Clin Med 1 : Test 1 (water, macronutrients, micronutrients)
what does the structure of an amino acid consist of?
-Amino group on one side -carboxyl group on the other side -a carbon in the middle attached to hydrogen -R- group (Variant)
What are the functions of fat?
-Provides/stores energy -insulates/protects the body -increases palatability of diets -aids in transmission of nerve impulses -structural component of cell membranes -allows absorption of fat soluble vitamins (A D E K) -provides building blocks for cholesterol, steroids, and hormones -supplies essential fatty acids
What are the functions of water?
-facilitates cellular reactions -intracellular fluid -transport medium for nutrients -temperature regulation -essential for digestion -elimination of waste -used in chemical reactions -created by chemical reactions
Proteins are utilized in:
-structural components -metabolism - enzymes -hormones (insulin &glucagon) -cellular components -Immune system functions (antibodies) -tissue growth, development, and repair
Monosaturated fats contain __ double bond
1
A loss of ____% of body water results in death
10%
dry food contains ____% of water
10-12%
there are ___ essential minerals
12
what is a disaccharide?
2 monosaccharides linked together
Polyunsaturated fats contain ___ double bonds
2 or more
What is a glycerol backbone
3 carbons with 3 hydroxyl groups attached
What is the structure of a triglyceride?
3 fatty acids linked to 1 glycerol
water makes up what percent of the body?
50-70%
Many tissues are composed of _____ % of water
70-90%
canned food contains ____% of water
72-82%
Food for healthy adult dogs contain ____% crude protein on DM basis
<40%
Food for healthy adult cats contain ____% crude protein on DM basis
<50%
what are some examples of fat soluble vitamins
A D E and K
What are carbohydrates
AKA sugars used for energy produced in plants
phosphorus excess can cause
Bone loss urinary stones calcinosis cutis (Soft tissue calcification)
Why are cats known as obligate carnivores?
Cats can live without vegetation, but can not live without meat. They need the taurine found in animal tissues to live. vegetarian diets do not provide sufficient taurine for cats
What are insoluble carbohydrates?
Complex polysaccharides (fiber)
The construction of proteins is guided by ____ via ______
DNA via RNA
What are 3 issues that a cat that is deficient in taurine might have?
Feline Central Retinal Degeneration (can result in irreversible blindness) Dilated cardiomyopathy (can result in heart failure) Fetal development in pregnant queens (Fewer live births, smaller kittens, lower birth rates)
_________ fat in diet = _______ vitamin E requirements
High ; high
what are some symptoms of hepatic lipidosis
Icterus (jaundice) deoression Inappetance (no appetite)
What are 3 essential fatty acids
Linoleic acid, Alpha-linoleic acid, arachidonic acid
How are nutrients classified?
Macronutrients (energy producing) Micronutrients (do not supply energy) and water
Vitamin C deficiency can result in
Scurvy impaired wound healing capillary bleeding anemia faulty bone formation
What two minerals are often associated with eachother
Sodium and Chloride
What can occur with vitamin B deficiencies
Stomatitis (black tongue disease) poor skin and coat anemia weight loss neurologic disorders retinopathy
what is an essential amino acid for cats only
Taurine
What does the body begin to do if it is not getting enough protein from the diet?
The body will begin to break down body tissues in order to get the protein it needs to survive
What is a macronutrient? What are classified as macronutrients?
They are broken down by the body to be used as energy. proteins, fats, and carbohydrates are classified as macronutrients.
_______ are the most common form of fat in the diet
Triglycerides
What are water soluble vitamins?
Vitamins B and C Limited storage ---> excreted quickly
What is the most important nutrient of all?
Water
_________ is the by-product of peptide bonds
Water
What is dehydration?
a decrease of the amount of water present in the body
What is a fatty acid
a fatty acid is a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxylic acid group on one end (make up lipids)
Potassium aids in...
acid-base regulation enzymatic and metabolic reactions and nerve transmission
Proteins needs are based off of ________ and ________ of the animal
age; metabolic rate
What is a protein made up of?
amino acid chains
________ come together to create proteins
amino acids
what is an essential amino acid?
amino acids that must be supplied in the diet because they are not synthesized in the body
What is the main function of vitamin E
antioxidant activity (helps protect cells against damage by reactive oxygen and free radicals)
which essential fatty acid is essential for cats only
arachidonic acid
What are the main functions of vitamin K
blood clotting and bone growth
Phosphorus is mostly found in ______ and ________ and is necessary for the production of ___________
bone and muscle ; ATP (energy)
60-70% of body magnesium is found in ___________ and __________
bone and teeth
Where is 99% of the body's calciym found
bone and teeth
Vitamin D aids in _________ development
bone tissue
Where in the body is sodium mainly found
bone, bony fluids, and tissues
Macrominerals include
calciam phosphorus magnesium potassium sodim chloride
Vitamin D is necessary for the regulation of _____ and _____ metabolism
calcium and phosohorus
What are fat soluble vitamins
can be stored in the body easier to accumulate to toxic levels
what makes up a carbohydrate?
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
magnesium is essential for the cellular metabolism of _____ and _______
carbs and proteins
Dehydration is more of an issue in _____ than ______
cats than dogs
what is a polysaccharide?
complex chains of monosaccharides
what is a nutrient?
components of the diet that have specific functions within the body. they contribute to growth, tissue maintenance, and optimal health. they are essential to life.
what is tetany
contraction of muscles
animals fed ___ diets voluntarily drink more water
dry food
what are some results of a fatty acid deficiency
dry hair/coat poor wound healing weight loss decreased immunity alopecia (hair loss) anemia
What are some symptoms of protein deficiency?
dull, dry hair/coat poor growth reproductive issues muscle mass loss weight loss decrease in appetite/ vomiting anemia immunodeficiency poor mentation death
What is a soluble carbohydrates
easily digested ex. glucose, sugar beet
How do animals intake water?
eating food voluntarily drinking metabolic water
What are starches?
economical and moderately digestible energy source. Complex carbs made by plants
B-complex vitamins act as coenzymes for specific enzymes that are involved in ___________ and ______________
energy metabolism and tissue synthesis
what is the difference between an essential nutrient and a non-essential nutrient?
essential nutrients MUST be supplied in the diet non-essential nutrients can be synthesized by the body and do not need to necessarily be supplied in the diet
Fats consist of ____ and _____
fats and oils
which nutrients produce energy
fats, proteins, carbs
What are saturated fatty acids
fatty acids that have no double bonds, all the carbons are full by hydrogens *think SATURATED by HYDROGEN
What is an unsaturated fatty acid
fatty acids that have one or more double bonds between carbons
Lipids contain a ________ backbone
glycerol backbone
A ______ quality protein food will require _____ to be fed
good; less
When is increased protein in the diet required?
growth trauma/injury burns lactation/pregnancy infection/sepsis
Under what medical conditions can sodium excess be harmful
heart failure and kidney disease
Don't assume a ______ percent protein in a diet makes it a _____ quality
higher ; higher
Higher glycemic index = _____ ________ on blood glucose levels
higher increase
High quality proteins are
highly digestible and contain all of the essential amino acids needed
Net protein utilization (NPU) is.....
how well the protein is being utilized in the body
Vitamin C is required in the diet of...
humans non-human primates guinea pigs fruit eating bats
Calcium excess can cause
increased risk of skeletal abnormalities : -hip/elbow dysplasia -OCD -wobblers
What are some functions of dietary fiber?
increases satiety bulks stool regulates cholesterol retains water in GI tract slows absorption of sugars
What are minerals
inorganic elements that are essential to metabolic processes
Where is potassium mainly found
intracellular fluid
Why is taurine important?
it is important for bile acid conjunction, retinal function, and normal function of the myocardium. (important for digestion, eyesight, and heart)
what happens when there is extra protein in the body?
it is used for energy or is excreted
Why is proper nutrition important?
it makes it possible for us to efficiently feed our animals and helps us maximize the length and quality of their lives. reduces nutritional risk factors
Soluble carbohydrates are able to cause _________ fluctuations in blood sugar levels
large fluctuations
Unsaturated fats are ____ at room temperature
liquids
Low quality proteins are
low in digestibility and contain a limited amount of essential amino acids needed
Vitamin B deficiency is associated with ________ in the GI
malabsorption
B-complex vitamins are grouped together because of similar______________ ______________
metabolic funtions
Water is essential for the occurrence of what?
metabolic processes and chemical reactions
What is calcium and what is it utilized for
most abundant mineral in the body utilized for: muscle contraction nerve impulses blood clotting cardiac function
what is a polypeptide?
multiple peptide bonds
magnesium allows for proper ________ and __________
muscle contractions and nerve impulses
Vitamin E deficiencies lead to...
muscle disease poor reproduction retinal degeneration
Are fats soluble in water
no
Do micronutrients produce energy
no
Is excess protein stored in the body?
no
Chloride is necessary for the regulation of
normal osmotic pressure water balance acid-base balance
Dogs are known as ______ ; Cats are known as ________
omnivores, carnivores
What are vitamins
organic molecules that are used in many metabolic processes
Very high protein diets are not as ________
palatable
the links created between amino acids are called ______
peptide bonds
Proteins are _________
polypeptides
What is the protein sparing effect?
proteins are spared for being used for energy id adequate amounts of carbohydrates are available. it allows for proteins to be used for other purposes, such as growth and repair.
soluble carbohydrates provide _____, but _____ energy
quick but short acting energy
deficiency in vitamin D can result in....
rickets
Phosphorus deficiency can lead to
rickets spontaneous bone fractures decreased growth dull hair growth
deficiency can be caused by __________
rodenticides
Calcium deficiency can cause
secondary hyperthyroidism bone fractures/osteoporosis rickets tetany/seizures cardiac arrhythmias
What is a monosaccharide?
simple sugars
Excessive amounts of vitamin A can lead to....
skeletal malformations and bony hyperplasias (growths)
excessive amounts of Vitamin D can result in
soft tissue mineralization bony remolding organ failure
Saturated fatty acids are ______ at room temperature
solids
Biologic value (BV) is......
the % that the body can break down and utilize
what is refeeding syndrome
the body has shut down/slowed processes to conserve energy. Food must be introduced slowly or sudden introduction can overwhelm the body.
Where are excess carbohydrates stored and what are they stored as?
they are stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen. there is limited amount of storage room for glycogen, so further excess results in storage of carbohydrates as fat
why are vitamins in the diet necessary
to prevent deficiency syndromes
What is the body's primary form of stored energy?
triglycerides
What is the most important type of fat in the diet?
triglycerides
magnesium excess can increase the likelihood of _________ _________ formation in felines
urinary stone formation
What are examples of everyday losses of water
urination, defecation, respiration/evaporation (panting)
The only change between the different amino acids is the _________
variant R group
Vitamin A is necessary for the function of...
vision bone growth reproduction immune system maintenance of epithelial cells
what are examples of micronutrients
vitamins, minerals, and supplements
What are some examples of abnormal losses of water
vomiting, diarrhea
what are the different types of nutrients (6)
water carbohydrates proteins fats minerals vitamins
When does dehydration occur?
what the output of water > the intake of water
What is hepatic lipidosis?
when cats don't metabolize fat well. Typically occurs during a period when a cat does not eat enough. The body breaks down body fats and fats accumulate in liver cells (interferes with function)
When can excess protein cause issues?
when the pet has kidney failure or liver disease
can fats be stored in the body
yes