CMN 136 EXAM #2

What are workplace currencies? How can each of them be used in the workplace?

Workplace Currencies = aspects of the workplace that are perceived as beneficial and rewarding by employees. 1. MEANING/ETHICS (having a chance to do important things really well; doing what is right by a higher standard more than efficiency) 2. ACCESS TO RESOURCES (Obtaining additional money, budget increases, space, perks; doing tasks that increase skills/abilities; access to desired information) 3. RECOGNITION & VISIBILITY (Acknowledgement of effort, accomplishments, abilities; the chance to be known/seen by higher ups; opportunities for linking with others) 4. CONNECTIONS & BELONGINGNESS (having concerns/issues listened to, closeness/friendship, personal/emotional backing) 5. INFLUENCE (ownership/influence over important tasks; affirmation of one's values, self-esteem/identity; avoidance of hassles)

What is the bargaining "flow"?

"GIVE AND TAKE" is the heart of bargaining Formulating an initial demand is done with the expectation that each side will do so, that they will be some distance apart in those initial positions, and they will then engage in a process of modifying one's own initial position and persuading the other to do so until a agreed upon target is achieved.

What are the 7 Habits of Highly Effective People?

**SELF-Oriented Habits. Habit #1: Be Procative (the only way to get it done is to do it!) Habit #2: Begin with the end in mind (things change! know how to redirect and know what your next step should be!) Habit #3: Do first things first (Time management. What are the first things) Habit #7: Sharpen the Saw (Refresh and Renew yourself. Learning and updating.) **RELATIONALLY-Oriented Habits** Habit #4: Think Win-Win (Integrated Solutions. Think out of the box so that both parties can get what they want...like getting in-and-out burger at a family restaurant) Habit #5: Seek first to understand, then to be understood. Ex: "just tell me your story" Habit #6: Synergize (Combine with other people! The whole is greater than the sum of its parts!)

How does the author define "community"?

*A community is a group of people who share things in common. Good Leaders create good communities* "community" and "communication" share the same root word, "common." - A community is a group of people who share things in common. A community of neighbors shares a common street or area. A community of workers shares tasks. Hopefully there is also a sharing of interests, values, and goals.

What are the key ideas in the "Employers demand better communication" section?

*Graduates need better writing and speaking skills. The concerns go deeper than grammer, spelling, and basic writing techniques. Technically correct messages do not necessarily change the values of behaviors of the receiver. Mike Ditka wasn't the best in grammar but we able to uplift and motivate* - many communications from employees are technically correct but are not necessarily heart to heart communications and therefore do not change the values or behaviors of the receiver. - being good with words is not the same as being perfect with grammer - being heard does not mean that you will be taken seriously.

When preparing a speech, what should be given special attention?

*Know your audience and make certain the message is communicated accurately and clearly. The beginning and ending. Be sincere.* - Put special attention on the beginning and the ending. So that they form key landmarks as the message goes out. You may need to practice pausing before delivering the punch phrase. Maybe you will need to say it louder or with a different tone of voice. Maybe repeat the key phrase over and over until the listener's can't help but remember it. - Beginning: must address the question of why the audience should listen - Ending: must be specific about your call to action. Exactly what do you expect the audience to do once your speech is finished?

What did Frankyl say differentiated those who survived in Nazi camps and those who didn't?

*Love and Purpose greater than self* Prisoners who survived were based on 2 factors: having love and a purpose greater than Self.

Key Points Made Regarding a Career in Management

*Managers accomplish things through the efforts of others. You will make decisions and you can make a difference. Good compensation - sometimes huge. Must be able to motivate others* - most people go into management because they want to make a difference, not to mention the pay is much better. - Managers of Large Organizations earn HUGE compensation, sometimes measured in millions of dollars. - Managers in general earn far more than non-managers.

What are the bargaining terms and what do each of them mean?

*Opening Bid*: the amount that each person begins with (employer: $30K, Employee: $35K) *Target Point*: The amount that is realistically sought (Employer: $32k, Employee: $33.5k) *BATNA*: Next Best Choice to the Target (Employer: $33k, Employee: $33k) middle ground in between opening point and resistance point *Resistance Point*: the amount that she/he won't accept (Employee: $36k, employee: $29k).

What is the time management Matrix?

*Quadrant Approach* Quadrant 1: Urgent & Important (Activities include crises, pressing problems, deadline driven projects. Results include: stress, burnout, crisis management, putting out fires). You will have a stressful life if you live too much in quadrant 1! But you want to have room in here for when emergencies happen Quadrant 2: Not Urgent But Important (Activities include problem prevention, relationship building, planning, recreation. Results include: vision ,perspective, balance, discipline, control, few crises) This is the cherished quadrant. Best for creating a healthy and happy life. the "YOU" quadrant Quadrant 3: Urgent But NOT Important (Activities include interruptions, some mail, some calls, some reports, some meetings, popular activities. Results include: short term focus, crisis management, feeling victimized and out of control, shallow relationships.) Quadrant 4: Not Urgent & Not Important (Trivia, busy work, time wasters. Results include total responsibility, fired from jobs, dependent upon institutions for basics. Pure waste. When you turn to SLOTH, your recreation is NOT useful).

What were the suggestions that the textbook made regarding internships?

*This is not on exam; its for your own personal knowledge* - many employers have increased their emphasis on selecting future employees from their interns. - a good internship gives you the oppostunity to actually experiences over several weeks what an actual job is like in a chosen field. - even if an internship does not result in a job offer from that employer, strive to complete your internship in such a manner that you can confidently add your employer to your list of references. You want them to say that you were wonderful and that they would have offered you a job if they could!

What is involved in "planning"? In terms of planning for your organization

*determining where your organization is today, where it could be in a few years, what it would take to go from point A to Point B, and what it takes to make it happen* - all planning is similar in that you need to have a good understanding of your current situation, a clear vision of where you want to be in the future, and a clear process for getting from where you are now to where you want to go. **Also keep in mind that life is not all about your career!

What is the number one factor for why even a very simple message can be misunderstood?

- *Individuals Perceptual Filters* Due to the perception filter that exists between the leader and the followers.

What is the most important thing for a leader to do when communicating?

- *Know the Audience* Consider who the listener is (what they think of you, what experiences they have, do they trust you). You have to consider both possible noise along the transmission channels, but also noise in the mind of the receiver. Ex: relative power between transmitter and receiver.

What does JOB ROTATION mean and how does it motivate employees?

- Allowing employees to rotate through a series of jobs. - Motivates them because they will not get bored doing the same thing over and over.

What are the symptoms of burnout?

- Are you becoming PREOCCUPIED with your own thoughts when in the company of others? - Is it difficult to fight off minor illness like coughs and colds? Are you becoming ill more often? - Are you seeing your family /friends less than usual? - Are you increasingly short tempered? - Do you become more irritable in company than you used to? - Are you working longer hours but not accomplishing more? - Are you missing deadlines and appointments without realizing it? - Do you tire easily? - Have you stopped or cut back on your recreational and leisure activities and hobbies? - Have you become distracted enough to injure or endanger yourself? *20 year olds are the most burnout people...Virginia Hamilton guesses that the next most burnout people are 40 year olds...*

What is involved in competency-based interviewing?

- Asking situational questions and questions about the past to find the quailities that you are looking for in an employee - You should: Analyze the top 4 competencies you are required to excel at; Identify the real-life example from your past that shows as evidence that you possess that competency; Prepare to deliver your "success story" (behavioral example).

What should you do with criticism when managing your career?

- Be willing to accept criticism. Do the following when you are critiqued: 1. control your emotions. don't get defensive, be objective. 2. Put yourself in the critic's place. Would you take a similar view? Treat each criticism as an opportunity to learn and grow. 3. Defend yourself, if after reflection, your evaluation was unfair. 4. Thank the person for the criticism, even if you are not sure if you agree with the content *People Love People Who Ask For Feedback*

In relation to career management, how do your keep yourself informed and networking with others?

- Set personal goals and find ways of adding value and developing skills that are easily portable. - Retain membership in professional organizations - read books and articles on your area of expertise - Attend Conferences, seminars, and workshops - Expand your network of business associates (make friends! create a network of people who do similar work)

How can you apply SWOT to yourself?

- Strengths: As you complete your courses, make a list of assignments, term papers, projects you completed, framing them in terms of the skills you have demonstrated by completing these tasks. - Weaknesses: do an internship, ask someone who will be honest with you to observe you doing the types of things you are likely to have to do in your chosen profession. - Opportunities: Learn how to gather info about your career options. There may never be a better time to consider an overseas opportunity! - Threats: Be prepared for setbacks, and have a savings account with sufficient funds that allow you to survive for several months while looking for a job. This is also a way to increase your moral courage.

What does JOB ENRICHMENT mean and how does it motivate employees?

- changing a task to make it inherently more rewarding, satisfying, or motivating. - Ex: taking breaks when you study to motivate yourself.

Expectancy Theory

- concerned with the expectations of employees - does the employee have the expectation that his or her extra effort will help attain their goal? - 3 concepts within Expectancy Theory: instrumentality, valence, expectancy. Instrumentality: the perceived likelyhood that the performance will be followed by a particular outcome. Valence: the value a particular outcome holds for an employee. Expectancy: the term researchers apply to the employee's perception of the likelihood that their efforts will result in their goal attainment.

What does JOB ENLARGEMENT mean and how does it motivate employees?

- giving people additional tasks to do to relieve boredom and increase their chances for a promotion at a later time.

What are some of the time management tips that were shared in lecture?

- spend time planning and organizing - find where you are wasting time and stop doing those things - Set goals and Prioritize - Use a "to do" list - consider your biological prime time - establish routines and stick to them - set timelines for tasks - create organized systems for doing things more efficiently - eliminate the urgent - don't waste time waiting - avoid being a perfectionist - conquer procrastination - learn to say "NO" - reward yourself (More is written in the online notes!)

Suggestions for overcoming fear of public speaking (study the suggestions at the beginning of the chapter)

- take a deep breath - prepare thoroughly - *Prepare Like Musicians*

What were the main ideas of Victor Frankyl's book?

- the prisoners he observed, including himself, who survived differed from those who did not based on 2 factors: *love and a purpose greater than self*. - *avoid going after success just for success*. Look within, find what your conscience is telling you to do, and then commit your life to doing that to the best of your ability.

What does the author mean when he says that "audiences think primarily about themselves"?

- they are seldom focused totally on the speaker, even through the spotlight is. Ex: they think about if their hair looks good - do not be overly concerned about what the audience is thinking about you when you give a speech - odds are they are probably mostly thinking about themselves. - they won't mind your minor stumbles as long as you're knowledgeable, sincere, and deliver a message that touches their hearts.

What should a speaker do to ensure that certain parts of the speech stand out in the memory of the listeners?

- use "Punching" words - repeat key phrases over and over - look for ways to shorten sentences and use simple words - practice pausing before delivering the punch phrase

What are the elements of negotiating?

- usually involved 2 parties (2 individuals, groups, or organizations) - Parties have a conflict of interest/do not agree on something (can be over preferences, priorities, or resources, etc) - Negotiation is usually voluntary - Negotiations can be about *tangibles* (salary, hours worked, benefits), and *intangibles* (setting precedents, being fair to all sides, standing by one's principles, looking tough and strong) - When we enter a "negotiation," we fundamentally expect a process of "GIVE AND TAKE"

What is "flow"?

- when the person is totally engaged i the task or game at hand. - an elevated state. **10 factors accompanying the experience of "flow"** 1. clear, challenging goals. 2. Concentration on a limited field of attention 3. Loss of feeling of self-consciousness 4. Distorted sense of time. 5. Direct and immediate feedback. 6. Balence between ability level and challenge. The activity is neither too easy or difficult. 7. A sense of personal control over the situation or activity. 8. The activity is intrinsically rewarding so there is an effortlessness of action. 9. Lack of awareness of bodily needs. 10. Absorption into the activity.

What are the "modern competencies" listed in your notes? What does each of them mean?

1. *Tolerance for Ambiguity*: with change being a constant, we all need to be able to tolerate times of confusion and flux. People who can deal with not having clear cut answers all the time. 2. *Community-Oriented*: Recognizing that one is part of a larger community. Being able to interact, connect, and maintain links with people. 3. *Agency and Responsibility*: Being an effective agent means being about to approach one's environment with a confidence that one actually will be able to deal with it. You can deal with it! 4.*Manage Emotion*: We need to be able to learn to intigrate emotion and reason. 5. *Manage Technology Change*: Learning new tools and realizing that technology ultimately changes our social practices. Technology will be important from now on!

According to McClelland, what are the three basic needs that people have and which ones work and don't work for a career in management?

1. Achievement: 2. Affiliation: if you have a strong need to be loved by everyone DO NOT pursue a career in management. You may find it too hard to risk a friendship and fail to provide an employee with an objective assessment of their work. 3. Power Successful Managers/Leaders have been found to have high achievement and power needs and somewhat lower need for affiliation.

The things an employer expects of employees (look over list)

1. Do your job to the level that it increases the company's ability to gain sustainable competitive advantage over the competition. 2. Continue to learn and develop new skills of value to the company. 3. Listen to constructive feedback and act upon it. 4. Demonstrate a commitment to the company's goals. 5. Exhibit no prejudice or bias in dealing with colleagues, suppliers, or customers. 6. Behave consistently with the company's ethical standards. 7. Treat all customers with the utmost respect and courtesy.

What should managers reward?

1. Employees doing smart work instead of busywork. 2. Employees who quietly perform their jobs in an effective and efficient manner 3. Recognize workers who find ways to simplify procedures and save time and other organizational resources. 4. If you want creativity, reward open thinking. Do not just reward "yes men". 5. Recognize the workers who take a risk and question existing procedures. 6. If teamwork is important, reward collaborative efforts (not just individual ones).

What are the obstacles we may face when creating a personal vision?

1. I can't have what I want 2. It doesn't matter what I want 3. I already know what I want 4. I'm afraid of what I want (Afraid of Failure or Success) 5. I don't know what I want 6. I know what I want, but I can't have it at work.

What are the "4 Waves of Time Management"?

1. Notes & Checklists 2. Calendar/Appointment Books 3. The Franklin Planner/Complicated System (originally) based on one's values 4. QUADRANT Approach/simplified focus on: maintaining valued relationships and achieving important results.

The things an employee generally expects of his or her employer (look over list)

1. Provide competitive pay and rewards based on employee performance. 2. Work that is meaningful and challenging. 3. Recognize each employee for their accomplishments. 4. Create learning opportunities through education, training, and job assignments. 5. Support in defining and achieving employee career goals. 6. Feedback on employee job performance that is objective and free from bias. 7. Foster an environment of respect and dignity toward all employees. 8. A balance between work and personal life.

What are the three types of problems that your message will likely encounter? What is the practical meaning of each of the types of problems?

1. TECHNICAL Problem - how accurately your message was transmitted 2. SEMANTIC Problem - how accurately the meaning was conveyed 3. EFFECTIVENESS Problem - how your message affected behavior [ While each can cause a breakdown in communication, we need to focus on Effectiveness, says the textbook].

Thorndike's law of effect Theory

A behavior followed by positive consequences (or a reward) will likely be repeated. *Good leaders apply this principle by recognizing the good behavior as soon after it occurred as possible. A simple "Thank You" can go a long way*.

Business reports usually end with what?

A business report typically ends with a "CALL TO ACTION". Think about the action you want the reader to take upon reading the report.

What is competency-based interviewing?

A new approach to interviewing that is based on making a logical link between specific competencies required to do a specific job well, and the search for competencies in the workers who will do the job.

What makes people happy? What is "flow"?

Absorption into the activity. Happiness is making a difference.

What makes people happy?

Adults should consider a state of being happy of being "in the flow," "on the ball", "in the moment", "in the groove", or being so totally engrossed in what you are doing that all other thoughts and problems leave your mind.

What are the 4 Basic Factors that interviewers evaluate and what are the indicators of each one?

All employers, no matter the position or company, look for 4 basic factors: (1) COMPETENCE: resumes, dress, appearance, vocal abilities, answering questions, physical appearance is very important (2) INTEGRITY: Use of sufficient eye contact, not misrepresenting credentials, not exaggerating..eye contact seems to express moral standards (3) LIKEABLENESS: being positive and optimistic, never downgrading others, courteous, good listener. (4) Dynamism: Enthusiasm, energy, not artificial. You're up for it! you want to do it!

What changes when you become a manager for the first time? What's the biggest change?

Amount of time spent on the job

What is the recommendation made regarding the time management matrix?

Ask yourself "what ONE thing could I start doing now that would make an incredible difference in my life?" - Quadrant 2 activities have the most beneficial impact - Resist the urge to do only urgent things at the expense of not doing important things. - Bottom Line: Our effectiveness takes quantum leaps when we do activities in Q2 (Not urgent, but important)

Within Competency-based interviewing, what is a behavioral example and why are they important?

Behavioral examples = very specific stories from your real life (work or non-work situations) that serve as evidence of a desired workplace competency.

What's the rationale for asking behavioral examples when using competency-based interviewing?

Behavioral examples are asked for because the belief is that one's past behavior is the best predictor of one's future behavior.

What is a "Calling"?

Calling = where your passion, talent, and cause intersect. (what your conscience is commanding you to do)

Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory: What are the differences between extrinsic and intrinsic rewards? (pg. 104)

Extrinsic reward: such as a raise or a promotion, is one given to a person by a manager, company, or some other person. Intrinsic Reward: a reward a worker delivers directly to themselves from performing the job itself. Ex: Good work is its own reward. Herzberg's main contribution to the topic of motivation was to get managers thinking about intrinsic rewards instead of extrinsic ones.

Goal-Setting Theory

Goal Setting Theory states that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their behavior toward a particular end. This theory teaches us that goals can be motivating or de-motivating. Goals that motivate must be challenging but attainable. (People also respond better to goals that they help establish). - it is better to make your goals specific and quantifiable.

Herzberg's Two Factor Theory: What are Hygiene Factors and Motivators

Motivators: Satisfiers Hygiene Factors: Dissatisfiers

What does "Obsolescence" mean? What does it have to do with interviewing?

Obsolescence = the state of being where a skill/item is still in perfect working order but is no longer useful (like using a typewriter) It relates to interviewing because employers are increasingly looking for social skills/problem solving skills, etc. that they think will be a good fit for the job, not your specific training, since a lot of training is done on the job and your knowledge may become outdated. Favors competency based interviewing method.

What are some things you can do to manage and progress your career?

SO MANY THINGS! - Be a team player, volunteer for high-profile projects. - avoid office politics - conduct yourself w/ integrity (be truthful no matter how difficult it may be) - think like a top manager. find ways to help meet corporate objectives - let your boss know your career goals (Succession planning & joint vision with your boss) - Do what needs doing, even if it is not in the job description - find a mentor and seek advice for difficult problems - Project a "CAN-DO" attitude Speak about Solutions, not Problems! Be Optimistic! - Always be positive! (more ppl are fired for poor attitudes than any other reason) - Do things that help the organization and BE SEEN DOING IT - If unpleasant news is on the way, let your boss know early (Boss's value loyalty seemingly above all else)...Make it constantly clear you are on your employer's side. - STRETCH YOURSELF...ask for more authority and autonomy...take on more than you think you are capable of to prove to yourself, and others, what you can do. - Compete against yourself and let others judge if you are better than your peers..competing against your peers can develop resentments. Don't compete against your peers, just compete against yourself. - Learn from setbacks. You will not profit from blaming others. Find out what you did wrong and avoid the same mistakes in the future. - Acknowledge the help of others publicly. Ex: whole team of people who worked on the project! acknowledge them

What is SWOT? What does each of the letters stand for? What does each mean?

SWOT = Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats. *What are your personal strengths and weakesses? What are opportunities - health care, switching to renewable energy; threats may be competition from highly educated workers from other nations, economic recessions, and ever changing technology.* Strengths: the great things about yourself, such an intelligence, the degree you have, your competitive drive, etc. Weaknesses: Make an honest assessment of your weaknesses. Some can be overcome; others, you will simply have to cope with. Students may have trouble finding which job is right for them - that's okay! It is difficult to see ourselves as others see us. Opportunities: What is out there for you? What industries will expand in the coming years? Threats: Setbacks. Being fired, unable to get to a management position.

Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory: What are the satisfiers and dissatisfiers?

Satisfiers: The nature of the work itself, actual job responsibilities, opportunity for personal growth and recognition, and the feelings of achievement that the job provides aka MOTIVATORS Dissatisfiers: Company policies, working conditions, pay, coworkers, supervision. aka HYGIENE FACTORS Managers should focus on satisfiers, we cannot ignore hygiene factors cuz they can cause an employee to be unhappy. Enhancing hygiene factors will only go so far. To truly motivate employees, you should look more toward the satisfiers.

What is "Self-Efficacy"?

Self Efficacy: *Believing that you are in control of your life and your own actions and decisions shape your life.* A person with high self-efficacy does not attribute their problems to bad luck or others plotting against them People with high self-efficacy look at a situation like losing a job objectively, and turn their energy towards solving the problem of finding a new job rather than blaming others, etc.

What are the qualities of self and what do each of them mean?

Self theorists agree that the following characteristics describe the meaning of the "self" 1. SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS: The ability to objectify oneself and reflect on one's choices, mistakes, successes, for the purpose of learning and growing and not repeating one's mistakes. 2. AUTOBIOGRAPHY: the awareness that one has a history (past), a present, and a future; enabling us to remember and learn from the past, make the most of the present, and the plan for the future. 3. AGENCY: the power of the individual to make a notable mark on one's community. (ex: Erin Brockavich had a lot of Agency!)

What is Herzberg's 2 Factor Theory?

Some factors of a job, if lacking, have a high potential for making employees dissatisfied, but little potential for making them satisfied and motivated, regardless of their level. (Pay is a dissatisfier, Low levels of pay can make an employee dissatisfied, but high levels are not likely to produce a satisfied employee)

What did the author say about getting fired?

The author said that you have a 95% chance of getting fired. However, Virginia Hamilton said that there is no way that you would actually get fired! Maybe there is a really high chance that you would get LAID OFF (but that is different than being FIRED!)

What do Instrumentality and Valence mean?

These both are within Expectancy Theory (which says that it is vital to show you have noticed an employee's extra efforts) Instrumentality: the perceived likelihood that performance will be followed by a particular outcome. Ex: If you work extra hard, will your company turn more profit? Valence: the value a particular outcome holds for the employee. Ex: If you really need a raise, you will put a high valence on getting a raise. Expectancy is the term used regarding the perception of the likelihood that efforts will result in goal attainment

According to the author, what is the outcome when one "Communicates the music behind the words?"

When you communicate the music behind the words, you NOT ONLY INFORM, BUT INSPIRE. You convey a sense of urgency, importance, and spirit.

Why was competency-based interviewing designed?

Workplace competencies are defined as relatively enduring characteristics of the individuals that are considered useful in the workplace and resist becoming obsolete over time. Ex: unlike a software program, human competencies will be needed as long as humans are used to do a job. The idea is that "if you were able to be X at one point in the past, it is highly likely that you would be able to do it again in the future as needed"

What did the author of the textbook say about getting fired?

aasass

What does good speaking require?

good speaking requires good writing and good writing requires good reading. *A good speech is a well-written communication. The writer must have first studied the topic and have something important to say. Good speaking demands good writing and good writing demands good reading*

According to the author, what does good writing begin with?

good writing begins with GOOD READING. *it is a good way to collect worthwile things to say. Well-written material increases our ability to write well. Learning to put our thoughts into writing forces us to think more exactly*.

What is the secret of good writing?

the secret of good writing is REWRITING. *When you proofread, read first for meaning. Keep in mind the following questions: What is the central theme and what does each piece contribute? So What? Why is this important? Who Cares? How can this be used? Can this be said more precisely? Am I touching reader's hearts in addition to their minds?*