Cog Psych Chapter 10

20. Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ____ representations. A. epiphenomenal B. propositional C. spatial D. unilateral

C

22. OVER (MOON, MIAMI) is a _____ representation. A. depictive B. spatial C. propositional D. descriptive

C

16. Mental-scanning experiments found A. a positive linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. B. a negative linear relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. C. a constant scanning time for all locations on an image. D. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.

A

23. The propositional approach uses all of the following to describe the mechanism responsible for mental imagery EXCEPT A. nodes. B. language. C. spatial layouts. D. symbols.

C

25. Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature? A. The results of scanning experiments B. Depictive representations C. The tacit-knowledge explanation D. none of these (they all support the idea that imagery is spatial)

C

32. Imagery neurons respond to A. all visual images. B. only visual images in a specific category. C. visual images as well as objects in a specific category. D. all objects.

C

18. The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery A. actually exists. B. can be used to solve spatial problems. C. is similar for all people. D. Is based on spatial or language mechanisms

D

19. Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure. A. mental scanning B. categorization C. priming D. mental walk

A

15. The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves A. visual icons. B. mental images. C. perceptual images. D. none of these

B

52. The rule-based approach to mechanical problem-solving is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ____ representations. A. spatial B. propositional C. tacit D. neuron

B

1. Mental imagery involves A. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. B. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. C. sensory representations of a stimulus. D. all of these

A

12. Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company's CEO, Ms. Bing. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Bing's first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. For which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial? A. 30 degrees B. 60 degrees C. 90 degrees D. 180 degrees

A

17. Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _____ seconds. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 6

A

33. Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? A. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." B. Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. C. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. D. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

A

50. The mental simulation approach for solving mechanical problems is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ____ representations. A. spatial B. propositional C. symbolic D. verbal

A

14. Ben has had problems with the pipes in his apartment. First, he had a clog in his bathroom sink, and then two months later, his garbage disposal in the kitchen sink clogged. Ben's superintendant told him he was not adequately flushing the debris from his pipes. She suggested that he run the water a little longer and visualize the debris (be it carrot peelings or toothpaste) traveling through the pipes all the way out to the sewer connection in the street. Using this technique, Ben has had no more clogs. The superintendant's suggestion involved A. image synthesis. B. mental scanning. C. method of loci. D. propositional representations.

B

28. Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment. A. image scanning B. mental walk task C. mental synthesis D. mental set

B

44. In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that A. perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. B. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. C. imagery is more stable than perception. D. imagery occurs more automatically than perception.

B

7. Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? A. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception. B. Thought is always accompanied by imagery. C. People can rotate images of objects in their heads. D. Imagery is closely related to language.

B

2. One of Sarah's friends asks her to describe her new house by asking her how many windows are on the front of it. After a minute, Sarah answers 12. She has most likely used _____ in answering the question. A. visual search B. her visual icon C. visual imagery D. mental chronometry

C

29. Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing A. right at the front door. B. two feet from the front door. C. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. D. one mile away from the house.

C

43. In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process. A. bottom-up; bottom-up B. top-down; top-down C. bottom-up; top-down D. top-down; bottom-up

C

51. The water-pouring problem, in particular, shows that its solution using imagery cannot depend on A. a rule-based approach. B. mental simulation. C. tacit-knowledge. D. working memory.

C

13. Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated A. how easy mental rotation is for humans. B. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. C. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. D. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

D

27. Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside A. a coyote. B. another rabbit. C. an elephant. D. a fly.

D

3. Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game. A. mental chronometry B. mental synthesis C. visual imagery D. inner audition

D

42. To explain the fact that some neuropsychological studies show close parallels between perceptual deficits and deficits in imagery, while other studies do not find this parallel, it has been proposed that the mechanism for imagery is located at _____ visual centers and the mechanism for perception is located at _____ visual centers. A. lower; higher B. higher; lower C. both lower and higher; higher D. higher; both lower and higher

D