Cognition Test & Answers
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, or people is a(n):
concept.
A phoneme is defined as
a single sound.
Myra has such low self-esteem that she typically expects critical comments about her appearance and behavior. Myra's behavior best illustrates the dangers of:
confirmation bias.
Diane is on vacation and needs to buy sunscreen. She stops at a local store she has never visited before. To find the sunscreen Diane starts going down the first aisle of the store, then the second, the third and so forth until she find what she is looking for. Which problem solving method is Diane using?
an algorithm
Vivian is making quiche for the very first time. She carefully follows the step-by-step directions provided in her cookbook. In this case, Vivian is using
an algorithm to help her prepare the quiche
A chess-playing computer program that routinely calculates all possible outcomes of all possible game moves best illustrates problem solving by means of:
an algorithm.
When Fred pronounced the words "this" and "that," he noticed that they share a common:
phoneme.
The structures of language include
phonemes, morphemes, and grammar.
The inability to take a new perspective on a problem is called a:
fixation
People told that a chemical in the air is projected to kill 10 out of every 10,000 people feel more frightened than if told the fatality risk is one-tenth of 1 percent. This best illustrates the importance of:
framing.
Marlene forgot to bring a pillow on the camping trip, so she spent a very uncomfortable and restless night. Unfortunately, she never thought of using her down-filled jacket as a pillow. Marlene's oversight best illustrates:
functional fixedness.
The sudden comprehension of the double meaning of a humorous pun best illustrates:
insight
In Wolfgang Kohler's experiment, the chimpanzee Sultan retrieved a long stick with a short stick to retrieve a piece of fruit. Sultan was able to reach the fruit as a result of:
insight.
An implicit activity is a(n) ______ activity.
internal
Our capacity for thinking without language is best illustrated by:
unconscious information processing.
In general, toddlers can
understand more words than they can say
When Quentin sprained his ankle in a backyard softball game, his girlfriend grabbed a bag of frozen corn from the freezer to wrap around his ankle until they got him to the local clinic. In this case, Quentin's girlfriend
was able to overcome functional fixedness
English words are constructed from about ________ different phonemes.
40
Which of the following is considered a purpose of language?
All of the above
Applying the behaviorist viewpoint to language development, B. F. Skinner emphasized that language is acquired through:
all of the above.
People are often positively impressed by research that supports their own point of view. Asking them whether they would have been equally impressed by the same research if it had provided results that disputed their point of view is likely to inhibit:
belief perseverance.
The spontaneous utterance of a variety of sounds by infants is called:
babbling.
Mr. Potter thinks that all socialists are political liberals and that the governor of his state is a political liberal. Mr. Potter's fear of socialism is so strong that he readily accepts the clearly illogical conclusion that his state governor must be a socialist. His difficulty best illustrates:
belief bias.
The tendency for our preexisting opinions to distort our sense of whether a particular conclusion is logically valid is called:
belief bias.
Prototypes are especially important in the process of:
classifying objects.
Reproducing and/or reorganizing past experiences into a present thinking experiences is the definition of
creativity
Rob believes all professional basketball players must are tall. He then concludes Scott, who he has yet to meet, much be tall. This type of reasoning is called
deduction
Although the words and syntax of an English and Japanese sentence may be different, they may share the same meaning, which Chomsky calls the:
deep structure.
Salvador hates to work through the problems on his calculus assignments step-by-step, and he often tries shortcuts that might save him some time. It appears that Salvador prefers to use
heuristics rather than algorithms in solving calculus problems
In trying to solve a potentially complicated problem quickly, we are most likely to rely on:
heuristics.
Greg is using single words to say a complete thought or idea. What is this called?
holophrastic speech
When Blanche visited a local comany she notice all of the employees were wearing a identification badge on a lanyard around their necks. Blance concluded that all employees of this business wear an ID badge while at work. This type of reasonging is called
induction
The denotation of a word consists of
its dictionary definition
During the earliest stage of speech development, infants:
make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language.
Rylee's algebra teacher is amazed at the creativity Rylee shows in solving homework problems. He seldom uses the same method on two consecutive problems, even when the problems are very similar in content and structure. Although Rylee makes lots of mistakes in algebra, he is unlikely to experience
mental set in his problem solving
Although Steve was certain that he answered between 70 and 80 items correctly on his biology test, he actually was right on only 55 items. Steve's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates:
overconfidence
Stockbrokers often believe that their own expertise will enable them to select stocks that will outperform the market average. This belief best illustrates:
overconfidence.
People typically ______ lottery tickets and ______ the risks of flying.
overvalue; overestimate
Most people take less time to identify a cow as a mammal than a mouse as a mammal because a cow more closely resembles their mammal:
prototype.
The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to:
search for information that is consistent with our preconceptions.
Chomsky suggested that a person's unique experiences with a language are most likely to influence the ________ of that person's spoken sentences.
surface structure
A European visitor to the United States asked a taxi driver, "Can you please a ride to the airport me give?" This visitor has apparently not yet mastered the ________ of the English language.
syntax
The sentence, "The nervous the stared thick at exam student" would be virtually impossible for an English speaker to understand because the sentence violates the rules of English
syntax
Many people mistakenly believe their chances of dying in an airplane crash are greater than their chances of dying in an automobile crash. This belief reflects the operation of
the availability heuristic
You can't think of a single instance when Cathy helped you out, and so you decide that Cathy must be an ungenerous person. Your judgment is based on
the availability heuristic
The tendency to estimate that the letter "k" appears more often as the first letter of words than as the third letter best illustrates our use of:
the availability heuristic.
Andre first became suspicious of his roommate's honesty while trying to account for his own missing wallet. Although Andre later recalled that he had left his wallet in the glove compartment of his own car, his newly formed doubt about his roommate's honesty remained as strong as ever. Andre's irrational suspicion of his roommate best illustrates:
the belief perseverance phenomenon.
The tendency to conclude that a person who likes to read poetry is more likely to be a college professor of classics than a truck driver illustrates the use of:
the representativeness heuristic.
A morpheme is defined as
the smallest meaningful unit of language.
Mayra wants to generate a set of anagrams for a contest in the campus paper. To generate the anagrams, she starts with the words that the contestants need to come up with to win the contest, and then scrambles the letters. In this case, Mayra's method of solving the problem is consistent with the problem-solving heuristic known as
working backward
