Cognition Test 4

Warmth judgments on nearness to a solution __________ prior to the solution of an insight problem and _________ prior to the solution of a non-insight problem.

rise suddenly just, gradually rise

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is

the falsification principle.

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process?

Connecting the fortress with the tumor

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process ofanalogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection.

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a mental set.

"You can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat,"says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of

a permission schema.

When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),

performance is better for the concrete task.

The application of a(n) __________ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem.

permission schema

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate

representation and restructuring.

imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "George Burns smoked cigars, and he lived tobe 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his "George Burns" argument involves

sample size

Mr. Huff always passes back exams to his algebra class in descending order (the highest grade is handed out first). Today, Maddelyn was the first to receive her exam. Joy complained, remarking, "Maddelyn, you always get the highest grade in algebra. It was true all last year and so far this year." Maddelyn was not sure if this was correct. To figure out if this was true, Maddelyn should

search her memory for instances when she did get her exam back first and for instances when she did not.

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique

Communication

The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that __________ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems.

analogies

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using ___________ reasoning.

decuctive

Experts categorize problems based on

general principles

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of __________ research.

in vivo problem-solving

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition.

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the

match box can be used as a shelf.

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving

search

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem.

People tend to overestimate

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

The crucial question in comparing syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing is __________ is involved.

when semantics

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state

The validity of a syllogism depends on

its form

At a lunch meeting with a client, the CEO of Gossip Polls, Inc., wasasked to determine America's favorite day of the week. Hundreds of Gossip employees across the U.S. started collecting data immediately, calling people at their residences. One hour later, the attitudes from 10,000 Americans, across all 50 states, were collected. A staff member called the CEO, still at her lunch meeting, to tell her the results of the poll: America's favorite day of the week is Monday. Given your text's discussion of inductive reasoning in science, we might suspect that the observations inthis poll are not representative because

the people who are home to answer the phone in the early afternoon are not an appropriate cross-section of the U.S. population

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to

the previously understood information that we bring into the conversation.

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

the representativeness heuristic

A phoneme refers to

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving.

"Kitchen tables" consists of _________ morphemes.

three

Which of the following is NOT influenced by meaning?

Word frequency effect

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

________________ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristicof a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving.

Gestalt psychologists

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema?

If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends Saturday night.

Utility refers to

Refers to outcomes that achieve a person's goals

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

Restructuring

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?

Rules

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the ________ problem.

Russian marriage

The __________ states that the nature of a culture's language can affect the way people think.

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

Which concept below is most closely associated with the evolutionary perspective to solving the Wason four-card problem?

Social-exchange theory

In analogical problem solving, the ________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the ________ problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution

Target; source

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow.

The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Syntax is

The arrangement of words and phrases to create a coherent sentences

You are conducting a study on how fluency influences the phonemic restoration effect. You study two groups of non-native English speakers, one with a year of English classes and the other with 10 years. All of your stimuli are in English. Who would you expect to show the greatest phonemic restoration effect?

The group with 10 years of English instruction

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem?

Two-string problem

The evolutionary approach proposes that the Wason problem can be understood in terms of people's

ability to detect cheaters.

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to

buy first class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

The given-new contract is a method for creating

coherence in people's conversations.

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until theycome up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates

creative cognition

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________ reasoning.

deductive

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to:

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlingsin some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

Glinda is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an

expected emotion.

Cosmides and Tooby tested participants' ability to solve variations of the Wason problem, including ones containing stories about a particular culture. Their results showed that _________ is not always necessary for conditional reasoning.

familiarity

In an eye movement study, Rayner and coworkers had participants read sentences that contained either a high-or low-frequency target word. For example, the sentence "Sam wore the horrid coat though his __________ girlfriend complained," contained either the target word "pretty" or "demure." Results showed the participants'_________ was shorter for the target word

fixation; pretty

Holyoak and Koh presented different versions of the light bulb problem to assist in solving the radiation problem. They found the _________ version to be more effective, because it had __________ features in common with the radiation problem.

fragile-glass; structural

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she drives home by the abandoned shacks, but she hates her home when driving past the fancy mansions with their large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by

framing

Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy. She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night. BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda. If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _________ , she will use a __________ strategy.

gains; risk-aversion

There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50 percent of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater percentage of either of the colors, but not an equal amount of each color. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin,

he should use his coin in the small machine.

Kirk is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Kirk feels is an example of an _________ emotion

incidental

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using

inductive reasoning

Most of the coherence in text is created by

inference

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n)

instrument interference

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________ state.

intermediate

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech in a person's native language, we see that the speech signal

is continuous

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between

laboratory and real-world settings

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

The interactionist approach to parsing states that

semantics is activated as a sentence is being read

According to the idea of,________ when we read a sentence like, "Carmelo grabbed his coat from his bedroom and his backpack from the living room, walked downstairs, and called his friend Gerry," we create a simulation of Carmelo's apartment and keep track of his location as he moves throughout the apartment.

situation models

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _________ problem.

source

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the ________ bias.

status quo

The fortress problem involves a fortress and marching soldiers, while the radiation problem involves a tumor and rays. Therefore, the two problems have very different

surface features

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as

syntactic priming

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.