CMN 212 Exam 2

Mutual understanding is a goal of the traditional or alternative model of conflict and negotiation?

Alternative model

According to Schein's model, the idea of "the customer is always right" is called a...

Value

What are two examples of anticipatory socialization?

Vocational socialization via family, media and friends, and learning about the organization

What is an explanation used by a sexually harassed woman using the framing device of a simple misunderstanding?

"It was mere flirting."

What is deconstruction?

"Taking apart" a text to reveal social and political meanings.

Sequestering Sexual Harassment

- 50% of women and 15% of men are harassed - The law is on their side and they can sue but they generally don't - Organizations attempt to frame harassment so that it is not a problem - Women frame it colludes with the dominant view (accepting it, simple misunderstanding, naturalizing it, trivialization, denotative hesitancy, public private expression)

Pervasiveness

- All of life is political - There are sources of power: formal authority, control of technology, symbolism, control of decision agendas, and process

Ideal Model of Agent

- People should have control over the conditions that govern their life by having active participation in work - They need to have variety in life of the mind and soul - The structure of society does not allow people to achieve this

Power and Control

- some groups use power for their interests through controlling other group members - this may not be intentional, but it prevents others from being heard and their interests are not addressed

What are the mentoring strategies to teach mentees?

-Encourage the mentee to be enthusiastic and accepting of self and others -valuing: encourage mentee to examine his/her beliefs -creative problem solving -discovering: encourage the mentee to be an independent thinker -strengths and uniqueness: encourage the mentee to recognize individual strengths uniqueness -confidence: developing self-confidence -awareness: being intuitive, problem sensitive, and ready to make the most of opportunities -risk taking: encourage the right level of risk taking -flexibility: adaptable in attitude and actions, looking for alternatives

The framing of a conflict involves perceptions of what three things?

-Perception of self -perception of others -perception of the conflict itself

What are the aspects to co-orientation?

-agreement -accuracy -perceived agreement

What are the responsibilities of the mentee?

-confidentiality -regular meetings-be on time -know and state your goals -set an agenda for meetings-questions -don't be afraid to question the mentor's thinking-push back -don't count on mentor to save you if you get in trouble

How do organizations absorb uncertainty?

-consult a specialist -hire consultants -appoint committee to study the issue -make the decision to "put the matter to bed" -find another issue or emergency to distract them -rely on tradition - UA refers to absorbing the uncertainty connected with a decision so you can make it satisficing

What are the tactics used in mediation?

-directive tactics -nondirective tactics -procedural tactics -reflexive tactics

What are the underlying assumptions of the rational model?

-have the necessary information -can prioritize their values -has compiled a complete list of all options -can achieve full understanding of situation and problem -can achieve full understanding of the consequences of selecting various options -can process a lot of information

How are decisions made under limited rationality?

-limit the amount of information they gather -limit the number of options considered -make decision of "satisficing" -don't try to find the best possible decision, just one that is good enough

What are the limitations of the rational model of decision-making?

-limits on the amount of information an individual's short term memory can handle -cannot rank order values consistently -calculation of costs and benefits of numerous options is beyond processing capacity -limited time -limited resources, especially financial -most goals are ambiguous and it is difficult to measure them -most organizations have multiple conflicting goals that different groups push

What are some ways to be an effective mentor?

-maintain regular and proactive contact -be on time for scheduled meetings -be honest in providing mentee with feedback about goals and expectations -realize that you do not have all the answers -respect confidentiality -keep trying - think of new ways to work together

What are the most common info-seeking tactics?

-overt -observation

According to the text, what are two classes of info that must be grasped during socialization?

-role-related information -information about the organizational culture

What is the sequence of the rational model of decision-making?

1. Analyze problem or situation at hand 2. Search for relevant information and options 3. Develop set of opinions 4. Evaluate options in terms of how well they satisfy goals and are consistent with values 5. Implement solutions

What are the three stages of Socialization?

1. Anticipatory Socialization 2. Encounter 3. Metamorphoses

What are the three levels of Schein's Model of Culture?

1. Artifacts 2. Espoused Values 3. Basic Assumptions

According to Katz, what are the 3 stages of metamorphosis in a job career?

1. Initiation (3 mnth-1yr) 2. Innovation (1-2 year) 3. Adaptation

What are the three components of peformances?

1. Interactive 2. Embedded in Context 3. Improvisational

What are 5 information-seeking tactics?

1. Overt requests 2. Indirect requests 3. Third party 4. Observing 5. Surveillance

What are the three factors that influence the conflict management process?

1. Personal 2. Relational 3. Cultural Factors

What are 3 functions of the employment interview?

1. Recruiting and screening 2. Info gathering 3. Socialization

Rituals serve two functions

1. Structures life in organizations 2. Maintains social fabric

Interviewees find an interview satisfying when:

A large amount of quality info about job is given, asked open-ended questions, time to talk,etc

What is ideology critique?

A method of research used by critical theorists which attempts to show how specific interests fail to be realized.

What did Karl Marx contribute to Critical Theory?

A method of social analysis - imbalance of power between classes.

What is an ideal model of how life should be, according to critical analysis?

A person should control their own destiny, have active participation, and variety in life.

Does a mediator or arbitrator hold decision power?

Arbitrator

Lincoln Hall is an example of _______ according to Schein's Model

Artifact

The most visible level of culture in Schein's Model consists of the physical and social environments that organizational members have created. Someone may see diverse items of architecture, furniture, technology, dress, written documents, and art.

Artifacts

How is assimilation connected to the Human Resources approach?

Assimilation should be done in ways that show employees how they can contribute, giving them knowledge and resources to do so

The third level of Schein's Model of culture is the "core" assumption that individuals in a group hold about the world and how it works.

Basic Assumptions

Mentoring

Characteristics of mentors and the mentor-mentee relationship. Findings related to effectiveness of mentor-mentee relationship. A problem

How is assimilation connected with the Classical Approach?

Classical views assimilation as a one-way tactic for making parts for the machine

In ideology, does communication create and sustain power differences or attack and eliminate power differences?

Communication creates and sustains power differences.

What does ideology hide?

Control and power differences.

What are the three components of the theory of concertive control?

Control, identification, and discipline.

What is the outcome of the formal/informal approach?

Custodial orientation to role/innovation orientation to role

What is the purpose of an organizational mission statement?

Defines organization's fundamental purposes, sets it apart from other organizations, and states its business

Which type of bargaining assumes a zero-sum game with win-lose tradeoffs/results?

Distributive bargaining

Team based systems lead workers to control whom?

Each other - since they've internalized org. values, they enforce them and discipline each other's behaviors, and are harder on each other than management would be.

Modes of Production

Economic conditions that underlie the production process. Source of power

Ultimate goal of the critical approach is ________

Emancipation

The second level of Schein's Model of culture is composed of individual and group values. This level of culture represents a mosaic of beliefs about how things ought to be done in an organization

Espoused Values

The writing of culture. A method designed to have a researcher "immersed" into organizational life. This often takes form of observational, archival analysis, or interviews.

Ethnography

What technique do researchers use to study organizational structure?

Ethnography/Become immersed in the organization

What are the sources of power for the Pervasiveness of Power according to Miller?

Formal authority, control of technology, symbolism, control of decision agendas and processes.

Socialization Tactics

Group initiation, Rites of passage, Probationary period

How does power and control prevent the ideal model from being realized for some?

Groups use power to realize interests through controlling other members of the group, may not be intentional, prevents other voices from being heard.

What is the formal approach to socializing new members of an organization?

Highly structured, delivered to groups, consistent across people

Means of Production

How products are made and services rendered. Source of power

Concertive Control

Identification with the organization via enthymemes (the customer is always right; means pleasing the customer will win loyalty and maintain profit)

Why is it difficult to prove critical theorists wrong?

If one doesn't agree with them, they identify you as a victim of ideology, dominated by hegemony.

Conflicting parties that try to maximize gains for both parties are using what type of bargaining?

Integrative bargaining

What does the theory of concertive control argue?

It argues that power is embedded in a system of identification and discipline.

What are the strengths of the organizational culture perspective?

It focuses on meaning of the organization to its members, recognizes the importance of symbolic and affective side of the organization, and recognizes of all the members in creating and sustaining a viable organization

How does the emergent view of organizational culture view changing cultures?

It is difficult, slow, all members must enlist, culture is embedded, and subcultures complicate cultural change

Symbolic Information processing

Organizations try to look rational and gather information because it shows you are working hard

What is the informal approach to socializing new members of the organization?

Less structured, tailored to individual varied across people.

When a mediator simply secures information and is there to clarify misunderstandings, what tactics are they using?

Nondirective

How do organizations frame sexual harassment, according to critical theory?

Not a problem-they represent section's interests as universal.

Critical theorists are mainly in imbalances of ________

Power

A fight against power is also known as ____________.

Resistance

What are the 3 stages of the Leader-Member Exchange theory?

S1: Role-taking S2: Role-making S3: Role-routinization

Encounter

Sense making stage that occurs when a new employee enters the organization. The newcomer must let go of old roles and values in adapting to the expectations of the new organization. Put pressure on deviants by; persuasion, symbolic, exclusion, actual exclusion

Concertive Control: Control

Simple Control: involves the direct and authoritarian extension of control in the workplace Technological Control: involves control exerted through technological workplace processes such as assembly lines or computer programs Bureaucratic Control: based on the power of hierarchical structure and the rational-legal rules

Anticipatory Socialization

Socialization that occurs before entry into organization. Encompasses both socialization to an occupation and socialization to an organization

What is an example of resistance?

Strikes, rallies, unionization.

Which model of participative decision making would predict that Mary will be more productive if she has increased self-esteem because she is helping her manager make decisions?

The affective model

Which model suggests that participative decision-making improves the upward and downward flow of information and results in higher quality information and higher productivity?

The cognitive model

Which organizational approach would say decision-making is a process used by managers to exert control over employees?

The critical approach

Decision Making and Background

The evaluation and choice among alternatives; it is important in classical, human relations, and network organizations. More than 50% of decisions have negative outcomes

Which perspective would view decision-making as a way for employees to meet higher-order needs?

The human relations approach

What is Emancipation

The liberation of people from unnecessarily restrictive traditions, ideologies, assumptions, power relations, etc. that inhibit or distort opportunities for autonomy and satisfaction.

Assimilation

The ongoing behavioral and cognitive processes by which individuals join, become integrated into, and exit organizations

Hegemony

The process by which the dominant system of meaning is so widely accepted by dominated groups, that they accept subordination as the norm - it silences alternative voices

Metamorphosis

The state reached at the "completion" of the socialization process. The new employee is now accepted as an organizational insider.

What are the basic assumptions of the emergent approach to culture?

They are Complex, Emergent, NOT Unitary, Grow Organically, and Ambiguous

What does the critical model of society say?

Things are not as they seem - Surface appearances makes the word seem "as it should be" - But at deeper levels, some groups are advantaged at the expense of others

What is the role of the critical theorist?

To reveal the social structures and processes that have led to ideological hegemony.

What is the role of the communication scholar according to the critical theory?

To uncover unheard voices, make people aware of ideology, and lead them to emancipation.

Limited and Sequential attention to goals

Trade-offs on goals, the influence of coincidence, politics, and goals

What are the limitations of the critical approaches?

When using critical approaches, it's difficult to remain objective, and difficult to prove the critical approach wrong.

Was Karl Marx wrong about his view on capitalism?

Yes, there wasn't a breakdown of the capitalist system. There was no revolution that brought a socialist society. He is one of the most important scholars of all time because of his method of social analysis, NOT because of his predictions

What is uncertainty absorption?

absorbing the uncertainty connected with a decision so you can make it by satisfying (uncertainty is lack of information about some aspect of the decision)

Interviewees were positively evaluated when:

are assertive, exhibit nonverbal immediacy, tell personal stories, ask good questions, claim a good fit, etc

How do distributive and integrative bargaining differ?

dividing the fixed amount of resources, one party gains while the other loses, parties don't necessarily know each other / both parties may produce a greater outcome together than they would on their own, they know each other or want to build a relationship

How is assimilation connected to the Cultural approach?

elements of organization culture promote assimilation. it is how one becomes acculturated to the organization

What is taking place during the adaptation stage of metamorphosis ?

focus on relationships -advancement; socializing, politics, mentoring

What is taking place during the initiation stage of metamorphosis?

focusing on learning and fitting in

What is taking place during the innovation stage of metamorphosis?

focusing on mastering the job

What are characteristics of bargaining?

formal activity, representatives for the parties in dispute, settles intergroup/inter-organizational conflicts

Stories provide what?

information, a map of how things work, humanizes organizations, and creates a unique paradox

Which have been shown to be more successful: intercultural or intracultural negotiations?

intracultural negotiations

What defines a good negotiation?

it should produce a wise agreement, be efficient, and improve relationship between parties

Probationary period example

new firefighters must wake up early and make coffee for others and clean the station

What is symbolic information processing?

organizations try to look rational so they often gather information, hold meetings, appoint task forces etc. but don't utilize the information

When a mediator establishes an agenda and protocol for conflict resolution, which tactics are they using?

procedural

Ideology

refers to "the taken for granted assumptions about reality that influence perceptions of situations and events." It conceals the true state of affairs, it is discursive, it represents sectional interests as universal, and it neutralizes status quo.

The power difference between members of a conflict is what type of factor influencing the conflict management process?

relational factors

Concertive Control: Identification

the perceptions of oneness with or belongingness to a collective, where the individual defines him or herself in terms of the collective in which he or she is a member.

How is assimilation connected to the Critical approach?

through assimilation we identify with the organization. this contributes to the control the organization has over us

What factors determine which info-seeking tactics are used?

uncertainty and the cost of obtaining the information

Groupthink

when consensus seeking overrides the group's motivation to make realistic appraisal of alternatives. Want to avoid group think. - Illusions of invulnerability, illusion of morality, stereotyping, self-censorship, illusion of unanimity, direct pressure on dissidents, reliance on self-appointed mind guards

Concertive Control: Discipline

work groups develop techniques to reward and punish behavior that conforms with or deviates from the values identified as important by the work group.