COB 202 Chapter 2
3 forms of role clarity
1. specific duties and consequences for which they are accountable. 2. priority of their various tasks and performance expectations. 3. preferred behaviors or procedures for accomplishing the assigned tasks.
Factors of moral sensitivity EEM
Empathy Expertise/knowledge Mindfullness
Strategies by firms to support ethical behavior:
Ethical codes train employees about ethical conduct Anonymous hotlines
Espoused enacted values congruence
How consistent the values apparent in our actions (enacted values) are with what we say we believe in (espoused values).
Values Congruence
How similar a person's values hierarchy is to the values hierarchy of the org, a coworker or another source of comparison.
Low Collectivist
Individual effort, U.S.A and Japan and Germany
4 main predictors of employee behavior and performance:
Motivation Ability Role Perceptions Situation
Low Individualism
Opposite of High found in asia mostly.
Nature
Our genetic or hereditary origins the genes that we inherit from our parents.
Nurture
Our socialization, life experiences, and other forms of interaction with the environment
Extraversion
People who are outgoing, talkative, energetic, sociable, and assertive. Opposite of introversion.
Conscientiousness:
Personality dimension descrving people who are organized, dependable, goal focused, thorough, disciplined, methodical, and industrious.
Task Performance
Refers to goal directed behaviors under the individual's control that support organizational objectives.
Openness to experience
Refers to the extent to which people are imaginative, creative, unconventional, curious, nonconformative.
Motivation
Represents the forces within a person that affect his or her direction, intensity, and persistence of vouluntary behavior.
According to Jung people perceive the world around them through two competing orientations:
Sensing (S) Intuition (N)
uncertainty avoidance
a cross cultural value describing the degree to which people ina culture tolerate ambiguity (low uncertainty avoidance) or feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty (high uncertainty avoidance)
Personality Traits are
Broad concepts that allow us to label and understand individual differences.
Moral sensitivity
a person's ability to recognize the presence of an ethical issue and determine its relative importance. The higher the moral sensitivity the higher the awareness of something wrong.
mindfulness
a person's receptive and impartial attention to and awareness of the present situation as well as to one's own thoughts and emotions in that moment.
Person-Organization values congruence occurs when...
a person's values are similar to the org's dominant values. Increases likelihood that employee will make decisions aligned with org's point of view.
Joining and staying with the organization refers to...
agreeing to become an organizational member and remaining with the organization
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator MBTI (Jungian)
an instrument designed to measure the elements of Jungian personality theory, particularly preferences regarding perceiving and judging info. Most widely used personality test.
Values are more likely to...
conflict with each other
Achievement nurturing orientation
cross cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize competitive versus cooperative relations with other people
Differences between values and personality traits: 3
1. Values are evaluative, personality traits describe what we do. 2. Personality traits have minimal conflict with each other while values have a lot. 3. Values are more nurture, personality traits more nature.
Ethical behavior is influenced by the...
degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles (moral intensity) and the individual's ability to recognize the presence and relative importance of an ethical issue (moral sensitivity) and situational forces.
Even though our decisions and behavior are guided by personal values to some degree they....
deviate from our hierarchy of personal values more than we realize.
The four MARS variables are the direct predictors of...
employee performance, customer service, coworker collegiality, ethical behavior
Ethical conduct at work is supported by codes of...
ethical conduct, mechanisms for communicating ethical violations, the organizations culture, and the leader's behvaior
Values are stable,
evaluative beliefs that guide our preferences for outcomes or courses of action in a variety of situations.
Compared to personality traits, values are
evaluative rather than descriptive
Direction refers to where you steer the car, intensity is how much you put your foot down and persistence is for...
how long you drive.
Intuition relies on...
insight and subjective experience to see relationships among variables. Focus on future possibilities
Organizational values
key to corporate culture
Org. community values congruence
refers to the similarity of an org's dominant values with the prevailing values of the community or society in which it conducts business.
Personality is the...
relatively enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize a person, along with the psychological processes behind those characteristics.
Thinking refers to
relying on rational cause/effect logic and systematic data collected.
Reasons for disconnect between personal values and individual behavior are:
situation We don't actively think about our values
Values are formed more from...
socialization than heredity
Situational Factors refer to...
the conditions beyond the employee's immediate control that constrain or facilitate behavior and performance.
Moral Intensity
the degree to which an issue demands the application of ethical principles. The higher the moral intensity the more people effected.
five factor model (FFM)
the five broad dimensions representing most personality traits: conscientiousness, emotional stability, openness to experience, agreeableness, and extraversion.
Ability
the natural aptitudes and learned capabilities required to successfully complete a task.
Direction refers to...
the path along which people steer their effort
Ethics refers to
the study of moral principles or values that determine whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad.
Feeling orientation rely on...
their emotional responses to the options presented as well as to how those h=choices affect others.
Cultural values
values across a society
Values tell us what we ought to do, personality traits describe...
what we naturally tend to do.
Neuroticism
Characterizes people who tend to be anxious, insecure, self conscious, depressed, and temperamental.
Persistence
Continuing effort for a certain amount of time
Aptitudes and learned capabilities
Aptitudes are natural talents. Learned capabilities are skills and knowledge that you currently possess.
High Collectivist
Define themselves by group membership, emphasize personal connection to others in their groups.
3 Elements of motivation
Direction Intensity Persistence
Low acheivement orientation
Dont value assertiveness, competitiveness, and materialism
Intensity
The amount of effort allocated to the goal. It is how much people push themselves to complete a task.
Role Perceptions
The degree to which a person understands the job duties assigned to or expected of him or her.
Jung also proposed that judging how people process info or make decisions based on what they have perceived consists of two competing processes:
Thinking (T) Feeling (F)
collectivism
a cross cultural value describing the degree to which people ina culture emphasize duty to groups to which they belong and to group harmony
Utilitarianism
This principle advises us to seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people. Choose the option that provides the highest degree of satisfaction to those affected.
Individual Rights
This principle reflects the belief that everyone has entitlements that let her or him act in a certain way.
Distributive Justice
This principle suggests that people who are similar to each other should receive similar benefits and burdens, those who are dissimilar should receive different benefits and burdens in proportion to their dissimilarity.
Agreeableness
Traits of being trusting, helpful, good natured, considerate, tolerant, selfless, generous, and flexible.
3 main types of ethical principles:
Utilitarianism Individual Rights Distributive Justice
High acheivement orientation
Value assertiveness competitivieness and materialism
High Individualism
Values freedom, self sufficiency, control over own lives. Found in America, canada, South Africa
Personal Values
Values just of one person
Shared Values
Values of team, department, org.
Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs)
Various forms of cooperation and helpfulness to others that support the org's social and psychological context.
Counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs)
Voluntary behaviors that have the potential to directly or indirectly harm the org.
power distance
a cross cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture accept unequal distribution of power in a society. Higher the power distance the more people accept unequal distribution of power and visa versa.
individualism
a cross cultural value describing the degree to which people in a culture emphasize independence and personal uniqueness
Competencies
made up of aptitudes and learned capabilities , are the characteristics of a person that result in superior performance.
Maintaining work attendance includes...
minimizing absenteeism when capable of working and avoiding scheduled work when not fit
Sensing involves
perceiving information directly through the five senses, relies on an organized structure to acquire factual and preferably quantitative details.
If any one of the MARS factors is low the employee will...
perform the task poorly
Types of Values PSOC
personal values shared values organizational values cultural values