Cognition and memory exam 4

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a ________ chance that Sarah is a science major. a. 40% b. 50% c. 60% d. 100%

a. 40 %

16. Nevid's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories a. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories. b. occur for details but not for entire events. c. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances. d. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people.

a. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories

Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in a. representativeness heuristic. b. availability heuristic. c. illusory correlation. d. permission schema.

a. availability heuristic

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from... a. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. b. being able to solve other problems at all. c. understanding why the procedure works successfully. d. discriminating between well- and ill-defineoblems.

a. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different a. surface features. b. operators. c. structural features. d. mental sets.

a. surface features

The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as a. analogical encoding. b. analogical transfer. c. insight. d. in vivo problem solving.

b. analogical transfer

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the a. permission schema. b. confirmation bias. c. falsification principle. d. typicality principle.

b. confirmation bias

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the a. match box can be used as a container for tacks. b. match box can be used as a shelf. c. candle can be cut in half. d. candle can be oriented horizontally or diagonally.

b. match box can be used as a shelf

7. The misinformation effect can be explained by a. proactive interference. b. retroactive interference. c. schematic biases. d. repeated familiarity effects.

b. retroactive interference.

15. Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash films" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s) a. "fast." b. "smashed." c. "miles per hour." d.'"car crash."

b. smashed

12. Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories... a. the more accurate the memories are. b. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury. c. the more likely they are to be influenced by a weapons focus. d. the more accurate the memories are and the more convincing the testimony is to a jury.

b. the more convincing the testimony is to a jury

17. The conjunction rule states that a. the probability of two events co-occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring. b. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone. c. people make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices. d. people make decisions based upon possible benefits when the choices are framed positively and based upon possible costs when the choices are framed negatively.

b. the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

From Nevid: Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? a. Retiring from work at age 40 b. Marrying at age 60 c. Graduating from college at age 22 d. Having a child at age 45

c. Graduating from college at age 22

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented a. before the event. b. during the event. c. after the event. d. all of the above

c. after the event

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved a. omissions of information that was presented. b. participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. c. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. d. confusion about the presented information when it was ambiguous.

c. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

8. Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves_________reasoning. a. deductive b. syllogistic c. inductive d. connective

c. inductive

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as a. intermediate states. b. subgoals. c. operators. d. mental sets.

c. operators

6. Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that.. a. highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate. b. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. c. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong. d. despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup.

c. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

Consider the following syllogism: If it's a robin then it is a bird. It is a bird. Therefore, it is a robin. In the example above, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a______of a_________syllogism. a. premise; categorical b. conclusion; categorical c. premise; conditional d. conclusion; conditional

d. conclusion; conditional

Intermediate states can be created by a. restructuring initial states. b. restructuring goal states. c. creating operators. d. creating sub-goals.

d. creating sub-goals

Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of __________, she will use a _________strategy. a. losses; risk-taking b. gains; risk-taking c. losses; risk-aversion d. gains; risk-aversion

d. gains; risk-aversion

Experts________than novices. a. spend less time analyzing problems b. are better at reasoning in general c. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems d. take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

d. take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

Insight refers to a. prior learning facilitating problem-solving. b. prior learning hindering problem-solving. c. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. d. the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

d. the sudden realization of a problem's solution.