Cognition test 2

152. Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory? a. Sensory memory b. Short-term memory c. Long-term memory d. Episodic memory

d. Episodic memory

136. The coding of a stimulus into memory refers to which of the following? a. Consciousness b. Location c. Process d. Form

d. Form

8. A man suffering from Korsakoff's syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty? a. Following a story in a book b. Remembering what he needs to buy when he gets to the grocery store c. Recognizing people he has recently met d. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

d. Identifying a photograph of his childhood home

121. The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following? a. Task b. Structure c. Mood d. Location

d. Location

47. How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. b. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. c. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. d. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances.

a. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

122. ___________ memories are those that we are not aware of. a. Implicit b. Explicit c. Declarative d. All of these are correct

a. Implicit

22. According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned b. Deciding how many vowels each word has c. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered d. Repeating the words over and over in your mind

a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

92. Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. a. Prefrontal cortex b. Amygdala c. Hippocampus d. Occipital lobe

a. Prefrontal cortex

43. Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? a. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory b. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer c. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with iconic memory d. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory

a. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

19. Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect a. a failure of memory consolidation. b. disrupted long-term potentiation. c. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. d. Korsakoff's syndrome.

a. a failure of memory consolidation.

11. Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as a. articulatory suppression. b. an overload of sensory memory. c. rehearsal interference. d. an LTM recency effect.

a. articulatory suppression.

78. A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying a. articulatory suppression. b. the visuospatial sketch pad. c. echoic memory. d. the central executive.

a. articulatory suppression.

48. Explicit memory is to ___________ as implicit memory is to ___________. a. aware; unaware b. self; others c. primacy; recency d. episodic; semantic

a. aware; unaware

25. Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n)___________process in short-term memory. a. control b. automatic c. coding d. iconic

a. control

99. According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is a. encoded. b. stored. c. retrieved. d. consolidated.

a. encoded.

18. "I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory. a. episodic b. implicit c. semantic d. procedural

a. episodic

103. As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________. a. facts b. feelings c. episodes d. procedures

a. facts

130. K.C., who was injured in a motorcycle accident, remembers facts like the difference between a strike and a spare in bowling, but he is unaware of experiencing things like hearing about the circumstances of his brother's death, which occurred two years before the accident. His memory behavior suggests a. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. b. intact procedural memory but defective semantic memory. c. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. d. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

a. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory.

134. According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory is that a. it involves mental time travel. b. it always corresponds to events from our past that actually happened. c. it accesses knowledge about the world that does not have to be tied to any specific personal experience. d. it involves both explicit and implicit memories.

a. it involves mental time travel.

138. The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory. a. long-term b. short-term c. sensory d. implicit

a. long-term

93. It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if a. one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. b. both are handled by the visuospatial sketch pad. c. both are handled by the phonological loop. d. the central executive is deactivated during the dual task time period.

a. one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

129. The primacy effect is attributed to a. recall of information stored in long-term memory. b. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list. c. recall of information still active in short-term memory. d. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.

a. recall of information stored in long-term memory.

76. Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories. a. recent and remote episodic b. recent and remote semantic c. recent episodic d. remote semantic

a. recent and remote episodic

83. Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. a. remote b. recent c. anterograde d. emotional

a. remote

1. Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by a. repeating it over and over. b. linking the new word to a previously learned concept. c. using it in a sentence. d. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.

a. repeating it over and over.

97. Information remains in sensory memory for a. seconds or a fraction of a second. b. 15-30 seconds. c. one to three minutes. d. as long as it is rehearsed.

a. seconds or a fraction of a second.

32. Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory. a. semantic b. acoustic c. visual d. iconic

a. semantic

57. Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes? a. sensory b. conscious c. proactive d. variable

a. sensory

12. A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory. a. short-term b. long-term c. sensory d. autobiographical

a. short-term

101. Digit span is one measure of capacity of a. short-term memory. b. long-term memory. c. sensory memory. d. long-term semantic memory.

a. short-term memory.

82. Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is a. somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time. b. quite large, holding a large number of items simultaneously. c. equivalent to sensory memory, holding about a hundred items at one time. d. larger than the capacity of long-term memory among young people.

a. somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.

81. Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the a. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized. b. effect of proactive interference. c. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually. d. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal.

a. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

70. The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ___________ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories. a. the hippocampus b. synaptic consolidation c. vitamin B1 d. deep processing

a. the hippocampus

67. Memory enhancement due to repetition priming is a result of the test stimulus being a. the same as or resembling the priming stimulus. b. different from the priming stimulus. c. similar in meaning to the priming stimulus. d. different in meaning from the priming stimulus.

a. the same as or resembling the priming stimulus.

4. Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a. the self-reference effect. b. a mass practice effect. c. the integrative experience effect. d. semantic memory.

a. the self-reference effect.

87. Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called a. transfer-appropriate processing. b. episodic-based processing. c. elaborative rehearsal. d. personal semantic memory.

a. transfer-appropriate processing.

89. The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called a. working memory. b. semantic memory. c. short-term memory. d. episodic memory.

a. working memory.

52. A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following? a. "Let's walk down memory lane." b. "I can see it in my mind's eye." c. "It's right on the tip of my tongue." d. "I can remember like it was yesterday."

b. "I can see it in my mind's eye."

148. In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________. a. "sense." b. "know." c. "think." d. "remember."

b. "know."

109. What is the typical duration of short-term memory? a. 15 to 50 seconds b. 15 to 20 seconds c. 5 to 7 seconds d. 7 to 15 seconds

b. 15 to 20 seconds

69. The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is a. just under a fraction of a second. b. 15-20 seconds or less. c. one to three d. indefinite

b. 15-20 seconds or less.

50. Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory? a. frequency b. color c. complexity d. source

c. complexity

9. Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory? a. A red bird in the snow b. A lion's roar at the zoo c. An infant's first smile d. A striped top on a mannequin

b. A lion's roar at the zoo

41. Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to autobiographical memories? a. When autobiographical memories are impaired, their episodic content will block access to related semantic content. b. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content. c. Autobiographical memories are highly accurate from as early as 3 years of age. d. It is not possible to have an autobiographical memory that has only semantic or episodic content.

b. Autobiographical memories can involve both episodic and semantic content.

42. Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion? a. Encoding b. Highlighting c. Spacing d. Sleeping

b. Highlighting

34. Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? a. Lakeisha performs better because of consolidation. b. Kim performs better because of consolidation. c. Lakeisha performs better because of encoding specificity. d. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity.

b. Kim performs better because of consolidation.

63. What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation? a. Content b. Scale c. State d. Consciousness

b. Scale

3. The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s." a. Episodic b. Semantic c. Procedural d. Implicit

b. Semantic

88. Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores? a. Short-term, long-term, episodic b. Sensory, short-term, long-term c. Episodic, short-term, sensory d. Sensory, episodic, long-term

b. Sensory, short-term, long-term

110. James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following? a. Rehearsal b. Survival c. Specificity d. Mood

b. Survival

119. The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? a. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad b. The central executive and long-term memory c. The central executive and the phonological loop d. The phonological loop and long-term memory

b. The central executive and long-term memory

45. Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? a. The self-reference effect b. The propaganda effect c. Release from proactive inhibition d. Encoding specificity

b. The propaganda effect

64. Which of the following correctly lists types of memory from least to most complex? a. Semantic, episodic, visual b. Visual, semantic, episodic c. Episodic, visual, semantic d. Semantic, visual, episodic

b. Visual, semantic, episodic

6. Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates a. the phonological similarity effect. b. a build-up and release of proactive interference. c. the cocktail party phenomenon. d. a partial-report procedure.

b. a build-up and release of proactive interference.

117. Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves a. a smaller stimulus set. b. a smaller response set. c. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set. d. a shorter rehearsal period.

b. a smaller response set.

60. On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ? a. velocity b. activity c. location d. stimuli

b. activity

23. Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________. a. a buffering process followed by an activity process b. an activity state followed by a synaptic state c. a buffering process followed by an executive process d. a synaptic state followed by a buffering state

b. an activity state followed by a synaptic state

37. The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following? a. episodic buffer b. central executive c. working memory d. articulatory rehearsal

b. central executive

111. Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during a. stimulus presentation. b. delay. c. response. d. encoding.

b. delay.

105. Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is a. state-dependent learning. b. encoding. c. memory consolidation. d. transfer-appropriate processing.

b. encoding.

96. In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the a. spacing effect. b. generation effect. c. cued recall effect. d. multiple trace hypothesis.

b. generation effect.

133. Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a. organization b. highlighting c. making up questions about the material d. feedback

b. highlighting

149. Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of a. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. b. increased firing in the neurons. c. larger electrical impulses in the synapse. d. the growth of new dendrites in neurons.

b. increased firing in the neurons.

137. Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that a. short-term and long-term memory are the independent components of memory. b. information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds. c. information in short-term memory must be rehearsed to transfer into long-term memory. d. short-term memory has a limited capacity.

b. information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.

135. A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they a. do not require attention. b. may differ from one task to another. c. are performed without conscious awareness. d. are difficult to modify.

b. may differ from one task to another.

120. The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory. a. rehearsal b. organization c. depth of processing d. forming connections with other information

b. organization

140. Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. implicit memory b. organizational context c. reconsolidation d. imagery

b. organizational context

95. Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the a. nucleus accumbens. b. prefrontal cortex. c. diencephalon. d. cingulate gyrus.

b. prefrontal cortex.

94. The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to a. lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference. b. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories. c. cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory. d. lead to effective autobiographical memories.

b. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

112. This multiple-choice question is an example of a ___________ test. a. recall b. recognition c. word-completion d. personal semantic memory

b. recognition

7. You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset. a. excited b. relaxed c. nervous d. neutral

b. relaxed

150. Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory. a. long-term potentiation b. retrieval cues c. elaborative rehearsal d. mass practice

b. retrieval cues

17. Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your a. sensory memory. b. short-term memory. c. long-term memory. d. episodic memory.

b. short-term memory.

65. Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of a. the phonological similarity effect. b. short-term memory. c. the persistence of vision. d. the physiological approach to coding.

b. short-term memory.

102. The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true a. only when we are aware we've seen them before. b. simply because we have been exposed to them before. c. only when we agree with them. d. unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false.

b. simply because we have been exposed to them before

132. Procedural memories are also known as ________ memories. a. static b. skill c. explicit d. task

b. skill

58. Your text discusses how episodic and semantic memories are interconnected. This discussion revealed that when we experience events, a. episodic memory for events lasts longer than semantic memory for the events. b. the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory. c. semantic and episodic memories about events tend to last about the same length of time in our memory. d. semantic memory of events is enhanced when it is not interfered with by associated episodic memories.

b. the knowledge that makes up semantic memories is initially attained through a personal experience based in episodic memory.

115. Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because a. the stimulus category changed. b. the stimulus category remained the same. c. the response task changed. d. the response task remained the same.

b. the stimulus category remained the same.

108. Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a. the person remembering generates their own retrieval cues. b. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task. c. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. d. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into long-term memory.

b. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

118. Researchers understood that KF had experienced a decline in short-term memory capacity because he had a digit span of ________ . a. one b. two c. four d. six

b. two

46. Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? a. "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants" b. "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" c. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair" d. "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa"

c. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

14. Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? a. Last night, at the grocery store, DeShaun ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away. b. Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. c. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. d. Carmen always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing.

c. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

143. Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory? a. Because learning the association between the neutral and conditioned stimulus requires effort. b. Because it is based on motor skills similar to procedural memory. c. Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it. d. Because it usually involves memory for the episode in which it occurred.

c. Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

151. Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal? a. Inserting a 30-second delay before recall b. Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace c. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall d. Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second)

c. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

61. Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? a. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. b. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. c. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. d. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.

c. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

40. Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep? a. Classification b. Elaboration c. Distraction d. Reconsolidation

c. Distraction

35. ___________ memories are to experiences as ___________ memories are to facts. a. Semantic; implicit b. Implicit; episodic c. Episodic; semantic d. Procedural; episodic

c. Episodic; semantic

2. Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? a. I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. b. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer. c. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. d. I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me.

c. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes.

54. Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a. Katie and Alana should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis). b. Alana will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect. c. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect. d. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one hour class period.

c. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

20. Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY b. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG c. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP d. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN

c. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

53. If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept? a. The factory machines would consume electricity. b. The factory machines would produce electricity. c. Machines would shut down for material resupply. d. An alarm would sound signaling system overload.

c. Machines would shut down for material resupply.

29. Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car? a. Chunking in sensory memory b. Buffering in the central executive c. Rehearsal in short-term memory d. Rotation in the phonological loop

c. Rehearsal in short-term memory

91. ___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a. Retrograde b. Encoding c. Retrieval d. Processing

c. Retrieval

127. Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE? a. Short-term memory has a relatively small capacity for information. b. Retention of information in short-term memory is brief. c. Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli. d. Short-term memory provides meaning to information.

c. Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.

113. ___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale. a. Remote b. Standard c. Systems d. Synaptic

c. Systems

55. Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? a. Terrell is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology. b. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day. c. Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. d. For his history course, Jorge is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered.

c. Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

28. In which of the following examples of two different brain-injured patients (Tom and Tim) is a double dissociation demonstrated? a. Both Tom and Tim have good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. b. Tom and Tim both show deficits in episodic and semantic memory. c. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory. d. Both Tom and Tim have good semantic memory but poor episodic memory.

c. Tom has good semantic memory and poor episodic memory, while Tim has good episodic memory but poor semantic memory.

15. According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road? a. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen b. Trying to remember a map of the area c. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned d. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit

c. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

146. Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________. a. interference; decay b. priming; interference c. decay; interference d. decay; lack of rehearsal

c. decay; interference

104. When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds a. has no effect on the curve. b. increases the primacy effect. c. decreases the recency effect. d. increases both the primacy and the recency effects.

c. decreases the recency effect.

124. Brief sensory memory for sound is known as a. iconic memory. b. primary auditory memory. c. echoic memory. d. pre-perceptual auditory memory.

c. echoic memory.

116. Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory. a. episodic b. visual c. emotional d. systemic

c. emotional

141. The constructive episodic stimulation hypothesis describes how our memories are connected to our ________. a. knowledge b. emotions c. future d. neural networks

c. future

90. The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to eliminate the recency effect is to a. have participants say "la, la, la" while studying the list. b. present the list more slowly. c. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list. d. have participants see the words on a screen, rather than hear them.

c. have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list.

142. According to your text, imagery enhances memory because a. research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. b. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. c. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered. d. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.

c. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

126. Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects a. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. b. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. c. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. d. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

c. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory.

51. Semantic memory is to ________ as episodic memory is to ________. a. images; sounds b. implicit; explicit c. knowing; remembering d. fragile; permanent

c. knowing; remembering

107. One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that a. it always leads to episodic memory for events. b. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. c. people are not conscious they are using it. d. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.

c. people are not conscious they are using it.

33. Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying a. sensory memory. b. decay. c. perseveration. d. agnosia.

c. perseveration.

98. When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of a. a visual delay effect. b. echoic memory. c. persistence of vision. d. top-down processing.

c. persistence of vision.

21. Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory. a. working b. semantic c. procedural d. autobiographical

c. procedural

77. According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it. a. semanticizing b. knowing c. reliving d. coding

c. reliving

73. The predominant type of coding in long-term memory is a. phonological. b. concrete. c. semantic. d. visual.

c. semantic.

66. The three structural components of the modal model of memory are a. receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. b. receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe. c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. d. sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal.

c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

147. According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are a. short but all on a single day. b. long and all on a single day. c. short and across several days. d. long and across several days.

c. short and across several days.

75. The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding a. consolidation. b. priming. c. specificity. d. transcription.

c. specificity.

80. The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is a. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. b. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. d. uninvolved in memory consolidation.

c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

86. The type of coding that occurs in a particular situation primarily depends on the ________. a. neurons b. source c. task d. stimulus

c. task

106. When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because a. the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler. b. longer light wavelengths from the sparkler produce a visual echoic effect. c. the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second. d. Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.

c. the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.

131. When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing. a. state-dependent b. stimulus-fluency c. transfer-appropriate d. recall-potentiation

c. transfer-appropriate

84. Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that a. fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. b. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. c. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed. d. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.

c. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

71. Working memory differs from short-term memory in that a. short-term memory consists of a number of components. b. short-term memory has a central executive function. c. working memory is engaged in processing information. d. working memory has unlimited capacity.

c. working memory is engaged in processing information.

5. Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776? a. 14 929 111 776 b. 149 29111 776 c. 14 92 91 117 76 d. 1492 911 1776

d. 1492 911 1776

74. According to your text, which of the following movies is LEAST accurate in its portrayal of a memory problem? a. The Bourne Identity b. Memento c. The Long Kiss Goodnight d. 50 First Dates

d. 50 First Dates

145. ___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. a. Amnesia b. Encoding specificity c. Cued-recall d. Consolidation

d. Consolidation

39. Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy? a. Classification b. Elaboration c. Rehearsal d. Engagement

d. Engagement

49. Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? a. The hippocampus is necessary for forming new long-term memories. b. Short-term and long-term memories are controlled by different mechanisms. c. Short-term and long-term memories can operate independently of each other. d. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

d. Long-term memories are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.

24. Which of the following involves procedural memory? a. Knowing how it feels to be scared b. Recalling a childhood memory c. Knowing how an automobile engine works d. Reading a sentence in a book

d. Reading a sentence in a book

85. Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? a. Classical conditioning b. Repetition priming c. Procedural memory d. Semantic memory

d. Semantic memory

38. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory? a. Sanjay recalls his grandmother's house where he grew up, even though he hasn't been there for 22 years. b. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. c. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore. d. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

d. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

13. Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol? a. Sleeping b. Elaborating c. Organizing d. Testing

d. Testing

30. Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? a. The STM recency effect b. Delayed response coding c. The phonological loop d. The visuospatial sketch pad

d. The visuospatial sketch pad

36. Neuropsychological evidence indicates that short- and long-term memories probably a. represent different aspects of the same mechanism. b. are caused by different mechanisms that depend upon each other. c. both rely most heavily on a semantic coding mechanism. d. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

d. are caused by different mechanisms that act independently.

10. Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had a. just read about the singer in a magazine. b. just seen the singer on TV. c. recently seen the singer on TV and read about the singer in a magazine. d. attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

d. attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.

125. From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________. a. reflective b. subjective c. personal d. autobiographical

d. autobiographical

68. Murdoch's "remembering a list" experiment described the serial position curve and found that memory is best for ___________ of a list. a. the first words b. the middle words c. the last words d. both the first and last words

d. both the first and last words

128. Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created a. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective. b. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective. c. using visual images. d. by the person whose memory will be tested.

d. by the person whose memory will be tested.

59. The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that a. experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners. b. knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span. c. expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material. d. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

d. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

31. Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of a. a self-reference effect. b. repetition priming. c. implicit memory. d. elaborative rehearsal.

d. elaborative rehearsal.

27. People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of a. the self-reference effect. b. maintenance rehearsal. c. levels of processing theory. d. encoding specificity.

d. encoding specificity.

79. The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories. a. classification b. emotionality c. potentiation d. fragility

d. fragility

139. Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ___________ memory does not depend on conscious memory. a. declarative and non-declarative b. personal semantic and remote c. semantic and episodic d. implicit and procedural

d. implicit and procedural

144. The primary effect of chunking is to a. maximize the recency effect. b. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. c. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. d. increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

d. increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

16. Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error. a. visuospatial b. control c. suppressive d. phonological

d. phonological

123. Believing that a particular statement is true simply because you have seen the statement in previous instances is known as the ________ effect. a. conditioning b. primacy c. recency d. propaganda

d. propaganda

114. Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on a. levels of processing. b. depth of processing. c. transfer-appropriate processing. d. reconsolidation.

d. reconsolidation.

26. A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in a. recognizing famous people. b. remembering the meaning of some words. c. recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen. d. remembering graduating from college.

d. remembering graduating from college.

62. Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that a. long-term memory can operate normally while short-term memory is impaired. b. impairment of one memory system (long-term or short-term) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other. c. a double dissociation exists for short-term and long-term memory. d. short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.

d. short-term memory can operate normally while long-term memory is impaired.

100. Rehearsal is important for transferring information from a. sensory memory to long-term memory. b. sensory memory to short-term memory. c. long-term memory to sensory memory. d. short-term memory to long-term memory.

d. short-term memory to long-term memory.

72. One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory. a. sensory memory b. the phonological loop c. articulatory suppression d. the central executive

d. the central executive

56. Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory? a. repetition b. buffer c. access d. time

d. time

44. If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model? a. independent consultants b. equal team members c. competing employees d. workers and manager

d. workers and manager