Cognition and Learning Exam 1 Review

The primary effect of chunking is to:

Increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

Negative reinforcement _______ responding; punishment _______ responding.

Increases; decreases

Scene schema is

Knowledge about what is contained in a typical sense

The first formal laboratory of psychology, where the approach of structuralism was created, was founded in which city?

Leipzig, Germany

According to Treisman's attenuation model, what would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?

The word "platypus"

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _______ processing.

Top-down

One of the most famous examples of classical conditioning was John B. Watson's Baby Albert experiment. Albert initially showed no fear toward the white rat, but after the presentation and pairing the white rat with loud, banging noises the child showed fear when the white rat was present. Complete the diagram. ________ + _______ = __________ ___________=__________

Unconditioned stimulus+Neutral stimulus=Unconditioned response Conditioned stimulus=Conditioned response

What is an operant schedule in which reinforcers are available for the first response after a variable amount of time, which averages out over many intervals to some predetermined interval value.

Variable interval

What statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?

We must understand the basic components of perception.

What structure is found in the temporal lobe?

Wernicke's area

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is not one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

Experiencing neuromodulation

Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called

Feature detectors

Russel has learned that every time he sees a green flag flying atop the life guard's stand at the beach the conditions are perfect for swimming and that he can go into the water. This describes a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed interval

Some restaurants reward customers with a free meal after they have purchased ten entrees. This describes a ______ schedule of reinforcement.

Fixed ratio

What is an operant conditioning procedure that involves reinforcing the last of a specific number of responses?

Fixed ratio

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of:

Good continuation

The Stroop effect demonstrates:

How automatic processing can interfere with intended processing.

Behaviorists believe that the presentation of ______ increases the frequency of behavior.

Positive reinforcers

A synapse is:

The gap that separates two different neurons

Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?

A chemical process takes place in the synapse.

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by:

An inborn biological program

Which method, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?

Analytic introspection

Action potentials occur in the

Axon

Who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement?

B.F Skinner

Which psychologist is known for research on operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner

Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of:

Behaviorism

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of ____ processing.

Bottom-up

The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of what type of experiment?

Classical Conditioning

Describe and differentiate classical and operant conditioning.

Classical conditioning focuses on training responses using a combo of stimuli (unconditioned and neutral) until the two are linked and a response has been trained. Operand conditioning focuses on the consequences of doing or not doing something, which involves reinforcers.

Attention, perception, memory, and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

Cognition

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called what?

Cognitive psychology

The distribution of attention among two or more tasks is known as:

Divided attention

Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for

Localization of function

The emphasis on the concept of working memory is on how information is:

Manipulated

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for:

Meaning

Stevie Allison enjoys playing football for his high school team. Stevie was not allowed to play football for three games when he got in a fight with a soccer player after school. Taking away the privilege of football to decrease fighting is an example of:

Negative punishment

Bob McKettlefish fastens his seatbelt in order to stop the annoying buzzer that sounds when he starts his car. What mechanism is being used to increase Bob's seat belt wearing?

Negative reinforcement

Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as

Neural circuits

Groups of neurons or structures that are connected within the nervous system are called:

Neural networks

According to behaviorists, only the study of ________ should be the emphasis of the science of psychology.

Observable behavior

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of

Observable behavior

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as

Operant conditioning

Speech segmentation is defined as:

Organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.

Experience resulting from stimulation of the senses and information from the senses that can help guide our actions is called:

Perception

Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they...

Plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to:

Proactive interference

________ procedures cause behaviors to decrease in probability and become less likely.

Punishment

Information remains in sensory memory for:

Seconds or a fraction of a second.

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ______ attention.

Selective

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ______ memory.

Short-term

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one bands, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of:

Similarity

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles?

Simplicity

What is consistent with the idea of localization of function?

Specific areas of the brain serve different functions, neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli, and brain areas are specialized for specific functions.

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that

Talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT:

Task cueing

Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain?

Temporal lobe

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when

The color and the name differed

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by what example?

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception.

The founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was...

Wilhelm Wundt

Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany?

Wilhelm Wundt

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that:

Working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information.