CMST 3000 Exam 2

Communication Privacy Management Suppositions (L2-4:6)

CPM is concerned with explaining people's disclosure of private information. • Private information is information about things that matter deeply to an individual. • The process of communicating private information is referred to as private disclosures, NOT self-disclosures. KNOW OTHERS

Minimal Levels of Relationship Rewarded (B: 161+163)

Comparison level (CL): a standard for what a person thinks he or she should get in a relationship Comparison level for alternatives: how people evaluate a relationship based on what their alternatives to the relationship are-- refers to "the lowest level of relational rewards a person is willing to accept given available rewards form alternative relationships or being alone" SEE BOOK

Manifestations of Organizational Culture (B:277)

***READ THE BOOK

Boundaries (B:212-214)

***read the book***

Original Theory Type (B:206)

**read the book** -the theory had more limited boundaries in 1991 -microtheory because its boundaries were confined to privacy management within a marital dyad

Uncertainty Reduction Assumptions (B:138)

- people experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings and it generates cognitive stress -when strangers meet, their primary concern is to reduce their uncertainty and increase predictability -interpersonal communication is developmental process that occurs through stages, and it is the primary means of uncertainty reduction -the quality and nature of information that people share changes through time -it is possible to predict people's behavior in a lawlike fashion

Primary Elements of Structuration (L2-5:8)

-Agency refers to the specific behaviors or activities in which humans engage. -Reflexivity refers to a person's ability to monitor their actions and behaviors.

Adaptive Structuration Theory Types of Resources (L2-5:1

-Allocative resources: are material assistance used to help groups accomplish their goals. (i.e. set resource from one class to another) -Authoritative resources: are interpersonal assistance used to help groups accomplish their goals. (i.e. groups of people change)

Boundary Turbulence (L2-4:20)

-Boundary turbulence refers to conflicts about boundary expectations and regulations. -Boundary regulation is not always a smoothly operating system. -People's expectations about boundaries may at times be unclear, resulting in conflict.

Cost vs. Rewards (B:156-157)

-Costs: elements of rational life with negative value (example: time and effort one has put into maintaining a relationship or the negatives one has put up with in their partner.) -Rewards: elements of rational life with positive value (example: fun that one might have with a partner, the loyalty they show for each other, and the sense of understanding they share)

Darwin's Theory of Evolution (L2-7:5)

-Darwin's Theory of Evolution is used to describe the selectivity that is employed by organizations. -Sociocultural evolution is used to explain how organizations and their members adapt to their social surroundings. -Variations are the deviations from normal behavior that take place. -Selection refers to the choice of socially accepted behaviors from all available options. -Retention refers to the use of those behaviors that have been successful in the past.

General Systems Theory (L2-7:4)

-Describes the influence of information that is received from an organization's external environments. -Helps us understand the interrelationships that exist among various units in an organization. -Focuses on the entire organization as a system that requires the sharing and integration of information. -The concept of feedback is applied to describe both the positive and the negative feedback that is received by the organization.

Organizational Information Theoretical Assumptions (L2-7:6)

-Human organizations exist in an information environment. -The information an organization receives differs in terms of its equivocality (possibility for multiple meanings). -Human organizations engage in information processing to reduce the equivocality of information.

Adaptive Structuration and Rules (L2-5:3)

-Rules may be explicitly stated (e.g., company grievance policies). -Rules may be implicitly learned (e.g., everyone has a chance to voice their opinion). -Rules allow us to create structures and reduce the amount of uncertainty in our world.

Phases of Interpersonal Self-Disclosure (B:147)

-entry phase: the beginning stage of an interaction between strangers -personal phase: the stage in a relationship when people begin to communicate more spontaneously and personally -exit phase: the stage in a relationship when people decide whether to continue or leave

Boundary Ownership (L2-4:19)

-refers to the rights and privileges accuring to co-owners of private information.

Types of Power (L2-5:12)

-reward power: based on a person's perception that another has the ability to provide positive reinforcements -coercive power: based on the expectation that a person has the ability to exact punishment -referent power: the ability of an individual to engage compliance based on the fact that personal relationships have been established between the two interactants (i.e. a letter of referral) -legitimate power: influence a person exerts on the basis of his or her position or title -expert power: one's ability to exert influence over others based on the knowledge or expertise that one possesses. power can be altered as a result of actions that are taken if a person violates the expectations of other, the group may alter its rules in future interactions

Privacy Rule Characteristics (L2-4:16)

1. development:Rule development describes how rules come to be decided. 2. attributes: Rule attributes describe how people acquire rules and the properties of the rules. -Rule properties are the characteristics of a rule that reveal how stable or changeable it is.

Early Communication Privacy Management Studies (L2-4:4)

Almost twenty years ago, Petronio and her colleagues published studies outlining principals that would eventually become part of CPM. • These studies were interested in rule development in a rule management system for disclosure. • They noted that men and women have different criteria for judging disclosure.

Incentive Value (L2-1:12)

Antecedent Conditions • Berger proposed that three antecedent conditions exist when one seeks to reduce uncertainty. • Incentive value (Rewards or Punishment) • Deviation from expectations (Expectancy Violations) • Anticipation for future interactions

Factors determining Breadth & Depth of Disclosure (L2-3:7-10)

Breadth and Depth of Self-Disclosure • Breadth - the number of topics discussed in a relationship. • Depth - the degree of intimacy that guides topic discussions. • In more intimate relationships, there is more breadth and depth in disclosure. What happens to a relationship when we change one of inner layers? Outer layers? • Disclosure creates vulnerability • Greater depth of disclosure greater the vulnerability • Requires trust • Dark side of self-disclosure? • Must be appropriate SPT is rooted in many of the same principles found in Social Exchange Theory. • Altman and Taylor (1987) theorize that relationships can be viewed as the exchange of rewards and costs. • A reward/cost ratio is often calculated to determine the balance between positive and negative relationship experiences. • If a relationship provides more rewards than costs, it is likely to continue. • If the costs exceed the rewards, dissolution is possible.

Cycles (L2-7:10)

Cycles are the series of communication behaviors that serve to reduce equivocality. -This cycle of communication behaviors includes three stages: -An act is the communication behavior used to indicate one's ambiguity as a result of information that is received. -A response is the reaction to the act. -Adjustment is the organizational response to equivocality.

Ethnographic Methods (L2-6:9)

Different methods of investigation may be employed in ethnography. -Direct observation -Interviews -Participant observation

Methods of Studying Organizational Culture (L2-6:8-9)

Ethnography - refers to a qualitative methodology that uses the stories, rituals, and artifacts shared by an organization's members to reveal how meaning is assigned within that culture. -Geertz (1973) points out that, in order to understand an organizational culture, one must attempt to experience it from the members' viewpoint. -In ethnography, field journals, or notes taken during and after interactions, are used to record the experiences of an organization's members. -The goal of ethnography is to provide a "thick description" of the various layers of meaning within an organization's culture.

Types of Exchanges (L2-2:13)

Exchanges may take several forms within the three matrices. • Direct Exchange - An exchange where two people reciprocate costs and rewards. • Generalized Exchange - An exchange where reciprocation involves the social network and isn't confined to two individuals. • Productive Exchange - An exchange where both partners incur costs and benefits simultaneously.

Theoretical Assumptions (L2-5:5-7)

Groups and organizations are produced and reproduced through the use of rules and resources. -Every behavior that a group member engages in results in some change in the group. -Each behavior is guided by past rules or history. -Structure should not be viewed as a barrier to interaction, but as a necessary part of the creation of the interaction. Communication rules serve a dual function as both the medium for and the outcome of interactions. -Rather than viewing rules as barriers, it is more beneficial to perceive them as "blueprints" for guiding our behaviors. -Each communication act is governed by a combination of rules, not by a single rule acting in isolation. Power structures are present in organizations and guide the decision-making process by providing us with information on how to best accomplish our goals. -Power enables us to achieve results and accomplish the goals of the group. -Giddens (1979) views all group members as having some sort of power, but some have more than others. -Groups often decide how power is assigned among their members, with some given more power than others.

Goals of Uncertainty Reduction Theory (L2-1:3)

Individuals in initial interactions try to increase their ability to make predictions in order to explain the outcomes of the interaction. • Prediction is defined as the ability to forecast one's own and others' behavioral choices. • Explanation is defined as the ability to interpret the meaning of behavioral choices.

Defining Organizational Culture (L2-6:3)

Organizational Culture Theory proposes that researchers should observe, record, and make sense out of an organization by examining the communication among its members. -Pacanowsky and O'Donnell-Trujillo state that "culture is not something an organization has; a culture is something an organization is."

Organizational Values (L2-6:4)

Organizational members create and maintain a shared sense of organizational reality, resulting in a better understanding of the values of the organization. -Organizational members at all levels (superior and subordinate) contribute to the development of an organization. They are part of its reality. -Organizational values are used to inform members about what standards and principles are viewed as being important.

Four types of ritual performances

Personal - Routines done at the workplace each day. -Task - Routines associated with a particular job in the workplace. -Social - Routines that involve relationships with others in the workplace. -Organizational - Routines that pertain to the organization overall.

Prisoners Dilemma (L2-2:7)

Relationships are interdependent. • Thibaut and Kelley adopted a set of principles, called Game Theory, to illustrate the principles of rewards versus costs. • The Prisoner's Dilemma was developed to illustrate the calculations that are made in determining the value of relationships. • The game illustrates that the outcome for a relationship is often not completely in the hands of one individual. how much do you trust a friend to keep information private: if you are in two separate rooms you don't know what the other is going to do so how much do you trust them to have your back and keep your information to themselves

_________ is the process of engaging in complex communication behaviors in order to reduce the equivocality of information.

Requisite variety

Requisite Variety (L2-7:8)

Requisite variety is the process of engaging in complex communication behaviors to reduce the equivocality of information.

Rituals and Performances (L2-6:11)

Ritual - Regular recurring presentations in the workplace. -Passion - Organization stories that employees share with one another. -Social - Organizational behaviors intended to demonstrate cooperation and politeness. -Political - Organizational behaviors that demonstrate power or control. -Enculturation - Organizational behaviors that assist employees in discovering what it means to be a member of an organization.

Rules (L2-7:9)

Rules are the guidelines that an organization has established for analyzing the equivocality of a message as well as for guiding responses to information. -There are four types of rules: • Duration -make sure the rule is in place to simplify and shorten the time you have to • Personnel -as few people, but as skilled as possible • Success -your rule needs to result in success of that process over and over again • Effort

Theory of Interdependence (B:157)

See book (p.160)-- examples whenever anyone member of a relationship acts, both the other and the relationship as a whole are influenced

Basic Suppositions of CPM

The emphasis away from self-disclosure makes CPM unique in three ways. • Private disclosures put more emphasis on personal content. • CPM examines how people disclose through a rule-based system. • CPM does not consider that disclosures are only about the self. CPM offers a privacy management system that identifies ways privacy boundaries are coordinated between and among individuals. • CPM accomplishes this goal by proposing five basic suppositions: (KNOW THESE) • Private Information - the revealing of private information • Private Boundaries - the line between public & private • Control and Ownership - people feel they own private information about themselves • Rule-based Management System - the framework of the decision-making process for releasing private information • Management Dialectics - the tension between revealing or concealing information

Symbols (L2-6:6)

The use and interpretation of symbols are critical to an organization's culture. -Symbols represent the meanings that are held by members of an organization. -Symbols include the verbal and nonverbal communication that takes place within an organization. -Members of an organization create, use, and interpret symbols in order to create and sustain their sense of organizational reality. -Organizational values may be communicated through a variety of symbols.

Stages in Reducing Equivocality (L2-7:12)

There are three stages involved in the process of reducing equivocality. -(Before enactment - punctuation) -Enactment refers to the interpretation of the information received. The organization determines the level of equivocality in this stage. -Selection requires the organization to make a decision about the rules and cycles that will be used to reduce equivocality. -Retention is the stage at which the organization stores in memory those rules or strategies that were effective in reducing equivocality for future reference.

When access to private information is closed, boundaries are said to be _____; when access is open, people have ______boundaries.

Thick; thin

David is attracted to Denise, but he's not sure about her current relationship status. He decides to ask one of her soccer teammates if Denise is currently seeing anyone. Which type of tactic has David employed to reduce his uncertainty about Denise?

active

The minimum level(s) of relational rewards that an individual is willing to accept is/are known as the

comparison level for alternatives

The two primary tasks that an organization must perform in order to manage multiple sources of information are:

interpreting external information and coordinating information to make it meaningful

Originally, Petronio referred to her privacy theory as a _________because its boundaries were confined to privacy within a marital relationship.

microtheory

Altman and Taylor use the analogy of a(n) __________ to represent various aspects of an individual's personality that influence communication in relationships.

onion

The two primary goals of individuals engaged in an initial interaction are _________ and _________.

prediction, explanation

Personal Idioms (B:182)

private ways of expressing a relationship's intimacy through words, phrases, or behaviors. idiomatic expressions-- such as "honey" or "bubbles"-- carry unique meaning for two people in a relationship

Self-Disclosure (B:137)

revealing private information about oneself to another.

John is able to get his group members to agree to participate in a late-night meeting in order to decide on a plan of action before the deadline set by the client. While most people typically would not be willing to work such late hours, John's team agrees because he has always taken care of his employees, often giving them extra time-off or bonuses when possible. Which of the following types of power is most influential in getting the group to agree to the late-night meeting?

reward power

All of the following statements about rules are true EXCEPT

rules limit our ability to create structures in groups and thus increase the amount of uncertainty that is experienced

If no rewarding options are available to an individual, he or she will

select the least costly option

All of the following are methods of investigation used by ethnographers to examine organizational culture EXCEPT

survey questionnaires

Organizational _________ are used to inform members about what standards and principles are viewed as being important by the organization.

values

Uncertainty Reduction Strategies (L2-1:13)

• Berger (1995) suggests that people use three forms of tactics in their attempts to reduce uncertainty. • Passive- An individual assumes the role of unobtrusive observer of another person. • Active- An observer engages in some sort of effort, outside of direct contact, to discover information about the other person. • Interactive- The observer and the other person engage in direct contact or face-to-face interaction.

Evaluating Reward Options (L2-2:5)

• Humans are rational beings. • By using information that is available, individuals tend to calculate the rewards and costs associated with being in a relationship. • The resulting outcome will be used to guide behaviors. • If there are no rewarding options available, an individual will select the option that is least costly to him or her.

Types of Uncertainty (L2-1:4)

• Later revisions of the initial theory identified two types of uncertainty: cognitive and behavioral. • Cognitive uncertainty - The uncertainty associated with beliefs and attitudes that we and others hold. • Behavioral uncertainty - The "extent to which behavior is predictable in a given situation."

Social Penetration Theory Analogy (L2-3:6-7)

• Outer layer -public image • Central layers -revealed through self-disclosure • Reciprocity - one person openness leads to another person's openness SEE SLIDES FOR IMAGES

Theoretical Roots of SPT (L2-3:10)

• SPT is rooted in many of the same principles found in Social Exchange Theory. • Altman and Taylor (1987) theorize that relationships can be viewed as the exchange of rewards and costs. • A reward/cost ratio is often calculated to determine the balance between positive and negative relationship experiences. • If a relationship provides more rewards than costs, it is likely to continue. • If the costs exceed the rewards, dissolution is possible.

Stages of Social Penetration (L2-3:12)

• Stage 1 - Orientation - Revealing bits of ourselves to others • Stage 2 - Exploratory Affective Exchange - Emergence of an individual's personality • Stage 3 - Affective Exchange - Spontaneous communication; use of personal idioms • Stage 4 - Stable Exchange - Efficient communication; establishment of a personal system of communication

Self-Disclosure Guidelines (L2-3:11)

• Understanding Costs and Rewards • Rewards - relational events or behaviors that stimulate satisfaction, pleasure, and contentment. • Costs - relational events or behaviors that stimulate negative feelings. • Rewards and costs have a greater impact early in the relationship. • Relationships with a reservoir of positive reward/ cost experiences are better equipped to handle conflict. -How much am i willing to share and what am I going to get in exchange for that -Reward value has to be higher in a typical self-disclosure if its a very personal one.