CMN 142 Final

What are the problematic "two ways" media frequently report science?

"Cancer cure around the corner" or "They're killing our babies" stories.

What is the difference between "false" and "fake" news?

- False news is when some things are wrong and published incorrect reporting, but its not fake - Fake news is when you knowingly publish something that is false

Will nonprofit news outlets become key players in the journalism landscape of the future?

- In the future, not-for-profit news companies will produce only a small percentage of the journalism in the US. However, it is also likely that this kind of journalism will have an above average impact on audiences and the public -will become niche players focused for in depth certain topics

What did author Erdley see as the "overarching point of [her] article"?

- Not Jackie, but the culture that greeted her and so many other women at UVA, who came forward with allegations only to be met with indifference

What about streaming video in general? Will that become an increasingly popular way to get news?

Almost certainly it will. In general, news videos are able to command premium advertising prices. Footage will not resemble the traditional "local-network news set experience." Raw footage from citizen journalists on the scene of major events, infographics and other animated data-rich material.

So is the future of data journalism really just an extension of this earlier, social scientifically oriented journalism?

In some ways, yes. A number of websites—Nate Silver's 538. com, the Upshot at the New York Times, ProPublica, and many others—are practicing a form of data journalism that Phil Meyer and the founders of NICAR would recognize. The difference is that quantitative journalism has a newer form (computational journalism) which aims to create datasets for journalism as a whole to use either through computers or journalists.

Review the developments that occurred from the day after Thanksgiving to December 4, 2014.

(1) Erdely spoke with Jackie on the phone and noticed Jackie was feeling adrenaline changes and good (2)Jackie finally told Erdely the name of the man, however was unsure how to spell the lifeguard's last name (3)Erdely investigated the name Jackie gave her and was unable to confirm that he was a lifeguard, was a member of the frat house or had other connections to Jackie → she was worried over the integrity of her story (4)On Dec. 4 Jackie texted Erdely which led to a conversation that gave Erdely serious doubts;

What are the two forces most important in the fight against fake news and bad information?

(1) powerful individuals and popular twitter users have to lead the fight against fake news and bad information (2) the online platforms like Facebook, Google and YouTube have to work with researchers and civil-society organizations to learn how to combat the spread of falsehood

So what are these other models? What other options for future revenue growth are there?

- 4 Major Models for Online Journalism1. Direct Payment- Eliminates the intermediary organizations that have long stood between news consumers and news producers (editorial side of company who did not want certain advertisements and advertisers themselves ) 2. native advertising- news organizations will make money by making better advertisements and by blurring the lines between news and advertisements in the first place 3. Venture Capital-Over the last few years, the largest funding streams for many of the newest digital news/ entertainment hybrids have come from venture capitalists and Silicon 4. Traditional Advertising/Online advertising-online advertising, with ads popping up or appearing on webpages, ads that are clearly marked out from the rest of the content.

What is "fake news" (according to Professor David Lazer)?—see the "WTOE 5 News" example.

- Fake news refers to a distinct phenomenon with a specific name, and we should just use that name (fake news) to talk about that problem (fake news) - it's something that is manufactured to hide the fact that it is false- Infamous hoax that Pope Francis had endorsed Donal Trump;s presidential candidacy was hosted on a website that had the appearance of being a local TV station, "WTOE 5 NEws" - there is no station called that, but the plausibility of the name allowed the falsehood to be spread

When will newspapers disappear completely? How about other news media like television news and radio journalism?

- It seems unlikely that the newspaper itself will entirely vanish. Even the printed newspaper seems destined to last for a long time in one form or another, and the same goes for a variety of other news media format - It might have been entirely reasonable to expect that radio would disappear after the invention of the TV; who, after all, would want to listen to words without pictures once words and pictures together were available? Radio, instead, shifted toeing a national medium to a primarily local medium, ceding the national news agenda for several decades to TV. - Rather than disappear, TV and print journalism will probably adopt new social roles

How about public funding for news? Could that somehow solve the journalism revenue crisis?

- No, at least not in the United States - In the US at least, public funding for journalism won't grow in the years to come; in fact, funding levels will probably decline. But the government can affect news production in ways that go beyond simple funding -It seems far more likely that government funding will decrease in the future

What will "the new social roles" of these old media be?

- Text journalism will increasingly provide context for breaking news events, while visual journalism will focus more on discrete occurrences. And 'auditory news' will also focus heavily on a combination of context and storytelling - We can expect the social role of visual and video media to remain that of bringing readers dramatic or explanatory information, with an emphasis on the dramatic end of the moving-image spectrum. However with an increasing percentage of this content will probably be submitted by ordinary people rather than professional journalists -The social context of print, in other words, will shift even further toward narrative and explanation. This shift will be paralleled online as well, with the continued rise of digital explanatory journalism, quantitative reporting, and contextual information grap

Is there a magic bullet that is going to solve all of journalism's future revenue problems? Can "paywalls" save the news?

- There is no magic bullet that will solve all of journalism's future revenue problems - Paywalls: A subscription fence that keeps readers from freely accessing online news content•In many ways, the logic behind them is straight forward: just as a newspaper doesn't show up on your doorstep everyday without paying for it. You increasingly can't gain access to some online journalism without spending money on it. But paywalls won't save the news

How many Americans cannot read a simple science story?

200 million

Note the numbers on evolution and earth orbiting the sun.

40% of americans do not believe in evolution, 20% say the sun does the orbiting

Who does the public trust for information about global warming?

66% of the respondents named television weather reporters.

Facebook and news companies are increasingly working together to host some news stories. Is this another example of news industry partnership and collaboration?

It is, but the equality of the partnership is dubious. "Platformization of News" News will become dependent on platforms, no longer a seperate industry, but one in the same.

What campaign does the author propose?

Perhaps we should launch a scientific literacy campaign like the mid-20th-century drive that nearly tripled the rate of basic literacy worldwide.

What was "the most consequential decision" the magazine made in this story?

The most consequential decision was to not contact the friends who spoke with Jackie

So it seems like you've been avoiding a straight answer to this: What's the business model for the new/old journalism hybrid?

There probably won't just be one model. Subscriptions, metered walls, native advertisements, technology services, and foundation funding will probably all provide revenues to news organizations.

What does the CJR article suggest as a solution for journalists when all sources cannot be reached?

Be transparent with the readers about what is known or unknown about the situation.

- Why are news companies not having their customers pay for news?

Before cultural aversion to charging their consumers for news, now this rationale largely disappeared. The answer, in part, are economic: despite the growth in 'direct payment models' for news, some outlets have continued to try to find other ways to subsidize the journalism they produce

Will the kinds of news collaborations discussed in Chapter 2 continue? How might they change in the future?

Collaborations will continue and will become more common. But they will be more likely for certain kinds of journalism than others. Nonprofits collaborate more often, while larger corporations, which compete with one another, will collaborate less, yet support one another through links through the internet. The most common collaborations involve investigative reporting, in which institutional practices of governments or corporations are exposed by a team of reporters at different news outlets. Less formal collaborations will probably occur during breaking news events, linking to each other. Some info will never be collaborative such as ones that involve the exposure of hidden and deceitful deeds by individuals.

It has been said "journalists will start having to build their own personal brands." What does this mean?

Corporate brand is losing power while the journalists themselves are gaining power. Individuality is rewarded, and the ability for journalists to have a platform has grown. That is to say, the relationship between individual and brand is still important, even with a presence, being under a corporation still becomes a part of the journalists personal brand.

Tell me more about this "data journalism." Does that mean that every journalist should learn to write computer code?

Data journalism treats data as a kind of journalistic "source," on par with other more traditional journalistic sources like documents, interviews, and direct observations. Today we can expect data journalism to emphasize interactivity (the ability of news consumers themselves to "play" with journalistic data, to personalize it, to visualize it in different ways, and so on) and transparency with data. Both of these skill sets are greatly aided by a facility with software languages and computer programming.

Who was "Drew"?

Drew was the pseudonym that the Rolling Stone chose to use as a 'solution' for Jackie not responding to their messages for 2 weeks after Erdely asked her to give her the name of the rapist

What about public media organizations in other countries, like the BBC? What will their future be like?

Due to different funding methods compared to the US

But isn't entrepreneurialism bad in a lot of ways? Doesn't it just accept, without protest, the fact that journalism is now a risky way to earn a living?

Entrepreneurial journalism involves a sense of journalists inventing their own jobs by starting their own companies and developing new journalism techniques. It's also important to learn self-promotion and personal branding. Finally, entrepreneurial journalism signals a journalist's willingness to embrace work flexibly and come to terms with the fact that the journalism industry is a tough industry, and is unlikely to get better any time soon.

What is "entrepreneurial journalism"? Is this a Silicon Valley thing?

Entrepreneurial journalism is the idea of creating a sustainable future for the future of journalism. Focuses on news as a business and the technology behind the creation of these technologies

What about ethnic and other non-English language media in the US, particularly Spanish language journalism?

Ethnic news, especially hispanic is likely to grow in the future as the bilingual population of the United States. As of 2013 there were fifty-four million Hispanics in the United States (17% of the total population)

Do Europeans and Japanese know more than we do?

Europeans and Japanese actually rate slightly lower in science literacy.

What is the difference b/t weather and climate? And why are meteorologists not climate experts? (Note that this subject comes up in both the second and fifth pages of the article.)

For the many Americans who don't understand the difference between weather—the short-term behavior of the atmosphere—and climate—the broader system in which weather happens—Coleman's professional background made him a genuine authority on global warming.And then there was the fact that the research that Coleman was rejecting wasn't "the science of meteorology" at all—it was the science of climatology, a field in which Coleman had spent no time whatsoever.meteorologists do nto have to take climate classes

It sounds like news coverage based on geographic location might be less important in years to come. Is that right? And if that's the case, what coverage options are there other than geographical ones?

Geographic-based news will decline, yes. There will still likely be more small-scale news for an area, just less typical, and more specific. Atypical, niche national news options will likely come along, with national networks forming as a whole.

Why is scientific ignorance dangerous?

Ignorance reigns in our society at a moment when science is on the cusp of doing amazing and wonderful things, but also dangerous things. The outcome could be that the illiterates become so fearful of science and technology, so resentful of the exalted position of the elites, that they try to slow down the progress of science, or stop it altogether. Or the opposite could happen: the scientifically elite may grow frustrated with the illiterates and try to co-opt or even control them.

Read the first paragraph to get a sense of fact-checking in journalism

It is usually someone right out of college who double-checks everything. This includes talking to witnesses, getting new information, etc.

What does CJR claim that Rolling Stone's failure makes clear?

It makes clear the need for a revitalized consensus in newsrooms, old and new, about what best journalistic practices entail, at an operating-manual-level of detail.

What is the CJR point about Confirmation Bias?

It often allows people to put facts aside because it does not agree with their viewpoints

Was the failure of the article caused by lack of resources? Or something else?

It was not due to a lack of resources → the problem was methodology, along with an environment where journalists failed to debate problems about their reporting Their main failure was to be too accomodationg of Jackie because she described herself as the survivor of a terrible sexual assault (although this does not accound for all that went wrong)

Are changes in the news media system feeding political polarization in American society or just exploiting it? And will political polarization grow in the future?

It's most likely that the media and politicized voters are trapped in kind of a vicious circle: partisan media feed polarization in the electorate, which increases demand for partisan media, and so on.

How else will journalism schools change in order to train these new journalists?

Journalism schools need to do a better job teaching their students quantitative reporting skills, due to the explosion of digital data that defines the contemporary information landscape, and because the skills required to adequately report the news are increasingly quantitative. There is also a consensus that students are going to increasingly have to think visually, even if they plan on primarily being writers or working in audio journalism.

What does the aritcle claim about journalistic practice when publishing derogatory information about anyone?—this question refers to Jackie's three former friends. Beyond fairness, what is a practical reason for checking derogatory information with subjects?

Journalistic practice require that if a reporter intends to publish derogatory information about anyone, he or she should seek that person's side of the story The practice reason is to fact check the conversations that are being reported on

Who is Jon Coleman, and what are his qualifications?

KUSI weatherman, By his own rough estimate, John Coleman has performed more than a quarter million weathercasts. It is not a stretch to say that he is largely responsible for the shape of the modern weather report.

Is there a big difference between local and national news coverage when it comes to the future of news?

Local news will be less successful while national news will be very successful. Online, local news accounts for 15% of news traffic, and 85% goes to national news

What is the MIT study's finding about how falsehoods travel relative to other information on Twitter?

MIT found that falsehoods travel faster, further and deeper than accurate info on Twitter

You said that hundreds of newspapers and magazines have instituted metered models for access to news content. Is that pretty much all of journalism, then?

No, it is far from being all journalism. • Many online-only publications, new journalistic startups, and many print-digital hybrids still offer all their content online for free, and will continue to do so for many years to come. Almost no broadcast news found online operates from behind a paywall, at least not yet

So does this mean we see news continue to fragment?

Possibly If Yes, news outlets of the future will be forced to rely on the patronage of smaller and smaller audiences with well-defined interests and reasons for consuming this journalistic content. The other, "big picture" says that there are also globalizing trends that perhaps draw aspects of the news audience closer together. We will see both fragmentation and reintegration at the same time.

Review the points about pseudonyms, checking derogatory information, and confronting subjects with details. Note the point about "balancing sensitivity to victims and the demands of verification", "corroborating survivor accounts," and "holding institutions to account."

Pseudonyms are important when the witness won't testify. Checking information is vital in the credibility of a story. By doing this, you keep everyone accountable for their actions.

Science writing has what kind of learning curve?

Science writing has a steep learning curve.

Does that mean that the storytelling function of journalism is just going to disappear?

Simply put, No. No matter how much data is put on a pedestal, telling stories is the basis of journalism as a whole. Data and such can support storytelling, not necessarily combat it.

Will journalists have to know more about specific topic areas as opposed to just being generalists?

Subject matter knowledge on the part of reporters is part of the general professionalization process that transformed journalism from a disreputable blue-collar craft to an at least moderately respected occupation by the mid-twentieth century. Beat Reporters were a precursor to this idea In a world increasingly populated by various forms of pseudojournalism—online opinion essays, social media marketing, public relations material disguised as journalism—being an expert in a particular area is one way for reporters to distinguish themselves.

What does the "rise of mobile" mean for the future of journalism?

The "rise of mobile," refers to more than half of all Internet being through mobile devices. The relationship between journalism and social media changes in a mobile-first universe, with publishers more dependent on staying in their good graces. Constant mobile innovation requires constant change in mobile news content

The first paragraphs of this section summarize the entire claim of the article.

The Rolling Stone's publication of the rape story was a journalistic failure that was avoidable Had they truly encompassed reporting, editing, editorial supervision and fact-checking they could have avoided this issue altogether

Note the author's historical examples.

The forces of ignorance have squelched science across history, from the mob in ancient Alexandria, which chased the astronomer Aristarchus out of town for suggesting that the earth moved around the sun, to the present restrictions on federal funding for embryonic-stem-cell research.

What was the main issue of contention between the Rolling Stone writer and the subject "Jackie," and how did the publication's editors resolve the issue?

The main issue was that Jackie refused to provide the name of the lifegaurd who has organized the rape attack against her, she said she was still afraid of him Rolling Stone's editors decided to go ahead without knowing the lifeguard's name or verifying his existence and Jackie cooperated fully until publication

How widely viewed was the magazine's story?

The online story blew up; attracting more thanterm-61 2.7 million views More than any other feature not about a celebrity that the magazine had every published

How are the distinctions among nonprofit, for-profit, and public media becoming harder to draw?

The three are slowly making the same decisions with advertising. i.e. The rise of podcasts and all three using so to have sponsors as well as retain an audience

How do the Jayson Blair and Brian Williams cases differ from this one?

They were caught telling blatant lies, not getting information from someone without fact checking.

What is the "Africa Effect"?

This is when publications say, "Hey, we already did a story on Africa this month." The same thing happens with science: "Hey, we did a story on cloning last May. Why should we do one again?"

How will the relationship between journalism and democracy change in the future?

Three futures are possible with journalism and democracy: - neither democracy nor the media change in fundamental and important ways. - journalism becomes radically different, due to the public and the American democratic state being different as well. For example, if most people don't care about politics, news will then cater away from politics, and towards general information. - American democracy has already radically changed since the middle of the twentieth century, and journalism is actually just catching up to these changes now. Journalism is better now than at any time before.

Note in the Wilson/Emory University survey how climate researchers and meteorologists differ in their views on global warming.

Twenty-nine percent of the 121 meteorologists who replied agreed with Coleman—not that global warming was unproven, or unlikely, but that it was a scam.* Just 24 percent of them believed that humans were responsible for most of the change in climate over the past half century—half were sure this wasn't true, and another quarter were "neutral" on the issue. "I think it scares and disturbs a lot of people in the science community," Wilson told me recently. This was the most important scientific question of the twenty-first century thus far, and a matter on which more than eight out of ten climate researchers were thoroughly convinced. And three quarters of the TV meteorologists Wilson surveyed believe the climatologists were wrong.

Duncan believes we live in what times today when it comes to science writing?

We live in the best of times and the worst of times for science journalism

Note the comments about the author's editor in the first paragraph

Woods did not do enough. There was not enough research done to definitively close the case.

So is this fragmentation a bad thing?

Yes, and no. While the big picture being fragmented sounds bad, with fragmentation communities around each fragment are made. More freedom in exploring topics comes from fragmentation, creating tight knit communities.

But—is it true that robots will really write news stories?

Yes, and they even are now.

What is the downside to meteorologists being scientifically conversant? What does the author conclude about meteorologists recognizing the limits of their own training?

it becomes a problem when you start to see scientific authority springing from your own haphazardly informed intuition, as many of the skeptic weathercasters do. The biggest difference I noticed between the meteorologists who rejected climate science and those who didn't was not how much they knew about the subject, but how much they knew about how much they knew—how clearly they recognized the limits of their own training.

What crisis does science journalism share with journalism in general?

it spends too little money chasing complex stories, and there are too many cases of hype stories and passive recitations of industry and university press releases.

What do Americans know and think about climate change?

not very much.

What does Duncan claim about incremental reporting?

that life-sciences reporting should cover the incremental changes in areas such as longevity, stem cells, and the like, just as journalists cover the ongoing intricacies of Washington politics and foreign policy.