Cog Neuro exam 2

With regard to the two main output pathways from the occipital lobe, ________ is to ________ as dorsal is to ventral. Select one: "where" ; "who" "what" ; "where" "how" ; "where" "where" ; "what"

"where" ; "what"

Which region of the brain is primarily affected in Parkinsons disease? Select one: Supplemental Motor Area Primary Motor Cortex Basal Ganglia Cerebellum

Basal Ganglia

Which of the following statements about central pattern generators (CPGs) is incorrect? Select one: CPGs underlie stereotyped behaviors such as chewing and vomiting CPGs require cortical input or external feedback CPGs can produce multiple related movements such as walking and running CPGs are groups of neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem

CPGs require cortical input or external feedback

Which of the functions below would be impossible without the geniculostriate pathway? Select one or more: Regulation of circadian rhythm Reflexive orientation to important visual information Conscious visual perception Reading (by using your eyes)

Conscious visual perception Reading (by using your eyes)

What are center-surround receptive fields of ganglion cells useful for? Select one: Motion detection Perception of roundness Enhancing contrast Color constancy

Enhancing contrast

Biological motion is processed in V5. Select one: True False

False

Receptive fields of cells in the primary visual cortex are larger than receptive fields in the inferotemporal regions. Select one: True False

False

Which of the following statements explains why some patients are visually agnostic for living (animate) things but not nonliving (inanimate) things? Select one: Knowledge about different categories of objects is represented in different areas of primary visual cortex Inanimate objects may activate kinesthetic representations that animate objects do not Animate objects are more familiar than inanimate objects All of the above

Inanimate objects may activate kinesthetic representations that animate objects do not

Which of the following are true? Select one or more: Initiating too many movements may result from an abnormally inactive indirect pathway Initiating few movements may result from an abnormally inactive direct pathway Initiating few movements may result from an overactive direct pathway Initiating too many movements may result from an overactive indirect pathway

Initiating too many movements may result from an abnormally inactive indirect pathway Initiating few movements may result from an abnormally inactive direct pathway

Why is binocular disparity important? Select one: It helps to distinguish colours. It helps to distinguish movement. It helps to determine fine detail. It helps to determine depth.

It helps to determine depth

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the visual word form area? Select one: It reacts more strongly to words than strings of consonants it responds to left and right visual inputs It is only present in individuals who were instructed to read It is located bilaterally in occipitotemporal regions

It is located bilaterally in occipitotemporal regions

What is true about morphemes? Select one: Morphemes are the smallest unit of a writing system There are as many morphemes as letters Morphemes are the smallest unit of sounds that if changed would alter the meaning of the word Morphemes are the smallest unit of language that has definable meaning or grammatical function

Morphemes are the smallest unit of language that has definable meaning or grammatical function

The medial pathway linking the brain to the muscles controls what kind of movements? Select one: Movement of the trunk Movement of the head Movement of the lower leg and foot Movement of the arms, hands and fingers

Movement of the trunk

Before entering the brain, each optic nerve splits into two branches so that information from the ________ half of each retina crosses to the opposite side of the brain. Select one: left temporal right nasal

Nasal

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Broca's aphasia? Select one: Intact speech comprehension Telegraphic, effortful speech No awareness of the disorder Speech often lacks function words (e.g., "a", "the", "some")

No awareness of the disorder

A patient has an injury to the optic nerves, such that the branches of each optic nerve that normally cross to the opposite side of the brain at the optic chiasm are severed. The remaining branches, which do not cross to the other side of the brain, are intact. Which of the following best describes the effect of this injury on his vision? Select one: His brain now receives visual information only from the nasal half of each eye. Only information from the left visual field can enter his brain for processing. He can now see only by using his right eye; his left eye is functionally blind. Only the signal for half the visual field of each eye is processed by the brain.

Only the signal for half the visual field of each eye is processed by the brain.

What is hemiplegia? Select one: Paralysis of one side of the body because the motor cortex has been damaged Weakness of one side of the body because the motor cortex has been damaged Inability to carry out stereotyped movements because areas in the brainstem and spinal cord have been damaged Inability to move a particular body part because motor neurons have been damaged

Paralysis of one side of the body because the motor cortex has been damaged

Which cortical region is responsible for controlling the force and/or direction with which the motor plans are executed? Select one: Brainstem Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex Supplementary motor area

Primary motor cortex

Blindsight sometimes occurs in patients with damage to which area of the brain? Select one: Superior colliculus Lateral geniculate nucleus Medial geniculate nucleus Primary visual cortex

Primary visual cortex

Simple, complex, and hyper-complex (or end-stopped) cells have receptive fields that are responsive to bars of light oriented in particular ways. Where are they found? Select one: Retina Lateral geniculate nucleus Primary visual cortex Superior colliculus

Primary visual cortex

Binocular integration occurs in _____________________ . Binocular disparity is caused by _______________________ . Select one: a. Primary visual cortex; each eye providing a slightly different view of the world b. Lateral geniculate nucleus; each eye providing a slightly different view of the world c. Primary visual cortex; objects that are closer appear larger d. Superior colliculus; objects that are closer appear larger

Primary visual cortex; each eye providing a slightly different view of the world

Compared to right hemispheric damage, someone with damage to the ventral stream in their left hemisphere would have more deficits in which of the following. Select one: Naming objects Reading Categorizing similar objects Recognizing faces

Reading

Which of the following functions does NOT rely on the cerebellum? Select one: Maintaining posture/balance Reflexes Motor learning Adjusting the trajectory of dart throws when wearing prism eyeglasses

Reflexes

Which hemisphere of the brain plays a predominant role in recognizing other people's faces? Select one: Right Left Both hemispheres contribute equally

Right

Which of the following would be needed to kick out the left leg in response to a command by your doctor. Select one or more: Left motor cortex Medial corticospinal tract Right motor cortex Lateral corticospinal tract Motor Neurons

Right motor cortex Lateral corticospinal tract Motor Neurons

Where are rods and cones located? Select one: Cones are distributed in the periphery of the retina, whereas rods are distributed in the center or fovea. Rods and cones are distributed in the fovea of the retina. Rods are distributed in the periphery of the retina, whereas cones are distributed in the center or fovea. Rods and cones are distributed in the periphery of the retina.

Rods are distributed in the periphery of the retina, whereas cones are distributed in the center or fovea.

Which statement about photoreceptors is correct? Select one: Rods and cones are both sensitive to very small amounts of light. Rods are sensitive to very small amounts of light, cones function in broad daylight. Rods and cones both function optimally in broad daylight. Cones are sensitive to very small amounts of light, rods function in broad daylight.

Rods are sensitive to very small amounts of light, cones function in broad daylight.

The lateral occipital cortex (LOC) is particularly important for the processing of ... Select one: shape information semantic information shape and semantic information basic visual features

Shape information

Neurons forming networks described as Central Pattern Generators are located in ... Select one: Secondary Motor Cortex Motor Interneurons Primary Motor Cortex Spinal Cord & Brainstem

Spinal Cord & Brainstem

Which of the regions below is one of the main regions of the brain that plays a role in planning and preparing movements? Select one or more: Supplementary motor cortex Primary motor cortex Brainstem Premotor cortex

Supplementary motor cortex Premotor cortex

Which of the following statement is NOT true about the McGurk illusion? Select one: The illusion is exaggerated when TMS is applied over the superior temporal sulcus The illusion is experienced when the visual and auditory speech input are in conflict The illusion is experienced even when people know what causes it The illusion only occurs in fluent readers

The illusion is exaggerated when TMS is applied over the superior temporal sulcus

Which of the following statements is true about the visual system? [select all that apply] Select one or more: The right visual cortex receives information from only the left eye The superior colliculus is the main site of conscious processing of visual information. The optic chiasm is the sight in the brain where part of the information received by each eye crosses over to the contralateral hemisphere. Information from the right nasal retina is processed in the left primary visual cortex

The optic chiasm is the sight in the brain where part of the information received by each eye crosses over to the contralateral hemisphere. Information from the right nasal retina is processed in the left primary visual cortex

Language Processing: Which sentence would result in a P600 effect in event-related potentials? Select one: The player catched the ball The window couldn't stop laughing The ice cream was DELICIOUS all of the above

The player catched the ball

Cells in posterior regions of the ventral visual processing stream respond to relatively simple stimuli, whereas cells further along in more anterior regions fire only in response to much more complex visual stimuli. Select one: True False

True

Statistical learning is a form of implicit learning that is assumed to help identify words in a continuous stream of speech input. Select one: True False

True

The retina contains photoreceptor cells that are sensitive to wavelengths corresponding to the colors Select one: blue, green, red blue, red, yellow red, yellow, green yellow, blue, green

blue, green, red

The motor cortex controls movements on the ______________________ side of the body; and the cerebellum affects movements on the ____________________ side of the body. Select one: contralateral; contralateral ipsilateral ; contralateral ipsilateral ; ipsilateral contralateral ; ipsilateral

contralateral ; ipsilateral

Someone with associative agnosia would be able to __________ but would have difficulties with ________. Select one: Detect motion ; detecting location draw objects from memory ; naming objects name objects ; naming faces copy objects ; naming objects

copy objects ; naming objects

Achromatopsia is due to Select one: cortical lesions in area V4 the absence of rods in the retina the absence of cones in the retina cortical lesions in area V5

cortical lesions in area V4

In fMRI studies, when a stimulus is repeated, the BOLD response can be ________ for the second presentation compared to the first. This is known as the ________. Select one: decreased ; repetition suppression effect increased ; repetition suppression effect decreased ; repetition enhancement effect increased ; repetition enhancement effect

decreased ; repetition suppression effect

Face recognition is localized to the _________________ and scene recognition is localized to the _______________. Select one: Parietal lobe ; V1 parahippocampal area ; fusiform area fusiform area ; parahippocampal area V4 ; V5

fusiform area ; parahippocampal area

Someone with apperceptive agnosia ... [select all that apply] Select one or more: has damage to occipital regions has difficulty copying line drawings has difficulty forming a percept can perceive objects, but cannot assign meaning to percepts

has damage to occipital regions has difficulty copying line drawings has difficulty forming a percept

A patient suffering from apraxia Select one: has flaccid paralysis has difficulties linking individual movements together to perform meaningful actions has an unstable gait and posture can't perform simple movements

has difficulties linking individual movements together to perform meaningful actions

Patients with phonological dyslexia... Select one: cannot read their own writing make mistakes when reading irregular low-frequency words have difficulties reading pronounceable non-words make semantic errors in reading

have difficulties reading pronounceable non-words

Which of the following is true of the direct pathway of the basal ganglia? Select one: damage results in hemiplegia it ensures that unintended movements are inhibited it allows for the intended movement to be released from inhibition and in turn to be carried out it detects differences between intended movements and actual movements

it allows for the intended movement to be released from inhibition and in turn to be carried out

Patients with Wernicke's aphasia have damage/lesions in the Select one: right posterior region of the temporal lobe left posterior frontal lobe left inferior frontal gyrus left posterior region of the temporal lobe

left posterior region of the temporal lobe

Patients diagnosed with apraxia have ... [select all that apply] Select one or more: lesions in secondary motor areas difficulties performing simple movements (e.g., opening & closing fist) difficulties performing complex gestures (e.g., saluting) no sensation in the affected limbs muscle weakness

lesions in secondary motor areas difficulties performing complex gestures (e.g., saluting)

The premotor cortex .... Select one: prepares movements based on external contingencies converts intentions into self-guided actions damage results in ataxia controls the force and direction of movement

prepares movements based on external contingencies

The primary visual pathway is best described as Select one: retina →hippocampus →thalamus →superior colliculus →occipital lobe retina →cochlea →optic chiasm →thalamus →occipital lobe retina →optic nerve →hypothalamus →superior colliculus →occipital lobe retina →optic nerve →optic chiasm →thalamus →occipital lobe

retina →optic nerve →optic chiasm →thalamus →occipital lobe

When an object is presented again from a different viewpoint, the ____________________________ treats the object like a repetition of the same object. This has been tested using the __________________________ effect in fMRI, and is evidence for ____________________________ coding in object recognition. Select one: left ; repetition enhancement ; viewpoint-dependent left ; repetition suppression ; viewpoint-dependent left ; repetition suppression ; viewpoint-independent right ; repetition suppression ; viewpoint-independent

right ; repetition suppression ; viewpoint-independent

Due to a defect in one type of photoreceptor, Susan has poor vision at night, when light levels are relatively low. Which type of photoreceptor is defective? Select one: rods cornea cones ganglion cells

rods

ERP experiments show dissociations between the elicitation of the P600 and N400 components believed to reflect __________ and ____________, respectively. Select one: surprise, syntactical violations syntactical violations, semantic violations semantic violations, syntactical violations surprise, semantic violations

syntactical violations, semantic violations

Which of the following brain damage profiles would result in Pure Alexia? Select one: the anterior part of the corpus callosum and left occipitotemporal regions the anterior part of the corpus callosum and right occipitotemporal regions the posterior part of the corpus callosum and right occipitotemporal regions the posterior part of the corpus callosum and left occipitotemporal regions

the posterior part of the corpus callosum and left occipitotemporal regions

Which statement about mirror neurons is incorrect? Select one: neurons are active when a specific action is performed and when the same action is observed visually neurons are active when a specific action is performed and when the same action can be inferred from acoustic information they were first discovered in monkeys they were first detected in the parietal lobe

they were first detected in the parietal lobe