire following Ottoman defeat in 1918 -created Iraq, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, Kuwait

COINTELPRO

a series of covert, and often illegal, projects conducted by the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) aimed at surveilling, infiltrating, discrediting, and disrupting American political organizations -*Infiltration *Psychological Warfare *Legal Harassment *Extralegal force and violence *Illegal Surveillance -FBI records show that COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed subversive,[4] including anti-Vietnam War organizers, activists of the Civil Rights Movement or Black Power movement (e.g., Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Black Panther Party), feminist organizations, independence movements (such as Puerto Rican independence groups like the Young Lords), and a variety of organizations that were part of the broader New Left. -Four main methods used during COINTELPRO 1. infiltration (agents and informers sought to discredit and disrupt supporters) 2. Psychological warfare (The FBI and police used myriad "dirty tricks" to undermine progressive movements. They planted false media stories and published bogus leaflets and other publications in the name of targeted groups. They forged correspondence, sent anonymous letters, and made anonymous telephone calls. 3. Harassment via legal system: The FBI and police abused the legal system to harass dissidents and make them appear to be criminals. 4. Illegal force: The FBI conspired with local police departments to threaten dissidents; to conduct illegal break-ins in order to search dissident homes; -FAILURE?

World War I: Contradictory Promises (Hussein-MacNamara Correspondence)

a series of ten letters exchanged during World War I, between Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, and Lieutenant Colonel Sir Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner in the Sultanate of Egypt, concerning the political status of lands under the Ottoman Empire. In the letters Britain agreed to recognize Arab independence after World War I

OAS

a short-lived right-wing French dissident paramilitary organization during the Algerian War (1954-62). The OAS carried out terrorist attacks, including bombings and assassinations, in an attempt to prevent Algeria's independence from French colonial rule

Waco Incident: Branch Davidian Standoff 1993

a siege of a compound belonging to the group Branch Davidians by American federal and Texas state law enforcement and US military between February 28 and April 19, 1993.[4] The Branch Davidians, a sect that separated in 1955 from the Seventh-day Adventist Church, was led by David Koresh and lived at Mount Carmel Center ranch in the community of Elk, Texas,[5][6][7] nine miles (14 kilometers) east-northeast of Waco. The group was suspected of weapons violations, causing a search and arrest warrant to be obtained by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF). The incident began when the ATF attempted to raid the ranch. An intense gun battle erupted, resulting in the deaths of four government agents and six Branch Davidians. Upon the ATF's failure to raid the compound, a siege was initiated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the standoff lasting 51 days. Eventually, the FBI launched an assault and initiated a tear gas attack in an attempt to force the Branch Davidians out of the ranch. During the attack, a fire engulfed Mount Carmel Center. In total, 76 people died,[8][9] including David Koresh. -This in addition to Ruby Ridge creates a fear of government overreach and a sense of paranoia- people were left wondering who was next

Lod Airport massacre

a terrorist attack that occurred on May 30, 1972, in which three members of the Japanese Red Army recruited by the Palestinian group called the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-External Operations (PFLP-EO),[4][5] attacked Lod airport (now Ben Gurion International Airport) near Tel Aviv, killing 26 people and injuring 80 others -Because airport security was focused on the possibility of a Palestinian attack, the use of Japanese attackers took the guards by surprise.

Vietnam War

a war that occurred in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955[A 1] to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. -The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies. The war is therefore considered a Cold War-era proxy war -During the course of the Vietnam War a large segment of the American population came to be opposed to U.S. involvement in South Vietnam. -Many young people protested because they were the ones being drafted while others were against the war because the anti-war movement grew increasingly popular among the counterculture and drug culture in American society and its music. -Opposition to the Vietnam War tended to unite groups opposed to U.S. anti-communism and imperialism[254] and, for those involved with the New Left -The term "international terrorism" (commonly used during the "Anarchist Wave") was revived to describe "New Left Wave" activities; hijackings becomming more common, kidnappings

Louis Beam

an American white nationalist. After high-school, he served as a helicopter door-gunner in Vietnam.[1] He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.[2] Back in the U.S. he became a Klansman, leading a maritime[3] Louisiana KKK element against government help to Vietnamese immigrant fishermen.[4] He was Grand Dragon of the KKK and leader of the Texas Emergency Reserve, a militia that was disbanded by the courts in 1982 as a result of a lawsuit filed under Texas anti-militia law by the Southern Poverty Law Cente

Christian identity

a white separatist interpretation of Christianity which advocates the belief that Germanic peoples (including Anglo-Saxon, Nordic peoples[disambiguation needed]) and people of kindred blood are the descendants of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob and hence the descendants of the ancient Israelites -theology promotes a racial interpretation of Christianity -radical right theology -goes to Colonel Garnier who supports the evidence in proof of the Isrealitish origin of British people -says that the 12 trives of Israel were originally Aryans and went to North America so the United States in a promised land and hesus is aryan -this is often racist -call for theocracy -call jews children of Satan

domestic terrorism defined as

activities that occur primarily within the US that "involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal law of the United States or of any State"; and that "appear to be intended" to accomplish at least one of the following three objectives: (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence a state or federal government policy by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect such a government's conduct by 'mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping.'" -no such term in criminal law -Federal authorities have been warning state and local officials since early 2016 that leftist extremists known as "antifa" had become increasingly confrontational and dangerous, so much so that the Department of Homeland Security formally classified their activities as "domestic terrorist violence," according to interviews and confidential law enforcement documents obtained by POLITICO. APRIL 2016: First warnings from DOH and FBI -determined they were primary instigators of violence at various events

Brown shirts

also known as the Sturmabteilung, functioned as the original paramilitary group of the Nazi party -Their primary purposes were providing protection for Nazi rallies and assemblies, disrupting the meetings of opposing parties, fighting against the paramilitary units of the opposing parties, especially the Red Front Fighters League (Rotfrontkämpferbund) of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), and intimidating Slavic and Romani citizens, unionists, and Jews -known for their confrontations with communists

Richard Butler

an American Christian religious leader and white supremacist. After dedicating himself to Christian Identity, an offshoot of Christianity and British Israelism, Butler founded the neo-Nazi Aryan Nations and would become one of the most well known and influential leaders of the American far-right

Symbionese liberation army

an American left-wing revolutionary organization active between 1973 and 1975 that considered itself a vanguard army. The group committed bank robberies, two murders, and other acts of violence. -goal: destroy the capitalist state -leader: Donald DeFreeze The SLA became internationally notorious for the kidnapping of heiress Patty Hearst, abducting the 19-year-old from Berkeley, California. Interest increased when Hearst, in audiotaped messages delivered to (and broadcast by) regional news media, announced that she had joined the SLA. Hearst later said that members of the terrorist group threatened to kill her, held her in close confinement, and sexually assaulted and brainwashed her. -marxist, lenonist -Patty Hearst was kidnapped because the group wanted to use her to convince political prisoner release

Stokely Carmichael

became a prominent figure in the Civil Rights Movement and the global Pan-African movement. - He would eventually become active in the Black Power movement, first as a leader of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), later as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party (BPP), and lastly as a leader of the All-African People's Revolutionary Party -stepped down as chairman of SNCC and was replaced by H. Rap Brown. SNCC was a collective and worked by group consensus rather than hierarchically; many members had become displeased with Carmichael's celebrity status. -wrote the book Black Power: The Politics of Liberation -rhetoric escalation: emphasized that "this is a rebellio" and people should use guerilla warfare techniques like shooting, lighting things of fire to cause black insurgency -the idea of incitement in that he is calling on people to rise up

Arab-Israeli 1948 War

broke out when five Arab nations invaded territory in the former Palestinian mandate immediately following the announcement of the independence of the state of Israel on May 14, 1948. -Under separate agreements between Israel and the neighboring states of Egypt, Lebanon, Transjordan, and Syria, these bordering nations agreed to formal armistice lines. Israel gained some territory formerly granted to Palestinian Arabs under the United Nations resolution in 1947. -formation of Israel 1948

fall of weatherman underground

by 1976 the organization was disintegrating. -East coast members favored a commitment to violence and challenged commitments of old leaders, Bernardine Dohrn, Bill Ayers, and Jeff Jones. These older members found they were no longer liable for federal prosecution because of illegal wire taps and the government's unwillingness to reveal sources and methods favored a strategy of inversion where they would be above ground "revolutionary leaders" -By 1976 the Weather Underground split in two due to internal disagreements over issues of race, class, gender, and the role of an above ground revolutionary movement. At this point, the New Left in America was all but dead, and the remaining members of the Weather Underground were increasingly isolated - their relevancy deeply diminished. By 1980, all the wanted members of the Weather Underground had either been arrested, or had surrendered to Federal Authorities.

Jerusalem

crucification cite, wailing wall, temple mount -temple mount: 3rd holiest site in Islam -weiling wall- holliest site in Judaism -place where jesus is said to be cruficied -Christian: Church of the Holy Sepulchre - so you have three Abrahamic religions that lay claim to the area

David Trimple

first minister of northern ireland -In Northern Ireland, voters were asked whether they supported the multi-party agreement. In the Republic of Ireland, voters were asked whether they would allow the state to sign the agreement and allow necessary constitutional changes to facilitate it. The people of both jurisdictions needed to approve the agreement in order to give effect to it.

McVeigh and turner diaries

frequently quoted and alluded to the white supremacist novel - claimed to appreciate its interest in firearms.

right wing terror incidents in US

have gone up and down -

Likud

is a center-right to right-wing political party in Israel -founded by Menachem Begin -believe that the West Bank should be a part of Israel -religious zionism -Likud vs Labor represent really different visions of Israel

Ideology

is a set of beliefs that affects our outlook on the world -it is essentially a way in which we view the world

Labor Zionism

is the left wing of the Zionist movement. It was, for many years, the most significant tendency among Zionists and Zionist organizations. -secualar and socialist -left-wing -wanted to make Israel model country

Leaderless resistence

it suggests that the pyramid type of organization can be penetrated easily and thus are not sound methods of organization where the government is tryin got penetrate the structure -therefore, it advocates for a system or ogranization that is based upon the cell organization, but does not have any central control or direction -phantom cell structure, is a social resistance strategy in which small, independent groups (covert cells), including individuals (a solo cell called a "Lone Wolf"), challenge an established institution such as a law, economic system, social order, government, et cetera. -this system of organization was been widely copied (like by the phinaes priesthood) -makes it harder for the government to infiltrate -they make themselves so autonomous that they can't be controlled or used to find other individuals in the group -Given the simplicity of the strategy, as well as the fact that it is difficult to stamp out, leaderless resistance has been employed by a wide range of movements, including animal-liberation, radical environmentalist, anti-abortion activist, military invasion resistance, colonialism resistance, terrorist, and hate groups.

Peace Process Overview

o 1968 troubles o 1970 IRA mobilizes o 1972 Bloody Sunday o 1979 Lord Mountbatten assassination o 1981 Hunger strike o 1984 Brighten hotel bombing (peak) o 1994 Peace declaration/ IRA ceasefire o 1996 Series of attacks till 97 election o 1998 Good Friday Accords o 2007 government forms - Still unease between North/South, but maybe some exhaustion

Days of Rage protest

led by weathermen underground -a series of direct actions taken over a course of three days in October 1969 in Chicago -he group planned the October 8-11 event as a "National Action" built around John Jacobs' slogan, "bring the war home".[1] The National Action grew out of a resolution drafted by Jacobs -Despite efforts to recruit youth and promote involvement, participation in the "Days of Rage" demonstrations was not as broadly based as advertised, or as participants had hoped. -led a charge south through the city toward the Drake Hotel and the exceptionally affluent Gold Coast neighborhood, smashing windows in automobiles and buildings as they went. The protesters attacked "ordinary cars, a barber shop... and the windows of lower-middle-class homes" as well as police cars and luxury businesses -low turnout -Chicago Black Panther Party leader Fred Hampton, who had a mostly friendly relationship with the Weatherman, denounced the group's action, fearing that it would alienate potential allies and invite an escalation of police oppressio

New World Order

militia backers in the 90s thought the economica and political globalzation was robbing the US of its independent and culture -therefore, the movement was coupled by a ton of conspiracy theories

marching militias

militias that are actively involved in violent, seditious activities, embracing the combination of revolutionary, racist, and anti-semetic docrtinres inherently in the Christian Patro movement -ex: Militia of Montana

Irish war of independence overview

most of Ireland got their independence by 1919-1921 o Want to take out all British intelligence in Dublin o Irish militia targeted these people o Looks almost like gang violence o Rationalization: that everyone they shot were spies/informers they feel backs against the wall- forced to do this o British response was first Bloody Sunday 1920 Opened fire at a rugby game Opened at the spectators Publics relations disaster • By the end of the war, Irish prevail except for the six counties in Northern Ireland

does environmentalism even exist

not really because it often attached to other ideology -ex: marxist environmentalist, liberal environmentalist

what did PLO get-

nothing really - IRA got partial goal, PLO didn't really get anything- they got the beginnings of a quasi-state in Gaza, but they originally wanted the whole thing There context overlaps with other terrorist groups All part of global terrorist networks PLO had a socialist left-wing tinge • Nothing to do with Islam • Purely ehtno-nationalist • Its is hamas that reframes it as an Islamic issue Leveraged global media • With Munich Tactics • Symbolic terrorist attacks, networking, global media, global public opinion • Israeli starts with decapitation strategy (kill leaders), then they go military (into Lebanon)- very coercive strategy, a lot of covert action (very coercive, leads to another antifada)

what led to the oklahoma bombins

nuances, have to brind things together -he Oklahoma City bombing on April 19, 1995, the second anniversary of the Waco fire, drew nationwide attention to the militia movement as Timothy McVeigh was erroneously associated with the Michigan Militia.

in class movie notes

o French didn't want to give up land o Algeria muslims denied basic rights and were regarded as second class citizens, so FLN waged war of terror o Early stages of war was rural focused o But FLN changed strategy to use terrorism in the city- a bomb in the city more significant o Yassef Saudi masterminded campaign of terror; was one of the leaders of Algeria's National Liberation Front during his country's war of independence. "Violence begets violence": learned how to make a bomb and taught others how to do so Used it against civilians Used young women to carry bombs in handbags or under towels Left bombs in crowded places, and the bombs went off before UN debate on Alger situation Zohra Driff: felt bombs had to succeed or else it would be a waste of material/ way to achieve objective • Knew what they were doing was cruel, but they wanted political reaction, but she didn't feel responsible because the oppression was worse Some French women helped as well o In response, French deployed General Massue Tortured captives to get information Alger= torture factory • Used electricity

Terrorism is a ...

political concept -use violence or the threat of violence to pursue a political aim -different types of anarchism

1970s in the middle east coincide with...

political unrest 1. Yom Kippur War 2. Iranian Revolution

1930s Intercommunal Violence

refers to the civil, political and armed struggle between Palestinian Arabs and Jewish Yishuv during the British rule in Mandatory Palestine -saw zionism as a threat -response to increased Jewish immigration -nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine against the British administration of the Palestine Mandate, demanding Arab independence and the end of Jewish immigration as the League of Nations had authorized in 1922

Statism vs libertarianism

statism: is the belief that the state should control either economic or social policy, or both, to some degree (similar to leftist beliefs of the 7 -Libertarianism political philosophy that takes individual liberty to be the primary political value. to acquire, keep, and exchange their holdings, and considers the protection of individual rights the primary role for the state (ASK)

talking mulitias

the milities that are primarily concerned with opposing antigun lesislation rather than with fomenting recolution, and consequently they are neither especially nor explicitly violent

1965 Berkely free speech riots

the Free Speech Movement was the first mass civil disobedience in college campus of the United States during 1960s.[1][5][6][9] Students insisted that the university administration lift the ban of on-campus political activities and acknowledge the students' right to free speech and academic freedom. The Free Speech Movement was under the influence of the New Left -

Ulster Defense Association

the largest[5][6] Ulster loyalist paramilitary and vigilante[7] group in Northern Ireland. It was formed in September 1971 and undertook a campaign of almost twenty-four years during the Troubles. For most of this time it was a legal organisation. Its declared goal was to defend Ulster Protestant loyalist areas[8] and to combat Irish republicanism, particularly the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA)

Kent State

the shootings of unarmed college students protesting the Vietnam War at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio, by members of the Ohio National Guard on May 4, 1970 -There was a significant national response to the shootings: hundreds of universities, colleges, and high schools closed throughout the United States due to a student strike of 4 million students - amplified sentiment against the United States' invasion of Cambodia and the Vietnam War in general

incitement controvery

there is a controversy over whether groups who do not commit violence, but inspire others to commit violence should be blamed for the actions of terrorists

Domestic Politics, External Intervention and Changing Geopolitics: Anglo-Irish Agreement 1985

treaty between the United Kingdom and Ireland which aimed to help bring an end to the Troubles in Northern Ireland.[1] The treaty gave the Irish government an advisory role in Northern Ireland's government while confirming that there would be no change in the constitutional position of Northern Ireland unless a majority of its people agreed to join the Republic. It also set out conditions for the establishment of a devolved consensus government in the region. - it gave the Republic of Ireland a role in the governance of Northern Ireland -unionists and loyalists opposed this and IRA (was rejected by republicans because it confirmed Northern Ireland's status as a part of the UK. The Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) continued their violent campaign and did not endorse the agreement. Sinn Féin's president, Gerry Adams, denounced the Agreement: "... the formal recognition of the partition of Ireland... [is] a disaster for the nationalist cause... [it] far outweighs the powerless consultative role given to Dublin")

ramdane abane

used strategic logic to say that it is okay to kill people if it attracts American press -ty to get inernational sympathy -Algerian political activist and revolutionary born in Kabylie. He played a key role in the organization of the independence struggle during the Algerian war. His influence was so great that he was known as "the architect of the revolution".

Haganah

was a Jewish paramilitary organization in the British Mandate of Palestine (1921-48), which became the core of the Israel Defense Forces -Irgun was an offshoot of this -the largest Zionist paramilitary defense force - was a Labor Zionist institution

George Habash

was a Palestinian Christian politician who founded the left-wing secular nationalist Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine

UN general assembly Partition

was a proposal by the United Nations, which recommended a partition of Mandatory Palestine at the end of the British Mandate. -recommended the creation of independent Arab and Jewish States and a Special International Regime for the city of Jerusalem. -Arab leaders rejected the plan

Negotiations

• 7 negotiation attempts • Periods of biolence and negotiations • 1974: first backchannel agreement, 1998 final agreement • This is a long process -30 years of violence • You have UK governments, Northern Irelland government, Unionist forces (moderates vs hardliners), Republic of Ireland, Republican forces (moderates vs hardlines)

Domestic Politics, External Intervention and Changing Geopolitics

• A year after Brighton Beach bombing Thatcher had basically said that she wants to get S. Ireland involved in negotiations • There was an idea of having a vote about northern Ireland • GB had been negotiating behind the scenes with the IRA since the 1970s • US intervenes in 1994-1998 • 1980s- lots of violence in Ireland, also when hunger strike starts • By 1984-1985 they start to move terrorist bombings to mainland (GB) • Tony Blair becomes PM of Britain and Bill Clinton came out o New democratic party perspective o George Mitchell goes and negotiates with everyone

PLO 1968 Charter

• Article 2: asserts that Palestine within the British Mandate borders one indivisible territorial unit, there is a Palestinian nation • Article 19: 1947 Partition is illegal • Article 20: Balfour Declaration and mandate for Palestine is null and void • Article 22: Zionism is racism and they do not think Jews are a nation • Do NOT recognize Israel as a state • PLO actually created by other Arab states to try and control other Palestines after the 1967 war because they say that they have to handle it themselves because the Arab countries lost the war and lost West Bank and Gaza

Domestic Politics, External Intervention and Changing Geopolitics: US Intervention

• George Mitchell was the negotiator • Late 60s-90s lots of violence- periods when more/less • Negotiations behind the schenes during this time • But Gerry Adams (an Irish republican politician who is the president of the Sinn Féin political party) came to the US and met with politicians in 1998 with Bill Clinton o Very important because Adams was hated by UK o Clinton then visits Northern Ireland to vist Adams again then there is an indefinite ceasefire that does not last o Interludes of violence and negotiations o 7 negotiation attempts

Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA)

• Old IRA is marxist- and eventually reject violence • P IRA said nonviolence doesn't work so they resort to violence o Sinn Fein (leader Gerry Adams is the leader of Sinn Fein)- have ackgrounds to PIRA (background connections) -an Irish republican paramilitary organization that sought to remove Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom and to bring about an independent socialist[1] republic encompassing all of Ireland - It saw itself as the successor to the original IRA and called itself simply the Irish Republican Army (IRA), or Óglaigh na hÉireann in Irish