cog psych test bank 2

18. Physicians make a determination of brain death based in part on the lack of activity of the ____. a. midbrain b. brainstem c. medulla oblongata d. cerebellum

b

20. Which part of the hindbrain contains neural fibers that pass signals from one part of the brain to another and thus serves as a relay station? a. medulla oblongata b. pons c. cerebellum d. limbic system

b

27. The cerebral cortex is often referred to as ____, whereas the myelinated nerve fibers of the brain's interior are often called ____. a. contralateral; ipsilateral b. gray matter; white matter c. ipsilateral; contralateral d. white matter; gray matter

b

29. Most motor information transmission is ____. a. parietal b. contralateral c. ipsilateral d. occipital

b

33. French physician Marc Dax noticed a relationship between the loss of speech and the side of the brain in which damage had occurred in patients suffering from ____. a. prosopagnosia b. aphasia c. ablation d. schizophrenia

b

34. Paul Broca believed that ____. a. localization of function does not exist b. the left hemisphere of the brain is critical to normal speech function c. the right hemisphere of the brain is critical to normal speech function d. neither hemisphere of the brain is critical to normal speech function

b

36. Which part of the left hemisphere of the brain appears to contribute to language comprehension? a. Dax's area b. Wernicke's area c. Lashley's area d. Broca's area

b

39. The approach to studying the brain in order to understand what specific part of the brain controls what specific skills or behaviors is called ____. a. synthesis b. localization of function c. ecological validity d. lobotomy

b

40. What percentage of the adult population has language functions predominantly localized in the left hemisphere of the brain? a. 100 b. 90 c. 50 d. 20

b

41. When viewing a picture that is half one person's face and half another person's face, a split brain patient would most likely ____. a. ask why you are showing her half of two different faces b. say the image portrays the whole face of whomever is depicted on the right side c. point to the image of the whole face of whomever is depicted on the right side d. simply be unable to answer because the question seems nonsensical

b

47. The parietal lobe is primarily responsible for ____. a. planning and execution of movement b. somatosensory processing c. auditory processing d. visual processing

b

49. Tom puts his hand on a warm stove burner and senses the heat coming from the stove. The message of warmth travels from his hand to which lobe of the brain? a. occipital b. parietal c. temporal d. frontal

b

59. Three types of chemical substances appear to be involved in neurotransmission: ____. a. monoamine neurotransmitters, amino-acid neurotransmitters, and neurobinders b. monoamine neurotransmitters, amino-acid neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides c. amino-acid neurotransmitters, neurobinders, and cerebropeptides d. monoamine neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and neurobinders

b

6. Which of the following processes would most likely involve the limbic system? a. Bill stretches his arms high into the air. b. Bill is walking home at night and is startled by a runner. c. Bill solves a physics problem. d. Bill feels an acute pain in his wrist.

b

61. Which neurotransmitter is most associated with attention, reward and reinforcement, learning, and motivational processes? a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. GABA d. serotonin

b

63. Kent is a chronic alcoholic and is homeless. As a result of both his chronic heavy alcohol use and his dietary deficiencies, Kent's ____ has deteriorated and he is experiencing memory problems. a. hypothalamus b. hippocampus c. septum d. amygdala

b

74. Which technique for studying cognition temporarily disrupts normal activity of the brain in a very small area by placing a coil on the person's head and passing a current through it? a. EEG b. TMS c. MRI d. MEG

b

77. Another name for a tumor is ____. a. hemorrhagia b. neoplasm c. ischemia d. apraxia

b

8. The ____ and ____ both play a role in anger. a. amygdala; hippocampus b. septum; amygdala c. hippocampus; septum d. primary motor cortex; septum

b

Derrick has a number of electrodes attached to his head. He is probably about to participate in a study involving use of ____. a. fMRI b. ERPs c. PET d. CT scan

b

1. The forebrain includes the ____. a. corpus callosum, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex b. hippocampus, medulla, pons, and thalamus c. cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, the limbic system, thalamus, and hypothalamus d. amygdala, reticular activating system, and corpus callosum

c

10. Which of the following would most likely involve activity in the amygdala? a. Wilma sees a cute cat but the cat will not come when she calls. b. Wilma talks about her own pets, who she obviously loves c. Wilma is frightened when the horse she is riding rears up. d. Wilma leans over to pet a large dog who likes to be petted.

c

13. Disruption in the hippocampus does NOT seem to result in deficits in ____ memory. a. declarative b. short-term c. procedural d. long-term

c

22. Connell, age 32, was in a bad motorcycle accident. He was airlifted to a tertiary care facility and when his family arrived, they were informed that it was likely Connell was brain dead. To determine whether Connell is, in fact, brain dead, his doctors must determine that his ____ has been damaged so severely that various reflexes of the head (e.g., the pupillary reflex) are absent for more than 12 hours. a. frontal lobe b. corpus callosum c. brainstem d. pons

c

26. The cerebral cortex is ____. a. the main lobe of the forebrain b. the bridge between the left and the right hemispheres of the brain c. a one- to three-millimeter-thick layer that covers the surface of the brain d. a layer, covering the surface of the brain, that comprises about 60% of the brain

c

3. The limbic system is important to ____. a. memory retrieval b. relaying sensory information c. emotion, motivation, and learning d. motor information

c

30. The corpus callosum serves to ____. a. make certain contralateral transmissions ipsilateral b. regulate the transmission of information along the cerebral cortex c. allow transmission of information between the left and right hemispheres d. transmit information from the left and right hemispheres to the spinal cord

c

42. Juan has a disorder affecting his ability to perform skilled movements. Juan most likely has ____. a. dyslexia b. aphasia c. apraxia d. agnosia

c

43. ____ is well known for his work with split-brain patients. a. Lashley b. Broca c. Gazzaniga d. Dax

c

48. The main functions of the temporal and occipital lobes, respectively, are ____. a. visual processing and auditory processing b. gustatory processing and olfactory processing c. auditory processing and visual processing d. olfactory processing and gustatory processing

c

50. Mary wakes up in the middle of the night to hear a loud thump coming from the stairway. She then hears creaking and a voice whispering. Her ____ lobe makes it possible for her to hear the sounds. a. occipital b. parietal c. temporal d. frontal

c

51. Joe is walking around a room completely in the dark. He cannot see anything. When he feels the doorknob with his hand, he pulls the door open. What location in the brain most directly enabled him to accomplish what he attempted? a. the temporal lobe b. the occipital lobe c. the parietal lobe d. the cerebral fissures

c

53. The parietal lobe contains the ____, which is involved in experiencing pressure, texture, temperature, and pain. a. association areas b. primary motor cortex c. primary somatosensory cortex d. primary visual cortex

c

58. The chemical messengers of the nervous system are called ____. a. synapse b. hormones c. neurotransmitters d. neurobinders

c

68. Which technique to study the living brain is based on examining the recording of the electrical frequencies and intensities of the brain over time? a. CT b. PET c. EEG d. MRI

c

69. Which techniques for studying the brain obtain a still image that can help with revealing the structures of the brain? a. metabolic techniques b. electrical techniques c. static techniques d. functional techniques

c

72. Which type of metabolic imaging technique uses a radioactive form of oxygen that emits positrons as it is metabolized to look at the physiological functioning of the brain in action? a. EEG b. GMT c. PET d. ERPs

c

79. Which type of stroke is due to a blood vessel in the brain suddenly breaking and filling the surrounding tissue with blood, causing cells to die? a. ischemic stroke b. neoplasms c. hemorrhagic stroke d. aphasic stroke

c

80. Some individuals experience closed-head injuries in combat or in accidents. What characterizes a closed-head injury? a. The skull has been penetrated and the brain has been damaged. b. There is no evidence of any physical damage but there is a psychological disorder. c. The skull has not been penetrated but there is damage to the brain. d. The damage has occurred over time as a result of repeated head injuries.

c

Sonia lays in a hospital bed and cannot be awakened. Scans of her brain show damage to the ____, which is important for regulating overall level of consciousness. a. corpus callosum b. white matter c. reticular activating system d. medulla oblongata

c

12. Damage to the hippocampus can result in loss of memory function in which old information can be recalled but new memories cannot be formed. One form of hippocampal damage is called ____. a. "locked-in" syndrome b. apraxia c. aphasia d. Korsakoff's syndrome

d

15. Which area of the brain is known to sort information and send it to appropriate areas in the cerebral cortex? a. hippocampus b. basil ganglia c. amygdala d. thalamus

d

19. The ____, located in the hindbrain, is responsible for controlling the heartbeat, and to some extent, breathing, swallowing, and digestion. a. pons b. cerebellum c. cerebral cortex d. medulla oblongata

d

21. Which part of the hindbrain is responsible for coordination, balance, and muscle tone and also includes memory related to procedural movements? a. hypothalamus b. amygdala c. septum d. cerebellum

d

23. Which patient has symptoms consistent with damage to the medulla oblongata? a. The patient who is experiencing both short-term and long-term memory loss b. The patient who is not able to sense pain or pressure c. The patient who displays irregular aggression patterns d. The patient who experiences heartbeat irregularity and breathing problems

d

25. The convolutions of the cerebral cortex comprise ____, which are small grooves; ____, which are raised areas or bulges; and ____, which are large grooves. a. sulci; fissures; gyri b. fissures; sulci; gyri c. gyri; fissures; sulci d. sulci; gyri; fissures

d

35. Based on extensive research, Karl Lashley concluded that localization of specific memories ____. a. can be demonstrated through the use of a large variety of techniques b. can be demonstrated only by using incision c. can be demonstrated only by using ablation d. cannot be demonstrated

d

45. The frontal lobe is responsible for ____. a. sensing pain and pressure b. visual processing c. auditory processing d. higher thought processes and motor processing

d

46. Which of the following would most likely involve the use of the frontal lobe? a. Tia sees her finger in a nutcracker. b. Tia feels incredible pain when she gets her finger caught in a nutcracker. c. Tia hears a nutcracker closing. d. Tia considers how to use an oddly designed nutcracker to crack a nut.

d

5. Dysfunction of the basal ganglia is known to cause ____. a. visual agnosia b. semantic memory loss c. extreme fear d. motor deficits

d

52. Which part of the brain, located in the frontal lobe, is important for controlling movement? a. the ventricles b. the cerebral fissures c. somatosensory cortex d. primary motor cortex

d

54. Although the brain makes up only one fortieth of the total weight of the adult human body, it uses ____ of the circulating blood, available oxygen, and available glucose. a. one-thirtieth b. one-twentieth c. one-tenth d. one-fifth

d

55. Cells called ____ transmit information throughout the nervous system. a. glia b. astrocytes c. myelin d. neurons

d

62. Which neurotransmitter is important for regulating impulsivity and is associated with eating behavior as well as aggressive behavior? a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. GABA d. serotonin

d

65. Which of the following is NOT an in vivo technique for viewing the structures and functions of the brain? a. recording the electrical activity of the brain b. still-imaging of the brain (e.g., CT scan, MRI scan) c. examining how radioactive material is transported and used in the brain d. dissecting the brain to locate possible lesions

d

75. Which technique involves measuring brain activity through detection of magnetic fields by placing a device over the head? a. TMS b. fMRI c. EEG d. MEG

d

78. Which type of stroke occurs when fatty tissue that has built up over years breaks free and then becomes lodged in an artery in the brain? a. neoplastic stroke b. hemorrhagic stroke c. dementing stroke d. ischemic stroke

d

Tan, a patient of Broca's who had severe speech problems, was capable of uttering only one syllable "Tan" (hence the name). After Tan's death, examination of his brain revealed a number of lesions in the frontal lobe. It was ascertained from this that parts of the frontal lobe are important for speech production. Gathering knowledge from someone about brain function after death with known difficulties is an example of ____. a. Broca's technique b. brain capacity functional analysis c. in vivo techniques d. postmortem studies

d

64. In which technique do researchers document the behaviors of individuals thought to have brain damage and then, after the person dies, examine the brain for lesions? a. postmortem studies b. in vivo techniques c. ipsilateral transmission d. brain damage analysis (BDA)

a

7. When the amygdala is stimulated, what reactions are likely to result? a. fearful hallucinations, frightening flashbacks in memory b. dizziness, headache, loss of consciousness c. insomnia, inability to concentrate, restlessness d. intense concentration

a

71. What type of technique takes advantage of the brain's consumption of glucose or oxygen and specifically looks for which part of the brain is most active during more generalized processing? a. metabolic techniques b. electrical techniques c. static techniques d. functional techniques

a

73. Which neuroimaging technique is able to look at increases in oxygen use to produce an image of the working brain? a. fMRI b. MRI c. CT d. ERP

a

76. Which disorder is caused by an interruption in the flow of blood to the brain and often results in noticeable loss in cognitive functioning? a. vascular disorder b. dementing disorder c. neurodegenerative disorder d. neoplastic disorder

a

9. Which of the following would most likely involve the septum? a. Mike is frightened by a man pointing a knife at him. b. Mike remembered a man who sold him a knife. c. Mike sees a man who using a knife to peel vegetables. d. Mike sees a photo of a man whittling with a knife.

a

Which static imaging technique uses a strong magnetic field to analyze magnetic changes in the energy of the orbits of nuclear particles in the molecules of the body? a. MRI b. BSE c. ERT d. PET

a

11. The ____ plays a critical role in the formation of new memories. a. thalamus b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. aphasia

b

14. Jennifer has damage to a certain area of her brain. She can remember people and events from long ago, but she cannot remember where she ate lunch today. Judging by her symptoms, Jennifer may have damage to the ____. a. hypothalamus b. hippocampus c. thalamus d. corpus callosum

b

16. Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating behavior that is important for the survival of the organism and regulating emotions and reactions to stress? a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. pons d. cerebellum

a

17. Although the midbrain is not as important in mammals as in nonmammals, it is significant in that it houses the reticular activating system, which is essential in regulating ____. a. consciousness, heartbeat, and breathing b. bodily coordination, balance, and muscle tone c. breathing, swallowing, and digestion d. the signals passing from one part of the brain to another

a

2. The basal ganglia of the forebrain are crucial to ____. a. motor function b. hearing c. sleeping and waking d. regulating behavior necessary for species survival

a

28. ____ refers to transmission of information to the opposite side, whereas ____ refers to transmission to the same side. a. Contralateral; ipsilateral b. Occipital; frontal c. Ipsilateral; contralateral d. Parietal; temporal

a

31. Suppose there are two radio stations, one receiving signals from the western hemisphere and one receiving signals from the eastern hemisphere. A cable connects the two stations so that signals sent out from one half of the world can be transmitted to the other half. This cable is analogous to the brain's ____. a. corpus callosum b. cerebral cortex c. white matter d. medulla oblongata

a

32. The two halves of the brain, which rely on the corpus callosum for communication, are called _____. a. hemispheres b. lobes c. contralaterals d. caudals

a

37. Split-brain patients sometimes have difficulty reconciling information that is ____ and thus largely localized in the left hemisphere with information that is ____ and thus generally localized in the right hemisphere. a. verbal; spatial b. spatial; verbal c. visual; auditory d. tactile; olfactory

a

38. Which abilities have been found to be localized on the right side of the brain for most split-brain patients? a. the ability to follow stories b. nearly all language functions c. skilled, purposeful movement d. finding patterns in visual stimuli

a

4. All of the following are part of the limbic system EXCEPT the ____. a. primary motor cortex b. septum c. amygdala d. hippocampus

a

44. The cerebral hemispheres and cortex can be divided into four parts, called ____, that are largely arbitrary anatomical regions divided by fissures. a. lobes b. sulci c. gyri d. ventricles

a

56. What is the junction between terminal buttons of one neuron with the dendrites of other neurons called? a. synapse b. soma c. nodes d. hillock

a

57. At the end of the branches of an axon are the ____, which look like small knobs. a. terminal buttons b. synapses c. nodes of Ranvier d. astrocytes

a

60. Adrian has Alzheimer's and has a difficult time with his memory. The doctors say that his memory difficulties are associated with low levels of ____. a. acetylcholine b. dopamine c. dratonin d. serotonin

a