CLEP College Composition

There was a steaming mist in all the hollows, and it had roamed in its forlornness up the hill, like an evil spirit, seeking rest and finding none. Which of the following pairs of literary devices appears in sentence 1? A. Alliteration and onomatopoeia B. Metaphor and juxtaposition C. Personification and simile D. Irony and paradox E. Point of view and stream of consciousness

C. Personification and simile There was a steaming mist in all the hollows, and it had roamed in its forlornness up the hill (personification), like an evil spirit (simile), seeking rest and finding none.

Which one of these sources is probably the least biased? A. a website about the best French recipes B. a journal about conservative political reform C. a book examining the pros and cons of protectionism D. a newsletter about spiritual revivalism

C. a book examining the pros and cons of protectionism This source is looking at both pros and cons. Therefore, the source is not taking one stance.

Which part of this sentence is incorrect? My friend says that when she goes to the store one can't find any good prices anymore and that this is the reason why she shops online now. A. says B. goes C. one D. now

C. one - INCORRECT USAGE My friend says that when she goes to the store she can't find any good prices anymore and that this is the reason why she shops online now.

What is the matter with the style of this paragraph? The number one is difficult. It is hard to define. People have tried. Is it a set? Is it a correspondence? Is it a unit? It is difficult to know. Sometimes less is more. Such a low number is not easy. People have defined it. Others have disproven them. They keep trying for a definition. Perhaps someday we all will agree. A. it is hard to define the number one B. there are too may questions in the paragraph C. sentence length and variation is highly limited D. the verb tenses are too inconsistent

C. sentence length and variation is highly limited The paragraph offers very abrupt, spontaneous sentence. This makes it very hard to read.

Choose the option that best expresses the meaning of the original sentence. The cooking instructor informed us that by the end of the course, we will have acquired basic skills in chopping, searing, and to make sauces. A. we will have acquired basic skills in chopping, searing, and to make sauces B. we will have acquired basic skills in chopping, to sear, and making sauces C. we will have acquired basic skills in chopping, searing, and making sauces D. to chop, sear, and to make sauces will have been the basic skills acquired by us E. chopping, searing, and making sauces is what we will have acquired basic skills in

C. we will have acquired basic skills in chopping, searing, and making sauces. Items in lists must be parallel. The verb tenses must be the same throughout the list.

Akmajian, Adrian, et al. Linguistics: An Introduction to Language and Communication. 6th ed. Cambridge: MIT P, 2010. Print. In the citation shown, "et al." indicates that the book was A. published in Cambridge B. edited by Adrian Akmajian C. written by several authors D. first published in 2010 E. an introduction to the fifth edition

C. written by several authors When using MLA for a works cited page: If there are three or more authors, list only the first author followed by the phrase et al. (Latin for "and others") in place of the subsequent authors' names. (Note that there is a period after "al" in "et al." Also note that there is never a period after the "et" in "et al.").

Rhetorical Device Knowledge: Definition of exemplum

"Exemplum" is just Latin for "example." And that's all it is. It's an example, story, or anecdote used to demonstrate a point. On its strict definition, exemplum specifically means a story used to illustrate an ethical point.

Which of following selections is not correct: A. There were many people in the store. B. I don't know if there are any people here that speak French. C. My friend has much money in the bank. D. We don't have a lot of time today.

C. My friend has much money in the bank. -INCORRECT My friend has too much money in the bank.

Which of the following needs to be cited: A. China is the most populous country in the world. B. Absence makes the heart grow fonder. C. Pablo Neruda was the greatest poet of the 20th century. D. The French revolution was in 1789.

C. Pablo Neruda was the greatest poet of the 20th century. According to whom? This is not general knowledge.

What is the difference between denotation and connotation?

Denotation: Denotation refers to the literal or dictionary definition of a word, i.e., its explicit, objective meaning. It represents the specific and primary meaning of a word, as found in dictionaries or other authoritative sources. Denotation focuses on the precise, commonly understood definition of a word, regardless of emotional or cultural associations. Example: The denotation of the word "dog" is a domesticated mammal of the species Canis lupus familiaris, commonly kept as a pet or used for various tasks. Connotation: Connotation refers to the associated or secondary meanings, emotions, feelings, or cultural implications that a word carries beyond its literal definition. It represents the subjective and contextual meanings of a word, shaped by personal experiences, cultural norms, and social contexts. Connotation adds layers of meaning to a word, often evoking emotions, attitudes, or associations that go beyond its denotation. Example: The word "dog" may have positive connotations for some people, such as loyalty, companionship, and affection, while for others, it may have negative connotations, such as aggression, dirtiness, or nuisance.

(1) While chocolate was highly esteemed in Mesoamerica, where it originated, its adoption in Europe was initially slow. (2) There is a common belief that Europeans needed to "transform" chocolate to make it appetizing. (3) However, while Spaniards did put sugar, which was unknown to indigenous Americans, into chocolate beverages, this additive was not completely innovative. (4) Mesoamericans were already sweetening chocolate with honey, and the step from honey to sugar—increasingly more available than honey because of expanding sugar plantations in the Americas—is a small one. The discussion of honey in sentence 4 primarily serves to A. detail the origins of an innovative practice B. present an example of a valid theory C. introduce a new topic for discussion D. extend a prior analogy E. refute a particular belief

E. refute a particular belief Look at sentence two and three. Sentence four refutes the ideas presented in these sentence giving the origin of chocolate to Mesoamericans.

What does it mean to have proper agreement in a sentence?

Proper agreement in a sentence refers to ensuring that the different elements of the sentence, such as subjects and verbs, pronouns and antecedents, and adjectives and nouns, match in terms of number, person, and gender. Agreement helps maintain clarity and grammatical correctness in writing. Subject-Verb Agreement: The verb in a sentence should agree with its subject in number (singular or plural). "She walks" (singular subject "she" with singular verb "walks"). "They walk" (plural subject "they" with plural verb "walk"). Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement: A pronoun should agree with its antecedent (the word it replaces) in number and gender. "The boy finished his homework" (singular antecedent "boy" matches with singular pronoun "his"). "The girls finished their homework" (plural antecedent "girls" matches with plural pronoun "their"). Adjective-Noun Agreement: Adjectives should agree with the nouns they modify in number and gender. "The tall tower" (singular noun "tower" with singular adjective "tall"). "The tall towers" (plural noun "towers" with plural adjective "tall").

What's the difference between a topic sentence and thesis statement? Where are they generally located in an essay?

Thesis Statement: Purpose: A thesis statement is the main idea or argument that a writer presents and supports in an essay. It encapsulates the central point or claim that the essay will explore, analyze, or argue. Location: The thesis statement is usually found in the introductory paragraph, often at the end of the paragraph. It provides readers with a clear understanding of the writer's position or argument right from the beginning. Example: "The increasing use of renewable energy sources is essential for combating climate change." Topic Sentence: Purpose: A topic sentence introduces the main idea of a paragraph and provides a focus for the rest of the paragraph. It serves as a mini-thesis for each paragraph within the essay, supporting the overall thesis statement. Location: Each paragraph typically begins with a topic sentence, usually at the beginning or near the beginning of the paragraph. It helps guide readers through the organization of the essay and transitions smoothly from one idea to the next. Example: "One of the key benefits of renewable energy sources is their ability to reduce greenhouse gas emissions."

How is a compound sentence different from a complex sentence?

A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions like "and," "but," or "or." Each clause can stand alone as a separate sentence. For example: "I like coffee, but my friend prefers tea." A complex sentence, on the other hand, contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. The dependent clause relies on the independent clause for meaning and cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. For example: "Because I woke up late, I missed the bus." In summary, a compound sentence joins independent clauses, while a complex sentence includes both independent and dependent clauses.

Rhetorical Device Knowledge: Definition of metaphor

A metaphor is a figure of speech that implicitly compares two unrelated things, typically by stating that one thing is another (e.g., "that chef is a magician"). Metaphors can be used to create vivid imagery, exaggerate a characteristic or action, or express a complex idea.

Rhetorical Device Knowledge: Definition of rhetorical question

A rhetorical question is asked just for effect, or to lay emphasis on some point being discussed when no real answer is expected. A rhetorical question may have an obvious answer, but the questioner asks it to lay emphasis on the point. In literature, a rhetorical question is self-evident and used for style as an impressive persuasive device. A famous example of rhetorical questions comes from Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice. "If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die?"

Rhetorical Device Knowledge: Definition of simile

A simile is a rhetorical device used to compare two things using the words "like," "as," or "than."

Cramton, D., & Hinds, P. J. (2005). Subgroup dynamics in internationally distributed teams: ethnocentrism or cross-national learning. Research in Organizational Behavior, 26, 231-263. The citation shown refers to A. volume number of Research in Organizational Behavior B. number of individual works in Research in Organizational Behavior C. the number of times the cited work was retrieved from the Internet D. page that "Subgroup dynamics in internationally distributed teams: ethnocentrism or cross-national learning" begins on E. approximate number of pages in "Subgroup dynamics in internationally distributed teams: ethnocentrism or cross-national learning"

A. volume number of Research in Organizational Behavior The number 26 refers to the volume number of the journal.

What type of appeal is this following passage? I told my sister that if she continued to waste water that way by taking long showers and running the tap when she brushes her teeth, people in the next county over would run out of water, their crops would suffer, and their children would die of hunger. A. an appeal to emotion B. an appeal to authority C. an appeal to reason

A. an appeal to emotion I told my sister that if she continued to waste water that way by taking long showers and running the tap when she brushes her teeth, people in the next county over would run out of water, their crops would suffer, and their children would die of hunger.

The order of this passage reflects what type of organization? I spent three years in France travelling and doing odd jobs, and now I can speak enough French to talk to my friend's grandmother, who can't speak English. A. cause and effect order B. general to specific order C. problem-solving order D. compare and contrast

A. cause and effect order

What word best describes the tone this author uses? Breton's level of abstraction is far beyond what any of us can understand. What is more, who reads poetry these days anyhow? A. critical B. cautious C. skeptical D. unsupportive

A. critical Breton's level of abstraction is far beyond what any of us can understand. What is more, who reads poetry these days anyhow?

Which part of this sentence has the wrong verb tense? I go home and got a phone call from Nancy, and she told me that she can't go to the conference with us next weekend. A. go B. got C. told D. can't go

A. go - WRONG TENSE I got home and got a phone call from Nancy, and she told me that she can't go to the conference with us next weekend. The pink highlighted part is what Nancy is saying, not what the narrator of the sentence is saying.

In the following APA style reference, "Small Minds in a Big World" is the: Connor, T. (2010). Small Minds in a Big World. Psychology Beyond, 21, 211-224. A. name of the article B. name of the book C. name of the journal D. a reference to another text

A. name of the article

(1) There was a steaming mist in all the hollows, and it had roamed in its forlornness up the hill, like an evil spirit, seeking rest and finding none. (2) A clammy and intensely cold mist, it made its slow way through the air in ripples that visibly followed and overspread one another, as the waves of an unwholesome sea might do. (3) It was dense enough to shut out everything from the light of the coach-lamps but these its own workings, and a few yards of road; and the reek of the labouring horses steamed into it, as if they had made it all. (4) Two other passengers, besides the one, were plodding up the hill by the side of the mail. All three were wrapped to the cheekbones and over the ears, and wore jack-boots... The overall mood of the passage can best be described as A. ominous B. melancholy C. nostalgic D. depressing E. serene

A. ominous **Know what these mood words mean: Ominous- giving the impression that something bad or unpleasant is going to happen; threatening; inauspicious. Melancholy - a feeling of pensive sadness, typically with no obvious cause. Nostalgic - longing for or thinking fondly of a past time or condition Serene - marked by or suggestive of utter calm and unruffled repose or quietude

Read each sentence carefully, paying particular attention to the underlined portions. You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined. If there is an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. If there is no error, select No error. If one has trouble swallowing tablets or capsules, you could try taking medicine in liquid form. No error A. one has B. could try C. taking D. in E. No error

A. one has - incorrect usage If you have trouble swallowing tablets or capsules, you could try taking medicine in liquid form. Must keep your pronouns the same if you are talking about the same person.

Which part of this sentence is incorrect? The people whom helped me with this don't have the least idea how to moderate. A. whom B. don't C. least D. to moderate

A. whom - INCORRECT USAGE The people who helped me with this don't have the least idea how to moderate. Trick: Find the verbs in the sentence (highlighted in blue), then: If who/whom is a subject (the one doing the action), use who. If who/whom is an object (the one receiving the action), use whom.

Rhetorical Device Knowledge: Definition of alliteration

Alliteration is the repetition of the same sound at the start of a series of words in succession whose purpose is to provide an audible pulse that gives a piece of writing a lulling, lyrical, and/or emotive effect.

Rhetorical Device Knowledge: Definition of allusion

Allusions are generally regarded as brief but purposeful references, within a literary text, to a person, place, event, or to another work of literature.

What is the purpose of an almanac?

Almanac: An almanac is a reference book that provides a wide range of information, typically organized by categories such as calendar dates, weather forecasts, astronomical data, statistics, and historical events. Its purpose is to provide readers with practical and useful information for everyday reference, such as tide tables, sunrise and sunset times, planting schedules, and notable events in history. Almanacs are often published annually and may include additional features such as articles on various topics, trivia, and advice.

Rhetorical Device Knowledge: Definition of antithesis

Antithesis, (from Greek antitheton, "opposition"), a figure of speech in which irreconcilable opposites or strongly contrasting ideas are placed in sharp juxtaposition and sustained tension, as in the saying "Art is long, and Time is fleeting."

What are some sources that are listed in quotations?

Articles in Journals and Magazines: Titles of individual articles within journals, magazines, or newspapers should be enclosed in quotation marks. For example: Smith, John. "The Effects of Climate Change." Environmental Science Quarterly, vol. 15, no. 2, 2020, pp. 25-40. Essays or Chapters in Books: Titles of essays, chapters, or short stories within edited books or anthologies should be enclosed in quotation marks. For example: Doe, Jane. "The Symbolism of Light and Dark." Literary Analysis: Exploring Themes and Motifs, edited by David Johnson, Publisher, 2018, pp. 50-65. Articles on Websites and Webpages: Titles of individual articles or pages on websites should be enclosed in quotation marks. For example: "APA Citation Guide." Purdue Online Writing Lab, Purdue University, 2022, owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html. Short Films, TV Episodes, and Video Clips: Titles of short films, individual television episodes, and video clips should be enclosed in quotation marks. For example: "The Power of Habit." TED Talks, directed by Charles Duhigg, TED Conferences LLC, 2012, www.ted.com/talks/charles_duhigg_the_power_of_habit. Short Stories, Poems, and Songs: Titles of short stories, poems, and individual songs should be enclosed in quotation marks. For example: Poe, Edgar Allan. "The Tell-Tale Heart." The Complete Tales and Poems, Sterling Publishing Co., 2015, pp. 200-205.

Read each sentence carefully, paying particular attention to the underlined portions. You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined. If there is an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. The orbits of comets in our solar system are much more eccentric than planet Earth, which revolves around the Sun following a relatively circular path. A. are much B. than planet Earth C. revolves around D. following E. No error

B. than planet Earth - INCORRECT USAGE The correct way to write this is: The orbits of comets in our solar system are much more eccentric than planet Earth's, which revolves around the Sun following a relatively circular path. Without putting the apostrophe-s on Earth, you are just comparing orbits to a planet. You must specify when writing that you are comparing two like things.

What is the purpose of an atlas?

Atlas: An atlas is a collection of maps, charts, and geographical information about specific regions, countries, continents, or the entire world. Its purpose is to provide readers with visual representations of spatial relationships, landscapes, political boundaries, transportation networks, and other geographical features. Atlases may also include thematic maps on topics such as population density, climate, natural resources, and economic activities. They are used for reference, education, navigation, and planning.

Which of the following is correct? A. As advances in technology allowed performances to be prerecorded, edited, and enhanced for later broadcast, recorded laughter gained wider use; it can be called "canned laughter" or a "laugh track." B. As advances in technology allowed performances to be prerecorded, edited, and enhanced for later broadcast, recorded laughter—called "canned laughter" or a "laugh track"—gained wider use. C. As advances in technology allowed performances to be prerecorded, edited, and enhanced for later broadcast, recorded laughter, they call it "canned laughter" or a "laugh track," which then gained wider use. D. As advances in technology allowed performances to be prerecorded, edited, and enhanced for later broadcast, "canned laughter" or a "laugh track" gained wider use; this is recorded laughter.

B. As advances in technology allowed performances to be prerecorded, edited, and enhanced for later broadcast, recorded laughter—called "canned laughter" or a "laugh track"—gained wider use.

The following excerpt is taken from a student's research paper. The principles of the separation of church and state and the right to practice religion freely are both supported by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof " (qtd. in Dye n.d.). The letters "n.d." mean that A. the source has several publication dates B. the date of the publication is unavailable C. the quotation is from section n.d. of a source by Dye D. a new paragraph begins here in the quotation E. the quotation is from section n.d. of the Constitution

B. the date of the publication is unavailable

Which of the following is not an example of framing in an essay: A. a topic sentence B. using modifiers like adjectives and adverbs C. the thesis statement D. signal phrases

B. using modifiers like adjectives and adverbs Framing an essay means organizing an essay.

(5) Scholars generally agree that collectively, probably, they chose which event would stand for a year. (6) An event chosen to represent a year was not necessarily the most important of that year, just one that was memorable for everyone in the group. (7) One person was the keeper of the winter count. (8) Once the group made its selection, he then recorded this event. (9) Like any calendar, the winter counts named years but did not go into detail about what happened. (10) Here is where the keeper of the winter count came in. (11) He was the group's official historian. (12) He remembered stories passed down to him and could place them in the winter count. (13) He could provide the significance of the events chosen to represent the years in the winter count. In context, which is best to add to the beginning of sentence 13? A. Or, B. In addition, C. Despite this, D. However, E. Not to mention,

B. In addition,

Which of following selections is correct: A. Suzy and Tom are not here they went to the store. B. Suzy and Tom are not here; they went to the store. C. Suzy and Tom are not here, they went to the store. D. Suzy and Tom are not here, went to the store.

B. Suzy and Tom are not here; they went to the store. You can use a semicolon to join two closely related independent clauses. Let's put that another way: The group of words that comes before the semicolon should form a complete sentence, the group of words that comes after the semicolon should form a complete sentence, and the two sentences should share a close, logical connection.

Using MLA style, where do we cite the page number of this source? Higgins states that the rise in violence can be attributed to factors surrounding the nomination of the new prime minister. A. at the end with the name of the author and the page number in parentheses B. at the end with the page number in parentheses C. after the name of the author with the page number in parentheses D. after the name of the author with the page number in quotations

B. at the end with the page number in parentheses Higgins states that the rise in violence can be attributed to factors surrounding the nomination of the new prime minister (321).

Considering the different types of reference materials that exist, where can I find the etymology of words? A. atlas B. dictionary C. citations index D. directory

B. dictionary

Although Red Canyon, Utah, is largely devoid of trees, but small coniferous plots of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir exist in areas where moisture is available. Which of the following best replaces the underlined section above? A. is largely devoid of trees, but B. is largely devoid of trees, C. largely devoid of trees, D. being largely devoid of trees, E. is largely devoid of trees, and

B. is largely devoid of trees,

When creating a works cited, what are some sources that should be listed in italics?

Books: Titles of books should be italicized. For example: Rowling, J.K. Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone. Journals and Periodicals: Titles of journals, magazines, newspapers, and other periodicals should be italicized. For example: Smith, John. "The Effects of Climate Change." Environmental Science Quarterly, vol. 15, no. 2, 2020, pp. 25-40. Newspaper Articles: Titles of newspaper articles should also be italicized. For example: Doe, Jane. "New Study Reveals Alarming Trend in Teenage Obesity." The New York Times, 15 July 2023, p. A1. Websites and Webpages: Titles of websites and individual webpages should be italicized. For example: "APA Citation Guide." Purdue Online Writing Lab, Purdue University, 2022, owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_format.html. Films, TV Shows, and Videos: Titles of films, television shows, and videos should be italicized. For example: The Shawshank Redemption. Directed by Frank Darabont, performance by Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman, Warner Bros., 1994. Albums and Songs: Titles of albums and individual songs should be italicized. For example: Beyoncé. Lemonade, Parkwood Entertainment, 2016.

Norman, Brian. "Bringing Malcolm X to Hollywood." The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X. Ed. Robert E. Terrill. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2010. 39-50. In the citation shown, "39-50" indicates that A. The Cambridge Companion to Malcolm X has 50 volumes B. "Bringing Malcolm X to Hollywood" appears in the 2010 issue of Cambridge UP C. "Bringing Malcolm X to Hollywood" is approximately 12 pages long D. "Bringing Malcolm X to Hollywood" is the 39th of 50 articles E. Robert E. Terrill is the author of an article that appears on pages 39-50

C. "Bringing Malcolm X to Hollywood" is approximately 12 pages long

Which of the following does not involve secondary sourcing? A. "Hafferson explains that the reason was "way too obvious, beyond a doubt" (qtd. in Keller 196). B. As Hichens explains, Stevenson thought that there were too many obstacles to move forward in the elections (184). C. "We found the results to be different from those previously observed" (345). D. Samson and Iglebert found many fallacies in Sansorky's Foundations and Revelations of Truth (45).

C. "We found the results to be different from those previously observed" (345).

(10) This interrupted, disjointed style of performance makes it difficult for them to hold a live studio audience's interest. (11) Therefore, editors often add recorded laughter into the final edited version of the program. (12) Highlighting each joke with just the right volume, duration, and quality of laughter to prompt audiences at home to laugh at the intended times. (13) Although some contemporary television comedies do not use a laugh track, many programs for children and adults alike rely on recorded laughter to create a sense of audience participation. In context, which of the following is best to do with sentence 12 ? A. Insert a comma after "laughter" and change "to prompt" to "prompting". B. Add "with the performance" at the end of the sentence. C. Add it to the end of sentence 11, using a comma before the word "highlighting." D. Delete it from the passage. E. Leave it as it

C. Add it to the end of sentence 11, using a comma before the word "highlighting." Sentence twelve is not a complete sentence. The only way to make it one is by adding a subject, therefore, option C is the only choice which makes it a complete sentence.

In context, which of the following versions of the underlined portion of sentence 1 (reproduced below) is best? Americans enjoy some of the safest free drinking water on Earth, however spending $15 billion on bottled water in 2006, and consumption is rising (Fishman). A. Earth, however spending B. Earth, yet they spent C. Earth; but spending D. Earth; having spent E. Earth, instead they spend

C. Earth; but spending The first part of the sentence discusses "free drinking water," and the second part of the sentence discusses "spending $15 billion" on water. Therefore, you need a word to show contrasting ideas in the place of however.

What is the best sentence to start the following paragraph? The Arthurian novel, as seen with Palmerín de Inglaterra and Amadís de Gaula, was very popular at the beginning of the century. It was Cervantes, however, who all but killed the genre with Don Quijote when he poked fun at the knights and magic in these tales. Thus, despite their popularity and the multiplicity of sequels that were published, these novels ceased to exist. A. Some consider sixteenth century Spanish Arthurian literature very interesting, and many books were published about castles and dragons. B. Cervantes put an end to sixteenth century Spanish Arthurian literature when he wrote Don Quijote. C. In the sixteenth century, Spanish Arthurian literature became much less popular, as new styles of writing emerged. D. There were many new genres that grew out of Spanish Golden Age literature.

C. In the sixteenth century, Spanish Arthurian literature became much less popular, as new styles of writing emerged.

Explain the difference between cohesion and coherence in writing.

Cohesion and coherence are both important concepts in writing, but they refer to slightly different aspects of the quality of a written piece. Coherence: Coherence refers to the overall sense of unity, logic, and organization in a piece of writing. A coherent text is one where ideas flow smoothly from one sentence to the next and from one paragraph to another. Coherent writing is easy to follow and understand because the ideas are logically connected and well-structured. Achieving coherence involves using effective transitions between sentences and paragraphs, organizing ideas logically, and ensuring that each part of the text contributes to the overall meaning. Cohesion: Cohesion, on the other hand, refers to the grammatical and lexical connections that hold a text together. It focuses on how individual sentences and paragraphs are connected through the use of cohesive devices such as pronouns, conjunctions, transition words, and repeated key terms. Cohesion helps create smooth and seamless connections between ideas within a sentence or paragraph. For example, using pronouns like "he," "she," or "it" to refer back to previously mentioned nouns, or using transitional phrases like "however," "in addition," or "therefore" to signal relationships between ideas, enhances cohesion. In summary, coherence pertains to the overall organization and logical flow of a piece of writing, while cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical connections that tie individual sentences and paragraphs together within that writing. Both coherence and cohesion are essential for creating effective and impactful written communication.

How are colons used?

Colons are punctuation marks used in writing for various purposes: Introducing Lists: Colons can be used to introduce a list of items, especially when the list follows an independent clause. "Please bring the following items to the meeting: pens, notebooks, and laptops." Introducing Explanations or Clarifications: Colons can precede an explanation, elaboration, or clarification of the preceding clause. "The solution is simple: we need to increase efficiency in our processes." "There was only one option left: to start over from scratch." Introducing Quotations: Colons can be used before a quotation, especially in formal writing. He quoted the famous line: "To be, or not to be, that is the question." Introducing Subtitles: Colons are commonly used to separate titles from subtitles in books, articles, or other works. "The Art of War: Ancient Strategies for Modern Times" Time and Ratios: Colons can be used to denote time in certain contexts or to indicate ratios. "The meeting will start at 9:00 AM." "The ratio of boys to girls in the class is 3:2." Remember, while colons have various uses, they should be used sparingly and appropriately to avoid overuse or confusion in your writing.

What is a comma splice?

Comma Splice: "I finished my work, she went to the store." In this sentence, "I finished my work" and "she went to the store" are both independent clauses, but they are incorrectly joined by a comma without a coordinating conjunction. This creates a comma splice error. To correct a comma splice, you can either separate the independent clauses into separate sentences or join them using a coordinating conjunction or other appropriate punctuation, such as a semicolon or dash: Corrected with a coordinating conjunction: "I finished my work, and she went to the store." Corrected with a semicolon: "I finished my work; she went to the store." Corrected with a dash: "I finished my work—she went to the store." Each of these corrections maintains the clarity and correctness of the sentence structure.

What sort of material does not need to be documented/cited when writing?

Common Knowledge: Information that is widely known and accepted as factual within a particular field or among the general public does not require citation. For example, basic historical facts, common mathematical formulas, and widely accepted scientific principles typically do not need to be cited. Personal Observations or Experiences: If you are writing about your own observations, experiences, or reflections, you do not need to cite these as they are considered original to you. However, if you are drawing upon someone else's research or ideas, proper citation is necessary. General Background Information: Background information that is commonly known and easily accessible in multiple sources, such as encyclopedia entries or textbook summaries, may not require citation. However, if you are drawing upon a specific source for this information, you should cite it. Your Own Original Ideas and Analysis: Your own original ideas, interpretations, or analysis do not require citation, as they are considered your intellectual property. However, if your ideas have been influenced by someone else's work, or if you are referencing specific research to support your argument, proper citation is necessary.

(1) Invasive species are plant or animal species that become established in ecosystems where they did not originate. (2) Some blend in harmlessly with native species, but others cause ecological and economic damage. (3) A notorious example is the zebra mussel, native to Russia, that was first identified in the United States Great Lakes in 1988 (McKee 2003, 141). (4) Scientists believe that the mussels were inadvertently transported to North America in the ballast water of ships. References: Fields, S. (2005). Great Lakes: Resources at risk. Environmental Health Perspectives 113 (2), 164-172. McKee, J. (2003). Sparing nature: The conflict between human population growth and Earth's biodiversity. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Which of the following is cited in sentence 3? A. A newspaper B. A scientific journal C. A Web site D. A book E. A magazine

D. A book

sloth n. 1. Aversion to work or exertion; laziness, indolence. 2. Any of various slow- moving, arboreal, edendate mammals of the family Bradypodidae of South and Central America, having long hooklike claws, by which they hang upside down from tree branches, and feeding on leaves, buds, and fruits, especially: a. A member of the genus Bradypus, having three long-clawed toes on each forefoot. Also called ai, three-toed sloth. b. A member of the genus Choloepus, having two toes on each forefoot. Also called two-toed sloth, unau. 3. A company of bears. [Middle English slowth, from slow, slow.] Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the definition above? A. The word "sloth" has both abstract and concrete meanings. B. One meaning of "sloth" has negative connotations. C. "Slowth" was a word used in Middle English. D. All sloths have three long-clawed toes. E. The word "sloth" can refer to bea

D. All sloths have three long-clawed toes. The definition does not say anything about "three" toes.

(1) In observing a live performance such as a play or a stand-up routine, each individual member of the audience is affected by the group's emotional response to the show. (2) Some research shows that audience members are likely to laugh along with the laughter of others in the audience much more frequently than they would laugh at the same performance if viewing it alone. In context, which of the following is the best revision to the underlined portion of sentence 2 ? A. However, some B. Nonetheless, some C. In contrast, some D. In fact, some E. Conversely, some

D. In fact, some

Which one of these is probably not a fallacious argument? A. If we open the border to one person, everyone will come in. B. You tell me to not drink so much whiskey, but what would happen if I asked you to stop working out so much? C. We have to get an electric car. Everyone is buying them now. D. Judging from my family history, if I don't lose weight, I will become diabetic.

D. Judging from my family history, if I don't lose weight, I will become diabetic. Fallacious argument - an argument that either is invalid or is very weak or contains an unjustified premise or that ignores relevant evidence that is available and that should be known by the arguer.

(5) Not one of the three could have said, from anything he saw, what either of the other two was like; and each was hidden under almost as many wrappers from the eyes of the mind, as from the eyes of the body, of his two companions. Which of the following best summarizes the meaning of sentence 5 (listed above)? A. Even though the passengers were friends, none of them knew how the others were feeling. B. Two of the passengers were attempting to conceal what they knew from the third passenger. C. The dense fog made it hard for the coachman to keep track of the passengers. D. None of the passengers could discern the appearance or character of the other two passengers. E. All of the passengers had witnessed something they were afraid of but could not discuss with each other.

D. None of the passengers could discern the appearance or character of the other two passengers.

What rhetorical device is used in the following passage? When I threw breadcrumbs in the water, the fish in the water were bubbly and boisterous, begging for a bite to eat. A. exemplum B. rhetorical question C. simile D. alliteration

D. alliteration When I threw breadcrumbs in the water, the fish in the water were bubbly and boisterous, begging for a bite to eat.

Which part of this sentence is incorrect? The sacrifices of the fighters are beyond my understanding; I don't think they know what its all about. A. are B. they C. what D. its

D. its - INCORRECT USAGE The sacrifices of the fighters are beyond my understanding; I don't think they know what it's all about. Here's the rule: its (without an apostrophe) is a possessive pronoun, like his or her, for nouns that don't have a defined gender. In contrast, it's (with an apostrophe) is the shortened form, or contraction, of it is or it has.

Read each sentence carefully, paying particular attention to the underlined portions. You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined. During her first year in medical school, Joanne came to the realization that she was more interested in doing research than to treat patients. A. During B. came to C. more D. to treat E. No error

D. to treat - incorrect usage During her first year in medical school, Joanne came to the realization that she was more interested in conducting research than in treating patients.

Read each sentence carefully, paying particular attention to the underlined portions. You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined. If there is an error, select the one underlined part that must be changed to make the sentence correct. If there is no error, select No error. Among the Native Americans first encountered by Europeans during the seventeenth century was the Algonquin Indians. No error A. Among B. first encountered C. during D. was E. No error

D. was - incorrect usage Among the Native Americans first encountered by Europeans during the seventeenth century were the Algonquin Indians. You will use were when the noun is plural. In this case, switch around the sentence to will see whether to use "was" or "were": The Algonquin Indians were encountered. - CORRECT The Algonquin Indians was encountered. - INCORRECT

Environmental chemist Mike Murray claims, "As invasive species like zebra mussels overwhelm the Great Lakes, large stretches of the lakes have become underwater deserts." Which is best to do with this sentence? A. Leave it as it is. B. Paraphrase Murray's comment rather than quote it directly. C. Add information in parentheses explaining Murray's claim. D. Provide Murray's credentials as a scientist. E. Add a citation indicating the source of the quotation from Murray.

E. Add a citation indicating the source of the quotation from Murray. You need a page number or reference from where this quote came from.

Improbable as it (A) may seem when (B) one observes (C) its awkwardness on land, penguins are (D) extremely graceful swimmers. (E) No error A. may seem B. one C. its D. extremely E. No error

E. No error

(1) In the late nineteenth century, librarians began noticing that many of the books in their care were breaking apart and crumbling. (2) Curiously, it was not the oldest books that were deteriorating, but the more recent volumes: those produced since the middle of the nineteenth century with sheets fabricated from a highly acidic wood-pulp mixture. The word "Curiously" in sentence 2 is meant to address which of the following assumptions? A. Old artifacts tend to be more valuable than recently produced ones. B. Environmental factors such as humidity often have unforeseen effects. C. Cheaper production processes usually result in lower-quality products. D. All manufactured objects are inevitably subject to decay. E. Older objects are likely to disintegrate before objects created more recently.

E. Older objects are likely to disintegrate before objects created more recently.

(1) In observing a live performance such as a play or a stand-up routine, each individual member of the audience is affected by the group's emotional response to the show. (2) Some research shows that audience members are likely to laugh along with the laughter of others in the audience much more frequently than they would laugh at the same performance if viewing it alone. Which of the following, if inserted immediately before sentence 1, would make the best introduction to the passage? A. There are actually scientists who study human laughter. B. The laughter you hear on many television comedies was probably prerecorded. C. The technology used to produce radio and television programs has advanced rapidly. D. Many people believe that comedy is less meaningful than drama, but both can evoke strong emotional responses. E. Shared laughter has a powerful influence on an audience's relationship to a performance.

E. Shared laughter has a powerful influence on an audience's relationship to a performance. This sentence captures the general idea of the paragraph, and effectively introduces it.

Cramton, D., & Hinds, P. J. (2005). Subgroup dynamics in internationally distributed teams: ethnocentrism or cross-national learning. Research in Organizational Behavior, 26, 231-263. In the citation shown refers to A. a chapter in a book B. a conference paper C. a newspaper editorial D. an essay in an anthology E. a journal article

E. a journal article

What is the difference of using first, second, or third person?

First Person: In first person point of view, the narrator or speaker refers to themselves using pronouns like "I," "me," "my," or "we" (if referring to a group that includes themselves). First person perspective provides a direct insight into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of the narrator or speaker. Example: "I went to the store and bought some groceries." Second Person: In second person point of view, the narrator or speaker addresses the audience or a specific individual directly using pronouns like "you" and "your." Second person perspective is less common in narrative writing but is often used in instructional or persuasive writing to engage the reader and give them a sense of involvement. Example: "You should carefully consider your options before making a decision." Third Person: In third person point of view, the narrator or speaker refers to characters or events using pronouns like "he," "she," "it," "they," or "them." Third person perspective can be either limited (focused on the thoughts and feelings of one character) or omniscient (providing insight into the thoughts and feelings of multiple characters). Example (limited third person): "She walked down the street, feeling anxious about the meeting." Example (omniscient third person): "They argued about the best course of action, unaware of the impending danger."

What is the purpose of a handbook?

Handbook: A handbook is a concise reference book that provides practical information, instructions, guidelines, and advice on a specific subject or topic. Its purpose is to offer readers quick and easy access to essential facts, procedures, techniques, or best practices relevant to their field of interest or profession. Handbooks may cover a wide range of topics, including academic subjects, technical skills, business practices, legal procedures, health care protocols, and more. They are often used as introductory guides, manuals, or reference materials for students, professionals, hobbyists, and individuals seeking practical information and guidance.

Rhetorical Device Knowledge: Definition of hyperbole

Hyperbole is a figure of speech and literary device that creates heightened effect through deliberate exaggeration. Hyperbole is often a boldly overstated or exaggerated claim or statement that adds emphasis without the intention of being literally true. In rhetoric and literature, hyperbole is often used for serious, comic, or ironic effects. For example, lyrics to The Ballad of Davy Crockett by Thomas W. Blackburn contain hyperbole: Born on a mountain top in Tennessee Greenest state in the land of the free Raised in the woods so he knew ev'ry tree Kilt him a be 'are [bear] when he was only three Davy, Davy Crockett, king of the wild frontier

What are some different reference and citation styles?

Modern Language Association (MLA): Often used in the humanities, including literature, languages, and the arts. MLA style emphasizes author-page citation format in-text and includes a Works Cited page at the end of the paper. American Psychological Association (APA): Commonly used in the social sciences, including psychology, sociology, and education. APA style utilizes author-date citation format in-text and includes a References page at the end of the paper. Chicago Manual of Style (CMS): Used in various disciplines, including history, literature, and the arts. Chicago style offers two citation systems: the notes and bibliography system (often used in humanities) and the author-date system (often used in social sciences and sciences).

Rhetorical Device Knowledge: Definition of parallelism

Parallelism, in rhetoric, component of literary style in both prose and poetry, in which coordinate ideas are arranged in phrases, sentences, and paragraphs that balance one element with another of equal importance and similar wording. Famous examples of parallelism in speeches include Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address. It features epistrophe in the phrase "government of the people, by the people, for the people", and anaphora in "We can not dedicate, we can not consecrate, we can not hallow this ground."

What is the purpose of a thesaurus?

Thesaurus: A thesaurus is a reference book or tool that provides synonyms and antonyms for words, along with related concepts and phrases. Its purpose is to help writers and speakers expand their vocabulary, improve their writing, and find the right words to express their ideas more precisely and effectively. Thesauruses are used for brainstorming, enhancing creativity, avoiding repetition, and finding alternative expressions with similar meanings.