Cognition quiz

The often "unconscious activation" of particular associations in memory is called* chunking. automatic processing. repression. priming. state-dependent memory.

D. priming.

The association of sadness with memories of negative life events contributes to* the self-reference effect. retroactive interference. repression. source amnesia. mood-congruent memory.

E. mood-congruent memory.

Myra has such low self-esteem that she typically expects critical comments about her appearance and behavior. Myra's behavior best illustrates the dangers of* confirmation bias. the framing effect. fixation. algorithms. the representativeness heuristic.

A. confirmation bias.

The serial position effect best illustrates the importance of* rehearsal. chunking. visual imagery. automatic processing. flashbulb memory.

A. rehearsal.

Chomksy suggested that diverse human languages share a* universal grammer. fixation. outcome simulation. category hierarchy. confirmation bias.

A. universal grammer.

Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget newly learned information is initially* slow and subsequently stays slow. slow and subsequently speeds up. rapid and subsequently stays rapid. rapid and subsequently slows down. steady and subsequently speeds up.

D. rapid and subsequently slows down.

The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of* chunking. parallel processing. sensory memory. semantic encoding. mnemonic devices.

D. semantic encoding.

Which measure of memory did Hermann Ebbinghaus use to assess the impact of rehearsal on retention?* recall recognition relearning reconstruction repression

C. relearning

Language refers to the* smallest distinctive sound units. rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning. rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes. ways we think about solving problems and communicating those solutions, including framing the issues.

C. spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning.

Logical, methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems are called* heuristics. semantics. prototypes. algorithms. fixations.

D. algorithms.

By encouraging people to imagine their homes being destroyed by a fire, insurance salespeople are especially successful at selling large homeowners' policies. They are most clearly exploiting the influence of* belief perseverance. the representativeness heuristic. overconfidence. availability heuristic. fixation.

D. availability heuristic.

Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful strategy for* automatically processing complex information. facilitating the development of implicit memory. know which questions I need to get from my friend so I can memorize the answer. becoming aware of what you do not yet know. enhancing implicit memories.

D. becoming aware of what you do not yet know.

Professor Pegler's research efforts focuses on how the use of heuristics influences the way people assess financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent?* developmental psychology biological psychology clinical psychology cognitive psychology personality psychology

D. cognitive psychology

According to the three-box/information processing model, stimuli from our outside environment is first stored in* working memory. the hipposcampus. the thalamus. sensory memory. selective attention.

D. sensory memory.

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that* infancy is a critical period for language development. all languages share a similar grammar. our linguistic proficiencies influence our social status. words shape the way people think. morphemes and phonemes build grammar and language.

D. words shape the way people think.

Explicit memory is to _________ as implicit memory is to __________.* epinephrine; serotonin skill memory; fact memory automatic processing; effortful processing long-term memory; short-term memory hippocampus; cerebellum

E. hippocampus; cerebellum

Judging the likelihood that things fall into a certain category on the basis of how well they seem to match a particular prototype refers to the use of the* framing effect. availability heuristic. confirmation bias. belief perseverance phenomenon. representativeness heuristic.

E. representativeness heuristic.

The process by which information is encoded by its meaning is called* long-term potentiation. automatic processing. rehearsal. mnemonic encoding. semantic encoding.

E. semantic encoding.

Many people retain their classically conditioned fears without any conscious recollection of how or when those fears were learned. This best illustrates _________ memory.* implicit short-term sensory working state-dependent

A. implicit

Which of the following is the most complete list of elements in the three-box/information-processing model?* sensory memory, constructive memory, working memory, and long-term memory short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory shallow processing, deep processing, and retrieval sensory memory, encoding, working memory, and retrieval sensory memory, working memory, encoding, long-term memory, and retrieval

E. sensory memory, working memory, encoding, long-term memory, and retrieval

Children begin to demonstrate that they know how to put words in a sensible order during the __________ stage.* babbling syntactic two-word three-word phonetic

C. two-word

How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories?* Parallel processing allows our brain to encode memories directly into long-term memory, bypassing working memory. Parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort. Parallel processing allows us to encode every event accurately as it happens, even if we cannot always retrieve it later. Sensory impulses travel through separate channels, with visual information going into visual working memory, and auditory into auditory working memory. Hypnotism can enhance memory through parallel processing, accessing both conscious and unconscious levels of our minds/

B. Parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort.

The use of acronyms to improve one's memory of unfamiliar material best illustrates the value of* imagery. chunking. the spacing effect. the serial position effect. semantic encoding.

B. chunking.

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" this sudden recall is best explained by* the misinformation effect. context effects. source amnesia. semantic encoding. flashbulb memory formation.

B. context effects.

Phonemes and morphemes refer to* elements of telegraphic speech toddlers use. elements of language. building blocks of concepts. basic elements of memories stored in long-term memory. two types of influences language has on thought according to the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

B. elements of language.

Exceptionally clear memories of emotionally significant events are called* sensory memories. flashbulb memories. mood-congruent memories. repressed memories. semantic memories.

B. flashbulb memories.

The prolonged stress of sustained physical abuse may inhibit memory formation by shrinking the* adrenal glands. hippocampus. pituitary gland. sensory cortex. frontal lobe.

B. hippocampus.

Which of the following is the best example of the use of the availability heuristic?* judging a situation by a rule that is usually, but not always, true making a judgement according to past experiences that are most easily recalled judging that a problem should be solved using a formula that guarantees the right answer making a judgement according to what is usually true in your experience solving a problem by breaking it into more easily available parts

B. making a judgement according to past experiences that are most easily recalled

Iconic memory refers to* the encoded meanings of words and events in short-term memory. photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second. the effortlessly processed incidental information about the timing and frequency of events. the visually encoded images in long-term memory. important events often encoded through flashbulb memory.

B. photographic, or picture-image, memory that lasts for only a few tenths of a second.

A friend mentions to you that she heard humans never forget anything; we remember everything that ever happens to us. What concept from memory research most directly contradicts this belief?* sensory memory selective attention long-term memory constructive memory recovered memory

B. selective attention

Some information in our fleeting __________ is encoded into short-term memory. repressed memory sensory memory flashbulb memory long-term memory semantic memory

B. sensory memory

An attorney uses misleading questions in an attempt to distort a court witness' recall of a previously observed crime. This best illustrates* state-dependent memory. the misinformation effect. proactive interference. priming. the serial position effect.

B. the misinformation effect.

Which of the following is the best example of framing?* Despite reading several research studies demonstrating that therapeutic touch is no more effective than a placebo in treating pain, Miriam still considers it a valid treatment option. Zach felt very certain that he knew all the concepts in Chapter 2, so he was surprised to get 65 percent on the exam. A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients. Tara incorrectly believes that more Americans are killed each year by tornadoes than by lightning. Alex was locked out of his car. He didn't think to use a coat hanger to unlock the door before calling the police.

C. A television advertisement for lotion claims that it is made of 75 percent organic materials, not that it contains 25 percent artificial ingredients.

Encoding that occurs with no effort or minimal level of conscious attention is known as* recall. long-term potentiation. automatic processing. state-dependent memory. chunking.

C. automatic processing.

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?* schema heuristic cognition syntax language

C. cognition

Mr. Krohn, a carpenter, is frustrated because he misplaced his hammer and needs to pound in the last nail in the bookcase he is building. He overlooks the fact that he could use the tennis trophy sitting above the workbench to pound in the nail. Which concept best explains why Mr. Krohn overlooked the trophy?* representativeness heuristic retrieval functional fixedness belief bias divergent thinking

C. functional fixedness

Retroactive interference involves the disruption of* automatic processing. iconic memory. memory retrieval. semantic encoding. echoic memory.

C. memory retrieval.

Rehearsal is to encoding as retrieval cues are to* chunking. relearning. priming. repression. the spacing effect.

C. priming.

Professor Maslova has so many memories of former students that she has difficulty remembering the names of new students. The professor's difficulty best illustrates* retroactive interference. mood-congruent memory. proactive interference. the spacing effect. source amnesia.

C. proactive interference.

When someone mentions hamburgers, Trisha immediately thinks of McDonald's. In this instance, McDonald's is a* mental set. heuristic. prototype. fixation. phoneme.

C. prototype.