Cognition Test

Raul and Sophia were having a picnic when it started to rain. They did not think of using the big plastic tablecloth as a temporary rain shelter and were drenched within minutes. Their oversight best illustrates

functional fixedness

When we use the word "automobile" to refer to a category of transport vehicles, we are using this word as a(n)

heuristic

Simple thinking strategies that allow us to solve problems and make judgements efficiently are called

heuristics

Explicit memory is to ____ as implicit memory is to ____.

hippocampus; cerebellum

Spoken, written, or signed words and the ways they are combined to communicate meaning constitute

language

Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis emphasizes that

words shape the way people think

A researcher asks a young child what she did yesterday. The child replied, "I goed to the park." This is best described as an example of

overregulation of grammar rules

The news of a plane crash causes a couple to cancel their plan reservation and drive 1,000 miles in their car instead, even though they know that a fatal automobile accidents are much more common than airplane accidents. The couple's decision mainly involves

the availability heuristic

Herman Ebbinghaus' use of nonsense syllables to study memory led to the discovery that

the amount remembered depends on the time spent learning

Matthew's parents are physicists, and so are the parents of several of his best friends. Therefore, Matthew believes that many people are employed as physicists. Matthew's reasoning is based on

the availability heuristic

Noam Chomsky hypothesized that humans learn language through ____ and understanding a sentence involves which of the following transformations between structures.

an innate language acquisition device; surface to deep

Morphemes are

the smallest speech unit carrying meaning

Which of the following increases the chance that an individual will remember a telephone number that has been called several times within a short period?

Rehearsal

Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ____ bits of information

7

Of the following , which is the best example of divergent thinking in problem-solving?

Devissing as many solutions as possible

Which of the following kinds of learning is indicated by the ability to recall a memorized list of unrelated words in reverse order?

Serial

Two groups of participants in a study are presented a list of 20 words. The first group is told to count the number of capital letters in the words, and the second group is told to think of the definition of each word. When both groups are asked to recall the word lists, which of the following is most likely to happen?

The second group will recall more than the first

The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called

a fixation

Telegraphic speech is

a grammatically correct two-word utterance

Anika resisted changing her answer to a test question after reminding herself that "it's always best to stick with your first answer." Anika's decision best illustrates the use of

a heuristic

After having a stroke resulting from blockage to the medial temporal lobe, Gerald could not remember new information, such as the books he had just read, new songs he had just heard, or the faces of new people he had just met. Gerald was experiencing

anterograde amnesia

During her psychology test, Kelsey could not remember the term proactive interference. Surprisingly, however, she accurately remembered that the term appeared on the fourth line of a left-hand page in her textbook. Her memory of this incidental information is best explained in terms of

automatic processing

An unwillingness to give up beliefs when the evidence proves us wrong is called

belief perseverance

The letters Y, M, O, M, R, E are presented. Jill remembers them by rearranging them to spell the word "MEMORY." This provides an illustation

chunking

Prototypes are especially important in the process of

classifying objects

Which term refers to all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating?

cognition

The tendency to search for information consistent with our preconceptions is called

confirmation bias

Generating the single correct answer to an intelligence test question illustrates

convergent thinking

Automatic processing and effortless processing involve two types of

encoding

During class Tamiya was called upon to give the year she won state in track. After a brief moment, she was able to remember. Tamiya's answer is classified as a(n)

episodic memory

Consumers respond more positively to ground beef advertised as "75 percent less fat" than to ground beef as "25 percent fat." This illustrates that consumer reactions are influenced by

framing

The system of rules in a language that enables us to understand and communicate with others is called

grammar

Remembering how to solve a jigsaw puzzle without any conscious recollection that one can do best illustrates ____ memory.

implicit

In one experiment, Wolfgang Köhler watched an ape suddenly solve a problem of reaching bananas hanging from the ceiling by stacking and climbing up a number of crates. Which of the following did Köhler conclude the ape used in problem solving?

insight

In contrast to our explicit conscious reasoning, our seemingly effortless and automatic feelings or thoughts are called

intuitions

The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as

long-term potentiation

Semantic encoding is to visual encoding as ____ is to ____.

meaning; imagery

As we retrieve memories from our memory bank, we often alter them based on past experiences and our current expectations. This best illustrates

memory construction

An algorithm is a

methodical step-by-step procedure for solving problems

When someone mentions hamburgers, Trisha immediately thinks of McDonald's. In this instance, McDonald's is a

prototype

A moviegoer who cannot identify the name of a film star remembers then name when a friend reviews a list of stars. This incident illustrates which two concepts in human memory?

recall and recognition

Fill-in-the-blank test questions measure ____; matching concepts with their definitions measures ____.

recall; recognition

B.F. Skinner emphasized the importance of ____ in language acquisition.

reinforcement

Storage is to encoding as ____ is to ____.

retention; aquisition

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friends name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in

retrieval

Because Martavious now knows his new girlfriend's phone number, he has forgotten his old girlfriend's number. This difficulty to remember his old girlfriend's number best illustrates

retroactive interference

When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word "arms" referred to weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of

semantics

Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ____ memory.

sensory

Some information in our fleeting ____ is encoded into short-term memory.

sensory memory

The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as the ____ effect.

serial position

After looking up his friend's phone number, Alex was able to remember it only long enough to dial it correctly. In this case, the telephone number was clearly stored in his ____ memory.

short-term

As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chase and attacked by a dog. many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates

source amnesia

Unlike the use of algorithms or heuristics, insight does not involve

strategy-based solutions

A mental set is a

tendency to approach a problem in a way that has been successful in the past

The process of remembering several pieces of information by mentally associating an image of each with a different location is a mnemonic device known as

the method of loci

Memory is best defined as

the persistence of learning through the storage and retrieval of information

Jamille performs better on foreign language vocabulary tests if she studies the material 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

the spacing effect

The feeling that you know someone's name, but cannot quiet recall it, is an example of

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

In Elizabeth Loftus' study of memory reconstruction in which students viewed films of an automobile accident, the major influence on recall was the

wording of the question the students were asked about the accident

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

working memory