Clinical Chemistry II Unit 2
Which of the following methods of measuring enzyme activity utilizes an increase in absorbance at 340 nm as an indicator reaction?
"Forward" LD reaction
You have determined the following blood gas parameters on a patient with emphysema. Calculate the total carbon dioxide content in mEq/L.
.23
The solubility coefficient of carbon dioxide in plasma is:
0.03
An electrolyte panel was performed on a patient in the emergency room. The following values were reported: Sodium: 150 mEq/L Potassium: 5 mEq/L Chloride: 110 mEq/L Bicarbonate: 30 mEq/L The anion gap (without using K) for this patient is:
10
A serum specimen for glucose measurement was allowed to stand unseparated on the clot for 6 hours at room temperature before testing. If the original glucose concentration was 200 mg/dL, what approximate results would be expected after 3 hours?
160 mg/dL
Which of the following results would be the most consistent with high risk for coronary heart disease?
20 mg/dL HDL cholesterol and 250 mg/dL total cholesterol
A patient is admitted to the hospital with intense chest pains. The patient's primary care physician requests that the emergency room doctor order several tests, including a lipid profile with cholesterol fractionation. The patient's results are as follows: Total Cholesterol = 400 mg/dL Triglycerides = 300 mg/dLHDL Cholesterol = 100 mg/dL LP Electrophoresis - pending The LDL cholesterol for this patient would be ____________ mg/dL.
240
A patient brought to the emergency room has the following laboratory results: sodium = 140 mmol/L glucose = 80 mg/dL BUN = 6.0 mg/dL osmolality = 316 mOsm/Kg H2O
286
The number of pyrrole rings found in the structure of all porphyrins is:
4
What is the percentage of serum calcium that is ionized (Ca 1 )?
45%
Portal cirrhosis is a chronic disease of the liver. Observed on an electrophoretic serum protein pattern, a predominant characteristic of this disease is:
A bridging effect between the beta and gamma bands
One cause for a DECREASED "anion gap" is:
A decrease in albumin
Elevations in which of the following are MOST likely to indicate liver disease?
AST, ALT and ALK phosphatase
Insulin may be described by all of the following EXCEPT :
Active in its C-peptide form
Insulin may be described by all of the following EXCEPT:
Active in its C-peptide form
A reaction rate assay measures enzyme _____________; an endpoint assay measures enzyme ___________.
Activity; activity
A reaction rate assay measures enzyme ____________________; an endpoint assay measures enzyme ______________________.
Activity; activity
A urine screening test for porphobilinogen is positive. The MOST likely disease state is:
Acute porphyria attack
Type 1 diabetes mellitus may be described by all of the following EXCEPT:
Adult-onset type
If serum proteins were immersed in a buffer of pH 8.6, which protein, albumin (pI = 4.7) or gamma globulin (pI = 7.6) would migrate the farthest by electrophoresis, and toward which electrode?
Albumin/anode
The acute phase reactant protein that also inhibits proteolysis and has the highest concentration within its globulin fraction is:
Alpha1-antitrypsin
A protein that is normally produced by the fetus but is found in increased amounts in the amniotic fluid in cases of spina bifida is:
Alpha1-fetoprotein
Of the following, the only clinically analyzed enzyme in the urine is:
Amylase
One extracellular enzyme whose serum activity is measured clinically is:
Amylase
Which of the following enzymes requires chloride (Cl) as an activator?
Amylase
Which of the following enzymes requires chloride (Cl-) as an activator?
Amylase
Azotemia refers to:
An increase in urea in blood
Which of the following apolipoproteins, when present in an increased concentration, would be associated with a decreased risk of coronary artery disease?
Apo AI
The glucose value of a NORMAL 2-hour post-prandial serum specimen, as compared to the reference range for a fasting serum glucose, should be:
Approximately the same as the normal fasting glucose level
The major non-glucose-reducing substance present in serum is:
Ascorbic acid
Which analyzer takes a liquid sample containing the element and converts it into an aerosol & delivers it into the source, where it receives energy to emit radiation and the intensity of the emitted radiation is correlated to concentration of the analyte & is the basis for quantitation.
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)
Common clinical laboratory methods for the measurement of serum albumin are based on the properties of albumin as a/an:
Binding protein
Which disorder(s) will have an elevated ALP level but normal AST and ALT levels?
Bone disorders
The majority of the iron in whole blood is:
Bound to hemoglobin
Hypernatremia commonly occurs in:
Burns and excessive sweating without water intake
When myocardial infarction occurs, the first enzyme to reach peak elevation is:
CK
Your supervisor asks you to recalibrate the blood gas analyzer. Given the data below, what partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen should be used to standardize the instrument?Barometric Pressure = 767 mm HgCarbon dioxide tank = 10% CO 2Oxygen tank = 20% O 2
CO2 = 72 mm Hg; O2 = 144 mm Hg
Which of these non essential trace elements is inhaled in tobacco smoke?
Cadmium
During 3 glucose tests an hour apart on a patient, capillary blood is substituted for venous blood for one of the timed samples. What results would you expect for the sample, as compared to results expected for venous blood drawn at the same time?
Capillary blood will yield higher results than venous blood
In the Beckman Analyzer for glucose, H 2 O 2 is consumed in side reactions by:
Catalase and ethyl alcohol
In the Beckman Analyzer for glucose, H 2O 2 is consumed in side reactions by:
Catalase and ethyl alcohol
Of the following drug therapies, which is MOST likely to interfere with the Jaffe chemistry for measuring creatinine?
Cephalosporin
You just received a blood specimen from the emergency room. According to the requisition, the patient had overdosed on an antacid medication containing bromide salts. You have been asked to run a STAT set of electrolytes on the serum. Which electrolyte would most likely be falsely elevated?
Chloride
This trace element is essential to the metabolism of glucose, fat and cholesterol.
Chromium
The most likely cause for serum/plasma to appear "milky" is the presence of:
Chylomicrons
_____________ are the largest, least dense lipoproteins, produced by the intestine and responsible for a plasma sample's cloudiness after a meal, where they can float to the top of the sample.
Chylomicrons
What globulin is one of the natural defense mechanisms of the body that lyses the cells it binds to?
Complement
BNP is a marker for?
Congestive Heart Failure
Given the following lab results, what is the most likely cause of this patient's BUN? BUN 45 mg/dL Creatinine 1.8 mg/dL Uric Acid 7 mg/dL pH 7.22 pCO 2 74.4 mm Hg pO 2 32.8 mm Hg O 2 sat. 51.3%
Congestive heart failure
Toxicity of this essential trace element is associated with Wilson's disease.
Copper
The kinetic Jaffe method is used in the measurement of
Creatinine
Peptide bonds of proteins bind with _________ ions of biuret reagent to produce a colored product.
Cupric
The sweat test for chloride is used as a screening test for:
Cystic fibrosis
Metabolic acidosis is described as a(n):
Decrease in HCO3 and pCO2 with a decreased pH
Which of the following is likely to occur first in iron deficiency anemia?
Decreased serum ferritin
What is the presumed defect in most cases of familial type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia?
Defective receptors for LDL
Hyperchylomicronemia (type I) in childhood has been associated with which of the following?
Deficiencies of apolipoprotein CII and lipoprotein lipase
A plasma specimen from a hospital patient is analyzed on an osmometer and reported as 400 mOsm/Kg. What is the most likely effect on this patient's water distribution in the tissues?
Dehydration
Increased serum albumin concentrations are seen in which of the following conditions?
Dehydration
Humans do not absorb aluminum:
Dermally
The following glucose tolerance test results are indicative of what state? Glucose values as assayed by glucose oxidase method are fasting= 130 mg/dL; 60 minutes= 225 mg/dL; and 120 minutes= 205 mg/dL.
Diabetes
Glycation of glomerular basement membranes and capillaries is the main nephropathic effect from:
Diabetes mellitus
The major source of arsenic in humans is:
Diet
Porphobilinogen may be differentiated from urobilinogen in urine by:
Difference in chloroform solubility of Ehrlich's aldehyde derivatives
Hyperkalemia may be seen in all the following EXCEPT:
Diuretic therapy only
Which of the following best describes the correct collection and handling conditions for a blood ammonia measurement?
Draw heparin tube, keep on ice, test immediately
Which of the following best describes the correct collection and handling conditions for a blood ammonia measurement?
Draw sodium heparin tube, place in ice bath immediately, separate cells and plasma in refrigerated centrifuge, immediately remove plasma and freeze if analytical testing is delayed
The ____________ form of glucose is responsible for its reducing properties.
Enol
When a purified enzyme is used as a reagent, such as urease in the measurement of urea, the enzyme must be ________________ concentration so that the reaction follows _________________ kinetics.
Excess; first
An increased P50 causes a shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the left.
False
Arterialized blood is always an acceptable alternative to arterial blood providing you warm up the puncture site before obtaining the specimen.
False
Blood is drawn into a Vacutainer tube and allowed to clot. If the serum is not separated from the cells, the serum potassium will tend to decrease and the serum sodium will tend to increase.
False
Copper is a non essential trace element.
False
In a "kinetic" or "rate" reaction, one spectrophotometric measurement is taken at the end of an incubation period.
False
Increased levels of apolipoprotein A-I are associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease.
False
Kidneys respond to alkalosis by reclaiming HCO3- from the glomerular filtrate
False
Men have, on average, higher HDL cholesterol levels but lower total cholesterol & triglyceride levels than women.
False
Most of our body's water is contained in our plasma (extracellular fluids)
False
Pre-beta (VLDL) lipoproteins migrate further toward the anode on polyacrylamide gel than they do on cellulose acetate or agarose.
False
Serum urea levels are less affected by diet and metabolism than are serum creatinine levels.
False
The ideal specimen for triglyceride analysis is serum.
False
The main function of antidiuretic hormone is to increase the reabsorption of sodium and increase the secretion of potassium.
False
The organic form of Arsenic is toxic.
False
True or false? Arterialized blood is always an acceptable alternative to arterial blood providing you warm up the puncture site before obtaining the specimen.
False
True or false? Blood is drawn into a Vacutainer tube and allowed to clot. If the serum is not separated from the cells, the serum potassium will tend to decrease and the serum sodium will tend to increase.
False
True or false? In a "kinetic" or "rate" reaction, one spectrophotometric measurement is taken at the end of an incubation period.
False
True or false? Pre-beta (VLDL) lipoproteins migrate further toward the anode on polyacrylamide gel than they do on cellulose acetate or agarose.
False
True or false? Serum urea levels are less affected by diet and metabolism than are serum creatinine levels.
False
True or false? The main function of antidiuretic hormone is to increase the reabsorption of sodium and increase the secretion of potassium.
False
Which of the following enzymes detects very early changes in liver cell damage?
GGT
Of the following protein fractions, the one that is NOT produced in the liver is:
Gamma globulin
The most sensitive enzymatic indicator for liver damage from ethanol intake is:
Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT)
The formation of glucose from compounds like fatty acids, glycerol, and amino acids is called:
Gluconeogenesis
b-glucose + O 2 ----?-----> D-glucono-d-lactone + H 2O 2
Glucose oxidase
β-glucose + O 2 ----?-----> D-glucono-δ-lactone + H 2O 2
Glucose oxidase
A diabetic patient is prescribed a daily regimen of insulin. Which of the following laboratory procedures would be of most value in determining the degree of glucose control over a 2-month period?
Glycosylated hemoglobin (HA1C)
In the Szasz method for gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), the typical receptor molecule is:
Glycyl glycine
Which of the following inhibits glycolysis and glucose uptake by muscle cells and causes a rise in blood glucose concentration?
Growth hormone
The lipoprotein that contains the greatest amount of protein is called:
HDL
A glycoprotein that binds with hemoglobin to facilitate the removal of hemoglobin by the reticuloendothelial system is:
Haptoglobin
The only acceptable anticoagulant for a calcium determination is:
Heparin
The reference method for glucose determination is:
Hexokinase
Which of the following methods for glucose results in the formation of NADPH for measurement?
Hexokinase
The most common hemoglobinopathy in the United States is due to a defect in
Hgb S
A patient is admitted to the hospital with intense chest pains. The patient's primary care physician requests that the emergency room doctor order several tests, including a lipid profile with cholesterol fractionation. The patient's results are as follows: Total Cholesterol = 400 mg/dL Triglycerides = 300 mg/dL HDL Cholesterol = 100 mg/dL LP Electrophoresis - pending
High
A patient is admitted to the emergency room in a state of metabolic alkalosis. Which of the following would most likely be consistent with this diagnosis?
High pCO2, increased HCO3
In the colorimetric determination of cholesterol, using the enzyme cholesterol oxidase, ____________ is the agent that oxidizes the colorless organic compound, 4-aminoantipyrine, to a pink complex.
Hydrogen peroxide
A common cause of respiratory alkalosis is:
Hyperventilation
All of the following statements about partially compensated respiratory alkalosis are true EXCEPT:
Hypoventilation is the causative defect
Aluminum, arsenic, lead, molybdenum and manganese are most often measured using:
ICP-MS
Blood specimens drawn early in the morning are recommended for measuring serum iron and TIBC because:
Iron exhibits a diurnal cyclic variation
Urea:
Is synthesized from CO2 and ammonia
Myocardial rhythm and contractility are functions of
K, Mg, Ca
Which of the following lipoproteins is the major carrier of cholesterol to peripheral tissues?
LDL
Which of the following enzyme tests is most affected by "hemolysis?
Lactate dehydrogenase
Which of the following enzymes has multiple molecular forms (isoenzymes) whose clinical significance is used in diagnosis?
Lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and alkaline phosphatase
Toxic levels of which of these non essential elements causes IQ decline, clumsiness, gait issues, headache, behavioral changes, seizures, cognitive and behavioral problems in children?
Lead
Zinc protoporphyrin or free erythrocyte protoporphyrin measurements are useful to assess blood concentration of:
Lead
The enzyme that is inhibited by hemoglobin is:
Lipase
Elevated levels of ammonia are seen in
Liver disease
A shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right, resulting in a decreased affinity of hemoglobin oxygen, may be due to:
Low blood pH level
The major causes of decreased plasma urea concentration include:
Low protein intake and sever liver disease
Mass-to-charge ratio is detected in:
MS
Which of the following is NOT considered a coenzyme?
Magnesium
Albumin's MAJOR role is:
Maintaining appropriate fluid balance by maintaining colloid osmotic pressure
Which electrolyte are pregnant women treated with to decrease uterine contractility and stop pre-term labor?
Mg++
One International Unit is defined as one __________ of substrate converted to product per ___________.
Micromole; minute
Several enzymatic triglycerides methods measure the production or consumption of:____________.
NADH
Volume and osmotic regulation are functions of
Na, Cl, K
Laboratory tests are performed on a post-menopausal, 57-year-old woman as part of an annual physical examination. The patient's 2-hour post-prandial glucose is 220 mg/dL and serum insulin is 15 mU/ml (normal = 6-26). Based on this information, the patient would be classified as:
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
The combination of non-fasting and hemolyzed serum from a patient for phosphorus determination could possibly cause results to be:
Normal
The term below that is related to the ability of plasma proteins to maintain plasma water volume is:
Oncotic pressure
In the spectrophotometric determination of AST, malic dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of:
Oxalacetate to malate
A reaction in which NAD + or NADP + is formed from reagent NADH or NADPH is ________ and may be measured by a(an) ________ in absorbance at 340 nm.
Oxidation; decrease
A reaction in which NAD+ or NADP+ is formed from reagent NADH or NADPH is ________ and may be measured by a(an) ________ in absorbance at 340 nm.
Oxidation; decrease
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) patients have a deficiency of:
PBG deaminase
Which amino acid disorder that can cause mental retardation is evaluated by the Guthrie method or tandem mass spectrometry?
PKU
Prostatic acid phosphatase measurement has been replaced by:
PSA
Which of the following conditions is associated with a low serum magnesium determination?
Pancreatitis
Which of the following electrophoretic media separates proteins primarily on the basis of molecular size ?
Polyacrylamide gel
Which of the following methods for lipoprotein electrophoresis depends on charge and molecular size?
Polyacrylamide gel
A compound that may be detected by observing its rose-red color in the aqueous layer of the Watsen-Schwartz test is:
Porphobilinogen
Which of the following electrolytes would be increased in the serum if the blood specimen was hemolyzed?
Potassium and phosphate
An elevated aldolase level and normal myoglobin is most indicative of:
Progressive muscular dystrophy
The major cellular origin of acid phosphatase activity in serum is:
Prostate
Which of the following steps is NOT necessary in methods for iron determination?
Protein precipitation
Urinary aminolevulinic acid (ALA) levels are increased in all of the following disorders, except:
Protoporphyria
Which of the following is the most accurate measurement of P i in serum?
Rate of unreduced phosphomolybdate formation at 340 nm
The majority of absorbed lead is take up by _____________ and inhibits heme synthesis:
Red blood cells
What is the purpose of the 8-hydroxyquinoline in the cresolphthalein determination for calcium?
Reduce Mg interference
The following laboratory results were obtained: Serum Electrolytes Arterial Blood Sodium 136 mEq/L pH Potassium 4.4 mEq/L pCO 2 Chloride 92 mEq/L Bicarbonate 40 mEq/L These results are most compatible with:
Respiratory acidosis
A low plasma osmolality and low sodium would be expected in a patient with:
SIADH
Which of these essential trace elements is involved in the metabolism of thyroid hormones?
Selenium
Monitoring of _______ in patients on chemotherapy due to leukemia, lymphoma or multiple myeloma is necessary to avoid nephrotoxicity.
Serum uric acid
In an enzyme activity assay, the concentration of a coenzyme:
Should be in excess of its requirement
The greatest tissue source of CK is:
Skeletal muscle
In the commonly used ("Caraway") colorimetric method for uric acid in serum, interference from other reducing substances such as ascorbic acid is minimized by the addition of:
Sodium carbonate
The preferred collection tube for preservation of glucose is:
Sodium fluoride
Which of the following statements may be associated with the activity of insulin?
Stimulates glycogenesis in the liver
The basic porphyrin structure is composed of four pyrrole rings linked by methene bridges. The compounds that originally condense to form the pyrrole structure porphobilinogen are:
Succinyl-coenzyme A and glycine
Which formula provides the best estimate of serum transferrin?
TIBC (μg/dL) × 0.70 = transferrin in mg/dL
Urea can be measured in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
The Caraway method
Which of the following statements concerning chylomicrons is false?
The major lipid transported by this lipoprotein is cholesterol
The biuret method for total serum protein is used for serum but not for protein in urine or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) because:
The method is not sufficiently sensitive for use with urine or CSF
When a mole of NaCl is added to a kilogram of water, which of the following changes occurs in its colligative properties?
The osmotic pressure is increased and the freezing point is decreased
Trace element testing requires special measures to avoid contamination because:
Trace elements are ubiquitous in the environment
Which of the following proteins binds ferric iron and is increased in iron-deficiency anemia?
Transferrin
A patient brought to the emergency room has the following laboratory results: sodium = 140 mmol/L glucose = 80 mg/dL BUN = 6.0 mg/dL osmolality = 316 mOsm/Kg H2O The "osmolal gap" suggests that this patient could be suffering from ethanol intoxication or ingestion of some other volatile substance.
True
A trace element is considered essential if a deficiency impairs a biochemical or functional process & replacement of element corrects impairment.
True
Ammonia is an nonprotein nitrogen conatining compound.
True
An enzymatic method for creatinine on the Vitros (Kodak Ektachem) analyzer uses the reagent enzyme creatinine amidohydrolase.
True
Base excess is a blood gas parameter that measures the deviation from the normal buffer base and can be either positive or negative.
True
COPD, CHF, pneumonia, morphine overdose and strangulation are all causes of respiratory acidosis.
True
Glucose values above 1000 mg/dL, normal or elevated plasma sodium and potassium, slightly decreased bicarbonate, elevated BUN and creatinine, and elevated osmolality are all laboratory findings of a patient with type 2 diabetes in nonketotic hyperosmolar state.
True
HDL transports cholesterol back to the liver.
True
Hemoglobin contains a porphyrin ring.
True
If the H+ concentration increases, the pH decreases.
True
Increased uric acid levels can be due to toxemia of pregancy, increased metabolism of cell nulcei and gout.
True
Myoglobin carries Oxygen.
True
Organic forms of mercury accumulated in the brain can take several years to be eliminated.
True
Oxygen saturation is the ratio of O 2 bound to its carrier protein, hemoglobin, compared with total amount of hemoglobin capable of binding to O 2.
True
Samples for trace element analysis can easily be contaminated by the environement.
True
True of False? Chloride is the major extracellular anion in plasma.
True
True or false? Arsenic can poison a region's water supply even if the water looks clean and comes from a deep well.
True
True or false? Base excess is a blood gas parameter that measures the deviation from the normal buffer base and can be either positive or negative.
True
True or false? Indirect urea methods begin with the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia.
True
True or false? Serum uric acid levels may be elevated in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.
True
True/False: Organic forms of mercury accumulated in the brain can take several years to be eliminated.
True
Water transports nutrients to cells, determines cell volume and removes waste products.
True
Zinc supplementation can cause Copper deficiencies.
True
Which isomer of porphyrin forms heme?
Type III
As part of a lipoprotein phenotyping, it is necessary to perform total cholesterol and triglyceride determinations, as well as lipoprotein electrophoresis. The test results obtained from such studies were: ⋅Triglyceride, 340 mg/dL (reference range, < 150 mg/dL) ⋅Total cholesterol, 180 mg/dL (reference range, < 200 mg/dL) ⋅Pre-beta-lipoprotein fraction increased ⋅Beta-lipoprotein fraction normal ⋅No chylomicrons present ⋅Serum appearance turbid The best explanation for these results would be that the individual exhibits a phenotype indicative of:
Type IV hyperlipoproteinemia
A toxic condition involving a very high serum level of urea and creatinine accompanied by failure of the three main functions of the renal system is referred to as:
Uremia
The abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation considers all of the following variables EXCEPT:
Urine creatinine concentration
___________ are produced by the liver, are major carriers of endogenous triglycerides and can be responsible for the cloudiness of fasting hyperlipidemic plasma samples.
VLDL
The membrane substance used in the potassium ion-selective electrode is:
Valinomycin
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are both elevated in which of the following diseases?
Viral hepatitis
One notable exception where hypochloremia does not mimic hyponatremia is:
Vomiting
Elevated levels of amylase and lipase are an indication of
acute pancreatitis
The Friedwald calculation is :
all of the above
Match the following electrolyte imbalances to their respective causes high lactate levels low phosphate levels high sodium levels low potassium levels
anaerobic metabolism diabetic ketoacidosis excess water loss or decreased water intake GI loss
Cardiac arrhythmias can be caused by
both hypo and hyperkalemia
Changes in _________(choose one: O2 or CO2) modify ventilation rates
carbon dioxide
Match the blood gas parameter(s) to its measuring device HHb, O 2Hb, COHb, MetHb PO 2 pCO2 and pH HCO3-, carbonic acid, total carbon dioxide content
cooximeter Clarke electrode(s) electrode(s) & a voltmeter calculated parameters
Mr Smith is a diabetic and he is having trouble keeping his sugar under control today. He presents himself to the ER where the attending doctor orders some lab work. His abnormal blood chemistry results are as follow: Glucose 682 mg/dL, Sodium 126 mEq/L, Potasium 6.1 mEq/L, Bicarbonate 6 mEq/L, BUN 48 mg/dL, Creatinine 2.0 mg/dL, serum ketones 4+. What is this indicative of?
diabetic ketoacidosis
_________ __________ is the most clinically severe form of α-Thalassemia, infants born with this condition are still born or die shortly after birth.
hydrops fetalis
The method of choice for measurement of serum ionized calcium is:
ion selective electrode
What sets proteins apart from pure carbohydrates and lipids? __________ ____________
nitrogen content
Which of the following forms of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is (are) correct?
pH = 6.1 + log HCO3/H2CO3 and pH = pKa + log HCO3/H2CO3
Upon receiving an arterial specimen for blood gases in the laboratory, you observe that it was not maintained under strict anaerobic conditions. You refuse to analyze the specimen. You base your decision on the premise that the following parameters have been altered:
pH increased, pCO2 decreased, pO2 increased
Screening and quantitative tests for porphyrins in urine, blood, and feces are based on the principle of enhanced fluorescence of these compounds in:
pH-acidic solutions
The photosensitivity, red or dark brown urine and abnormal hair growth that has been associated with the legends of the werewolf and of the vampires and are all symptoms of:
porphyrias
Na (Sodium) is
the most abundant cation in extracellular fluids
An increase in blood osmolality causes
thirst