Cog Psych Final Exam

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema?

If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends on Saturday night.

______________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

Implicit

Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding?

It is unlikely to be correct because there are to many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each.

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching tv in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauze comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the tv, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

Late Selection

Jessica participated in an experiment in which she needed to select every hyacinth among a series of images. Although there were only 50 images of hyacinths in the experiment, Jessica identified 60 flowers as hyacinths. What type of bias did she display?

Liberal; her C was negative

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process.

constructive

Operators are usually governed by ...

rules

As the _________ of a stimulus increases, __________ tends to __________.

salience; fixation; increase

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called.....

same-object advantage

Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of .....

scene schema

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen....

schema

According to your test, imagery enhances memory because....

imagery can be used to create connections btwn items to be remembered.

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not depend on conscious memory

implicit and procedural

Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?

inattentional blindness

________ occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answer while doing something else.

incubation

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.

inductive

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that....

information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because ....

the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because....

the length of iconic sensory memory is about a fraction of a second

The perception pathway corresponds to the _______ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the ______ pathway.

what; where

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is ...

15-20 seconds or less.

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A turtle is an animal

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect functional network activity in the brain?

consistent

Taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are then used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings, is similar to which of the following neural concepts?

Hierarchical processing

A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?

Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

A patient with which of the following disorders would have trouble combining features such as color, form motion, and location into the perception of a coherent object?

Balint's Syndrome

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because is involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain?

Broca's area

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the MAPPING step of this process?

Connecting the fortress with the tumor

_____________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption.

Consolidation

Which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation"?

Default mode network

Which of the following ways to measure brain activity involves surgery?

ECOG: electrocorticography

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.

___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

Exemplars

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable?

Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman

Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

Parallel distributed processing theory

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

Pragmatic inference

Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?

Recognizing a crying friend's sounds as words in a sentence

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

Repetition

_____________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

Consider the following syllogism: Premise 1: All dogs are cats. Premise 2: All cats say "meow". Conclusion: Therefore all dogs say "meow". Which statement below describes this syllogism?

The conclusion is valid

If you listened to audio of the syllable /ta/ played over and over, but watched a video of a man saying /da/, what syllable would you perceive and why?

The syllable /da/ because your brain weighs visual information over auditory information.

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow.

This argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

Truck

When does bottom-up processing start?

When environmental energy stimulates the receptors

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates ....

a build up and release of proactive interference

Which of the following is NOT a challenge in designing a self-driving car?

a car does not have a wealth of bottom-up information to draw upon

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect...

a failure of memory consolidation

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of _________________ in problem solving.

analogy

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________.

abstractions

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented....

after the event.

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldnt be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ______________ .

an activity state followed by a synaptic state

Wally and Shamika are out on a date. When Shamika asks where they should go for dinner, Wally says, "My coworkers keep telling me about that new japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat. Wally's response illustrates the use of ....

an availability heuristic

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?

anterior temporal lobe

The existence of transitional properties adds a ________ quality to learning and using language.

anticipatory

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements ....

are determined primarily by the task.

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories...

arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the the the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was...

auditory from a female speaker.

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the ......

availability heuristic

Which parts of neurons are also known as a "nerve fiber"?

axons

A person with strong _______ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence.

beliefs

If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following?

binding

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with...

connectionists networks

The belief bias causes people to be more likely to judge ...

both b and c are correct.

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time.

bread and butter

Mantayla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created ....

by the person whose memory will be tested

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people ...

can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side.

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node.

can fly; bird

Which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception?

conscious

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that ...

chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?

close attention

Illusory conjunctions are ......

combinations of features from different stimuli

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network ....

connection weights

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM.

control

Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion?

cortisol

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved....

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using ________________ .

deductive reasoning

Which brain network is MOST associated with creativity and imagination?

default mode network

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization.

definitional

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to...

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Which part of the neuron transmits signals to other neurons?

dendrites

Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention?

dictionary unit

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that....

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT ....

failing to elaborately rehearse these kinds of events due to fear

Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________.

repressed

The typicality effect predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is __________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird".

faster than

Neurons that respond to the specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called ...

feature detectors

The process of analogical encoding is focused on ________.

finding similarity

Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ...

fixation

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the _________ of retrieved memories.

fragility

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that .....

has high stimulus salience

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to...

have participants count backwards for 20 seconds after hearing the last word of the list

There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin,

he should use his coin in the small machine.

Research shows that __________ does not improve reading compehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of material.

highlighting

K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests...

intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then Ill get a good grade. Premise 2: I got a good grade. Conclusion: Therefore, I studied. This syllogism is ...

invalid

Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network?

learning

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the _________ of words.

meaning

Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following?

means-end analysis

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves ....

more exemplars than Bob's.

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the....

narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as

neural circuits

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

neurons that fire together, wire together

Which substance is released when signals reach the synapse at the end of the axon?

neurotransmitters

Gick and Holyoak proposed that analogical problem solving involves the following three steps:

noticing, mapping, and applying

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if ...

one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _______ in forming reliable long-term memories.

organizational context

Speech segmentation is defined as ...

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words

Utility refers to ...

outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's ________ attention.

overt

A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _________ lobe.

pariental

The implicit association test helps reveal a person's implicit biases because ......

people respond faster to categorize items and people they like into categories with positive terms.

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.

relaxed

The Gestalt Psychologists believe that...

perception is affected by experience, but built in principles can override experience

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying ....

perseveration

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of...

persistence of vision

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a

picket fence

Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of brain will have the LEAST connection to the more PERSONAL aspects of Latoya's memory?

prefrontal cortex

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's _________ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

prefrontal cortex

Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the ________ may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the ________ is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome.

prefrontal cortex; insula

In Bayesian inference, what two probabilities get combined?

prior probabilities & liklihood

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to ...

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the ___________ in the receptor's axon.

rate of nerve firing

The expected utility theory of decision making is grounded in which of the following?

rationality

Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment?

receptors

The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the .....

regularly occurring physical properties of an environment

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory.

schemas

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from .....

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.

selective

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

semantic category

The ___________ model was the first to include associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation.

semantic network

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are ...

sensory memory, short term memory, and longterm memory

Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?

sensory, short-term, long-term

The technique where the participants task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as.......

shadowing

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from ...

short term memory to long term memory

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true ...

simply because we have been exposed to them before

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is ....

the falsification principle

Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories.

skill

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change in the questions about an event can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the word(s) that had the effect on the subject's reports was (were) the word(s):

smashed

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is ....

somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _________________ problem.

source

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and ....

source misattribution

The experiment in which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names that they had heard the day before illustrated the effect of __________ on memory.

source misattributions

When 3 inputs converge on a single neuron at different locations, this is an example of:

spatial summation

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the ________ bias.

status quo

Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances.

strong

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT

the falsification principle

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is ...

strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information.

superordinate level to basic level

Experts _________________ than novices.

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

Stayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the se of "hands free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that ...

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT ...

task cueing

The cocktail party effect is ....

the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.

Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component?

the attenuator

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on...

the average of category members that have been encountered in the past.

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if...

the box is empty.

When the axon is at rest, the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 millivolts more negative than the outside. This difference will continue as long as ....

the neuron is at rest

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos .....

the person took himself or herself

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that...

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

In an experiment that combined both physiological and behavioral approaches to the study of decision making, prefrontal cortex activity was recorded while participants accepted or rejected proposals to split a sum of money ($10). Prefrontal cortex activation was ...

the same for accepted and rejected offers.

What differentiates bottom-up processing from top-down processing?

the source of the information

Insight refers to...

the sudden realization of a problem's solution

Which of the following is a basic principle of Gestalt Psychology?

the whole is different from the sum of its parts

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that...

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Which of the following is not considered a starting point for perception?

thinking

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.

top-down

"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of .....

top-down processing

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

top-down processing

According to Baddeley's model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect peoples driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar winding road?

trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether...

two presented stimuli are both words.

Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops?

viewpoint variance

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine....

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

People tend to overestimate .....

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called ...

working memory

Working memory differs from short term memory in that ...

working memory is engaged in processing information.