Cog. Ch. 7

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy?

Engagement

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________.

"know"

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

generation effect

Systems consolidation

A consolidation process that involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a long timescale, lasting weeks, months, or even years. See also Consolidation; Synaptic consolidation.

Paired-associate learning

A learning task in which participants are first presented with pairs of words, then one word of each pair is presented and the task is to recall the other word.

Multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA)

A procedure for determining the pattern of voxel activation that is elicited by specific stimuli, within various structures.

Cued recall

A procedure for testing memory in which a participant is presented with cues, such as words or phrases, to aid recall of previously experienced stimuli. See also Free recall.

Free recall

A procedure for testing memory in which the participant is asked to remember stimuli that were previously presented.

Synaptic consolidation

A process of consolidation that involves structural changes at synapses that happen rapidly, over a period of minutes. See also Consolidation; Systems consolidation.

Reconsolidation

A process proposed by Nader and others that occurs when a memory is retrieved and so becomes reactivated. Once this occurs, the memory must be consolidated again, as it was during the initial learning. This repeat consolidation is reconsolidation.

Reactivation

A process that occurs during memory consolidation, in which the hippocampus replays the neural activity associated with a memory. During reactivation, activity occurs in the network connecting the hippocampus and the cortex. This activity results in the formation of connections between the cortical areas.

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

Consolidation

Retrieval cue

external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Testing effect

Enhanced performance on a memory test caused by being tested on the material to be remembered.

Classifier

In multivoxel pattern analysis, the classifier is a computer program designed to recognize patterns of voxel activity.

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of consolidation.

Retrograde amnesia

Loss of memory for something that happened prior to an injury or traumatic event such as a concussion.

Self-reference effect

Memory for a word is improved by relating the word to the self.

Generation effect

Memory for material is better when a person generates the material him- or herself, rather than passively receiving it.

Deep processing

Processing that involves attention to meaning and relating an item to something else. Deep processing is usually associated with elaborative rehearsal.

Shallow processing

Processing that involves repetition with little attention to meaning. Shallow processing is usually associated with maintenance rehearsal. See also Deep processing; Depth of processing.

Standard model of consolidation

Proposes that memory retrieval depends on the hippocampus during consolidation, but that once consolidation is complete, retrieval no longer depends on the hippocampus.

Maintenance rehearsal

Rehearsal that involves repetition without any consideration of meaning or making connections to other information. Compare to Elaborative rehearsal.

Elaborative rehearsal

Rehearsal that involves thinking about the meaning of an item to be remembered or making connections between that item and prior knowledge.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?

Survival

Spacing effect

The advantage in performance caused by short study sessions separated by breaks from studying.

Temporal context model (TCM)

The context at the time of the memory test is most similar to the context associated with recent items and when an item is retrieved, it reinstates the context that was active when the item was studied

Levels of processing theory

The idea that memory depends on how information is encoded, with better memory being achieved when processing is deep than when processing is shallow. Deep processing involves attention to meaning and is associated with elaborative rehearsal. Shallow processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning and is associated with maintenance rehearsal.

Multiple trace model of consolidation

The idea that the hippocampus is involved in the retrieval of remote memories, especially episodic memories. This contrasts with the standard model of memory, which proposes that the hippocampus is involved only in the retrieval of recent memories.

Depth of processing

The idea that the processing that occurs as an item is being encoded into memory can be deep or shallow. Deep processing involves attention to meaning and is associated with elaborative rehearsal. Shallow processing involves repetition with little attention to meaning and is associated with maintenance rehearsal.

Long-term potentiation (LTP)

The increased firing that occurs in a neuron due to prior activity at the synapse.

State-dependent learning

The principle that memory is best when a person is in the same state for encoding and retrieval. This principle is related to encoding specificity.

Encoding specificity

The principle that we learn information together with its context. This means that presence of the context can lead to enhanced memory for the information.

Encoding

The process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory.

Retrieval

The process of remembering information that has been stored in long-term memory.

Consolidation

The process that transforms new memories into a state in which they are more resistant to disruption. See also Standard model of consolidation.

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information?

Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Graded amnesia

When amnesia is most severe for events that occurred just prior to an injury and becomes less severe for earlier, more remote events.

Transfer-appropriate processing

When the type of task that occurs during encoding matches the type of task that occurs during retrieval. This type of processing can result in enhanced memory.

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

encoding

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

increased firing in the neurons.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories.

organizational context

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset.

relaxed

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory.

retrieval cues

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

specificity

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

the self-reference effect.

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing.

transfer-appropriate

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

transfer-appropriate processing.