Cog Neuro Quiz Questions

(FQ) Someone in the vegetative state may appear to be ______ but _______ while the Owen's study suggests at least some of these individuals may be ________ and __________. a. Awake/unconscious; awake conscious b. Awake/unconscious; asleep/conscious c. Asleep/unconscious; awake/unconscious d. Asleep/conscious; awake/unconscious e. Awake/conscious; awake/unconscious

a. Awake/unconscious; awake conscious

(AQ) Assume you carried out an fMRI experiment in which participants had to indicate if an image of a hand corresponded to a right or left hand. You carried out analyses comparing the magnitude of the BOLD response in the body schema brain area for different conditions. Based on Parson's behavioral data and Ehrsson's study on the shrinking waist illusion, you would predict: a. Larger BOLD responses for imagined lateral hand movements compared to medial ones b. Larger BOLD responses for participants with larger bodies c. Larger BOLD responses for participants with larger hands d. Larger BOLD responses for imagined hand movements compared to foot movements

a. Larger BOLD responses for imagined lateral hand movements compared to medial ones

(CQ) You are less likely to know that its two mosquitoes instead of one that have bitten you on your back than on your face, because the receptive fields of sensory receptors on your back are ___________ and __________ on your back than on your face. a. Larger and further apart b. Smaller and closer together c. Smaller and further apart d. Larger and closer together

a. Larger and further apart

(AQ) Given what you've learned about the different types of receptors in the somatosensory system, the feeling ofstomach fullness after eating is most likely based on the responses of: a. Mechanoreceptors b. Nocioreceptors c. Chemoreceptors d. Proprioreceptors e. Any of the above

a. Mechanoreceptors

(CQ) Which statements below correctly describe priming? a. Priming is often expressed as an improvement of behavioral measurements such as accuracy or reaction times. b. Priming is a phenomenon related to both implicit and explicit memory. c. Amnesic patients like EP or HM do not display the priming effect. d. In a typical priming test, participants are asked to study a list of words and later tested if they can recognize a word as one that they have seen in the study or not.

a. Priming is often expressed as an improvement of behavioral measurements such as accuracy or reaction times.

(CQ) Analysis of facial expressions in congenitally blind individuals from Paralympic games suggest which of the following? a. facial expressions are hard wired rather than learned by imitation b. facial expressions emerge very early but only when one is sighted c. facial expressions are learned by imitating other people d. facial expressions develop as a communication tool between people

a. facial expressions are hard wired rather than learned by imitation

(CQ) In a masked priming paradigm, information about the neural substrates of consciousness is typically obtained by comparing brain activation for: a. Target items that participants respond to correctly vs. those they respond to incorrectly b. Unseen prime items vs. seen targets c. Seen primes vs. unseen targets d. Both a and b e. Both b and c

b. Unseen prime items vs. seen targets

CQ) The finding by Botvinick and Cohen (1988) that within 10 minutes subjects could experience a rubber hand as being their own hand shows that: a. Rapidly adapting tactile receptors play an important role in updating the body schema b. Visual input can play an important role in updating the body schema c. The body schema is rapidly updated to keep up with developmental changes in body size and shape from childhood to adulthood d. A & B e. A & C

b. Visual input can play an important role in updating the body schema

(AQ) In a typical recognition memory study, there can be four memory outcomes to the recognition test depending on a participant's response. In an example experiment, participant studied lists of words 'DESK, CHAIR, LEGO, TISSUE, BOTTLE'. Later, they were asked to answer whether they have seen the test word (by answering 'old') or not ('new'). List of test words were 'DESK, WATER, LEGO, PEAR, BOTTLE' and participants answered 'old, new, new, old, new' respectively. Which example below is a correct pairing each recognition memory test outcomes with example words? a. Hit: LEGO b. Miss: BOTTLE c. Correct rejection: PEAR d. False alarm: WATER e. None of the above

b. Miss: BOTTLE

(AQ) The study of blindsight has led researchers to propose that the ventral visual stream gives rise to visual awareness/consciousness. Why is this an example of a type of explanation that assumes that consciousness is the by-product of particular brain systems with some other primary function? a. Because the neurons of the ventral visual stream are specialized for consciousness b. Because the activity of neurons of the ventral and dorsal stream are synchronized to produce consciousness c. Because the neurons of the ventral stream are critical for object recognition d. a and c e. a and b

c. Because the neurons of the ventral stream are critical for object recognition

(AQ) Based on the lectures, you might expect that severing the connections between the mid-brain and the cortex would: a. Disrupt the basic capacity for consciousness b. Cause coma c. Disrupt the processes and information that "occupy" our conscious experience d. Cause rapid death e. Induce sleep

c. Disrupt the processes and information that "occupy" our conscious experience

(CQ) Under the hypothesis of unmasking of silent connections, the rapid changes in receptive field properties that Calford and Tweedale observed immediately after anesthetization of the thumb in flying foxes, occurred because the anesthesia temporarily a. Removed the normal inhibition of signals from the thumb to the cortical thumb area b. Removed the normal inhibition of signals from the thumb to the cortical hand area c. Removed the normal inhibition of signals from the hand to the cortical thumb area d. Removed the normal inhibition of signals from the hand to cortical hand area

c. Removed the normal inhibition of signals from the hand to the cortical thumb area

(AQ) Although in Merzenich's studies, the monkeys with amputations to digit 3 were not asked what they experienced when digit 4 was stimulated, by analogy to the remapping findings in human amputees, we would expect the monkeys to report: a. sensation in digit 3 only b. sensation in both digits 4 and 2 c. sensation in both digits 3 and 4 d. sensation in neither digit 3 or 4 e. sensation in digit 4 only

c. sensation in both digits 3 and 4

(CQ) In order to account for some of the apparent paradoxes of plasticity, Eagelman proposed that: a. Brain organization is hardwired, with nuture playing a minor role b. Brain organization is strictly genetically determined, with experience playing little or no role c. Brain organization is determined by nuture, with hard-wiring playing a minor role d. Brain organization is guided by genetic information, with experience playing a major role

d. Brain organization is guided by genetic information, with experience playing a major role

(FQ) In congenital or simulated syndactyly, the somatosensory map is distorted because: a. Tactile experiences are painful and less rewarding b. Fingers receive abnormally low levels of tactile stimulation c. Cortical compression has occurred d. Fingers receive an abnormal pattern of tactile stimulation e. Competition for neural resources

d. Fingers receive an abnormal pattern of tactile stimulation

(FQ) According to Dehaene, neurons specialized for consciousness are most likely to be found in which of the following lobe/s: a. Parietal and temporal b. Frontal and occipital c. Parietal and occipital d. Frontal and parietal

d. Frontal and parietal

(AQ) Patient JY has damage to the medial temporal lobe and is severely amnesic. Based on what you learned about similar case studies of EP and HM, which one of these tasks do you predict patient JY to be most impaired at? a. Word stem completion test for words b. Partial/Full report task c. Digit span task d. Recognition memory test for words e. Tower of Hanoi test

d. Recognition memory test for words

(FQ) Which of the areas below incorrectly pair between basic emotions and its associated brain areas? a. Disgust - Anterior Cingulate Cortex b. Fear - Amygdala c. Fear - Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis d. Sadness - Orbitofrontal Cortex e. Anger- Anterior Cingulate Cortex

d. Sadness - Orbitofrontal Cortex

CQ) Patient HP was severely depressed and received Electro-Convulsive shock Therapy (ECT) as a part of treatment for depression. Which one of the following memories is he most likely not to recall due to the ECT? a. New language he acquired 1 year after the ECT b. How to drive his car which he learned to in high school. c. The town where he went to high school 20 years ago. d. Where he was the night before the treatment. e. Name of the doctor he met 2 years ago.

d. Where he was the night before the treatment.

(FQ) Neuropsychological cases called Urbach-Wiethe disease suggest an important role of __________________ in processing specific emotional information about _________________. An eye-movement study with a patient with Urbach-Wiethe showed an abnormal eye-movement patterns compared to normal controls. For example, when perceiving faces, the patient's eye movement does not target the __________ part of faces which contains important information about _________. a. hippocampus; disgust; mouth; disgust b. hippocampus; fear; eye; fear c. amygdala; disgust; mouth; disgust d. amygdala; fear; eye; fear e. amygdala; fear; mouth; fear

d. amygdala; fear; eye; fear

(CQ) Long term memory can be categorized into declarative or non-declarative memory. Which of below examples best describes each memory? a. Declarative memory often includes procedural memories b. HM could not learn new words or language, but was able to learn new skills, suggesting a dissociation between declarative and non-declarative memory. c. Declarative memory often includes episodic memory of personal experiences d. Both A & B e. Both B & C

e. Both B & C

(FQ) In contrast to child-onset strabismus, in adult-onset strabismus we would NOT expect to see: a. Disruption in the coordination between the two eyes b. Loss of acuity c. Loss of depth perception d. a & c e. b & c

e. b & c

(CQ) Researchers found brain regions involved in different stages of memory: encoding, consolidation and retrieval stages. To localize brain regions involved with encoding, researchers contrast between _____________________ in recognition memory test and found involvement of ________________________. Patient research has shown a critical involvement of _____________________ in consolidation. To localize brain regions involved with retrieval, researchers contrast between __________________ in recognition memory test and found involvement of _________________________. a. hits vs. misses; posterior parietal lobes; hippocampus; hits vs. correct rejection; posterior parietal lobes. b. hits vs. correct rejection; hippocampus; prefrontal cortex; hits vs. misses; hippocampus c. hits vs. misses; posterior parietal lobes; hippocampus; hits vs. false alarms; posterior parietal lobes. d. hits vs. correct rejection; posterior parietal lobes; hippocampus; hits vs. misses; posterior parietal lobes. e. hits vs. misses; posterior parietal lobes; prefrontal cortex; hits vs. correct rejection; posterior parietal lobes.

a. hits vs. misses; posterior parietal lobes; hippocampus; hits vs. correct rejection; posterior parietal lobes.

(CQ) Which one of the following is TRUE about the subsequent memory paradigm? a. fMRI data are sorted differently based on subsequent memory performance, which allows to test whether brain activation during encoding stages of memory differ depending on subsequence memory performance. b. fMRI signals are being recorded during the retrieval stages of memory. c. Researchers using subsequent memory paradigm found that the same regions within the medial temporal lobe are involved in both recollection and familiarity memory. d. Subsequent memory paradigm showed that activation in parietal areas during encoding can predict if an item will be remembered or forgotten later.

a. fMRI data are sorted differently based on subsequent memory performance, which allows to test whether brain activation during encoding stages of memory differ depending on subsequence memory performance.

(AQ) The case study of patient KF provides an important insight into the relationship between short-term and long-term memory. Which one of the following statements is NOT TRUE about the case of patient KF? The case of KF suggests that when a patient is impaired in short term memory, long-term memory is impaired as well because it is created through the short term memory system. a. The case of KF provides one piece of evidence to reject the logic of modal model of memory b. Patient KF had a very low digit span, suggesting a strong impairment in short-term memory c. The case of KF suggests that parieto-temporal lobe is important for short-term memory but not long term memory. d. The case of KF suggests that when a patient is impaired in short term memory, long-term memory is impaired as well because it is created through the short term memory system. e. The case of KF suggests that short term and long term memory systems are relatively independent learning systems.

d. The case of KF suggests that when a patient is impaired in short term memory, long-term memory is impaired as well because it is created through the short term memory system

(CQ) Which one of these are supporting evidence AGAINST the James-Lange theory of emotion? a. When the connection between the body and the brain was damaged, the animal still had emotional behavior. b. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) responds the same way across multiple emotional states. c. When you inject adrenaline to the animal or human, it is not enough to create emotion. d. Physiological reactions to the stimulus are temporally too slow to be the basis of emotional experience. e. All of these examples

e. All of these examples

(AQ) A critical finding in Schachter and Singer's experiment led to a proposal that emotion is a result of two factors: physical arousal and a cognitive appraisal. Which of the following was the most critical comparison for the researchers to conclude that 'cognitive appraisal and labeling of the experience' is a critical component in an emotional processing? a. participants who received adrenaline VS. participants who did not receive adrenaline b. participants who received adrenaline and got correct information about real effects of adrenaline VS. participants who received adrenaline and got incorrect information about effects of adrenaline c. participants who saw an angry confederate VS. participants who saw a happy confederate d. participants who received adrenaline and got correct information about real effects of adrenaline VS. participants who received adrenaline and got no information e. both b and d

e. both b and d

(CQ) It is suggested that there are two distinct components in retrieval of memory: recollection and familiarity. Which statements below best describes the two components? a. Recollection involves correctly remembering the source or context of how the item/object/person was encoded (e.g., where, when, under what task, etc.) b. When you see a person and feel that you know the person, but not sure of their name or where you have seen the person, then you don't have recollection memory for that person. c. fMRI research suggests that recollection and familiarity both involve medial temporal lobe regions, but different specific structures within a medial temporal lobe. d. Recollection memory can be tested by testing the source of memory while familiarity can be tested by testing d confidence ratings. e. All of the above.

e. All of the above

(FQ) In a randomized cross-over study carried out by Chan et al., it was found that: a. All three therapies, including the mirror therapy, significantly reduced phantom limb pain b. Phantom pain was reduced for the participants in the mirror therapy condition c. Participants in the covered mirror and mental visualization conditions improved only after they crossed over to receive the mirror therapy d. All of the above e. B and C only

e. B and C only

15. (AQ) John was asked to recall an episodic memory of an old departmental picnic event. He could remember many details of the event, such as who went to the picnic together, day of the week, and what type of barbecue he ate in the park. However, he could not remember the name of a park that they went for a picnic. This is most likely a failure in which one of these stages of memory processing? a. pattern separation b. pattern evaluation c. feature binding d. pattern completion

pattern completion