Cognitive 1
Choice
Different responses to different stimuli. Press x if orange and y if grape
brain training
Doing tasks that are most like the real thing
Basic Research
Breaking down complex mental processes to underrstand how we work
Define reaction/response time (RT).
The time form stimulus to responce
Simple design
Single response to single stimuli
Define bottom-up processing
Taking in sensory info from the environment
Which is more stimulus-driven top up or top down
Bottom up
Which is bottom-up/data-driven
Bottom up is data driven as it is from the environment
Applied Research
Generalization of science to the world
pattern of fixations?
Fixations are pauses. this is when we take in information we process it and encode it
How are the human mind and a computer system different?
Humans have a black box of mental processing. It is evident that there is a stimulus and it is evident that there is a responce however humans have something going on in between.
What was the role of psychologists in the war?
Psychologists did applied research to support military Human factors design in training as well as behavior and how it couldn't address issues in perception
Why is RT a fundamental measurement tool in cognitive research?
RT is indicative of thinking difficulty. It helps infer about mental processing.
What are the advantages to this approach to Cognitive research?
Research can be precise and incremental
What are the disadvantages to this approach to Cognitive research?
Research takes a lot of time and resources.
pattern of saccades
Saccades are the eye movements. This is were visual processing is suppressed.
What is savings score?
Savings score is the the time learned compaired to the time relearned
Who pioneered this method?
****
What is implicit memory
Memory that is not obvious
Signal
false alarm, correct reject. hit and miss
In what way was the introduction of computer technology helpful to cognitive psychology, and the understanding of mental processes?
***
Why do many studies of Cognition seem like they lack direct ecological validity?
Because they seem to be just mental processing put in reality it involves language, attention, and memory.
Define accuracy as a measuring tool in cognitive psychology
Accuracy shows us the memory capacity. How much can people store correctly.
The misinfomation effect
All the cars were hit vs all the cars were smashed
Compare and contrast Chomsky and Skinner's views on human behavior and language.
Chomsky argued there must be some innate structure or genetic component. Chomsky said that language is too rapid to be reinforcement driven.
As a linguist, what were Chomsky's criticisms of behaviorism, and how were they backed up by the work of verbal learning researchers?
Chomsky said that there are innate structures to support universal grammer. However others said it was by reinforment (Nim chimpsky). His study cannot explain environmental factors (children in Japan).
Describe Ebbinghaus's role in the development of the field of Cognitive Psychology
Ebbinghaus pironeered scientific study of memory
Compare and contrast the RBC theory with embodied perception theories.
Embodied perception theory states that experience from real life and prior knowledge help perception, recognition of memory. RBC states that we break information down and that we only know the basic outline of an object. This is inefficent.
Define top-down processing.
Involves using psychological fators such as motivation, knowledge from past experience and the setting, or context, to interpret and assign meaning to a visual stimulus.
What role did World War II have in changing the field of psychology?
It had a emphasis on practical problems. Combined their efforts to work on practical problems.
Describe Biederman's theory of object recognition by components (RBC).
It states that we separate objects into geons which is the alphabet of basic shapes.
How does the definition of accuracy differ between learning one-word lists and learning whole paragraphs?
Lists have the cereal position effect as the beginning and end is remembered most. In the whole paragraphs it is learning the depth of the meaning of the paragraph.
What is explicit memory
Memory that can be put into words
Geons
Not efficient
Explain how parallel processing and context effects/priming pose challenges for earlier models of the mind and cognitive processing - specifically, the process model and the computer analogy.
Parallel processing is multiple cognitive processes serving the same task.
How did Allen Newell and Herb Simon suggest that the human mind is most like a computer?
The internal workings were unseen. The flow of infomation from input to output.
What types of hypotheses or predictions might be helped by using response time as a measure?
The time to read a book or to press a button when you see a certain stimulus.
The scientific work in Cognitive Psychology is often interdisciplinary. How does this era of psychology speak to that idea?
There were combined efforts to help solve a problem
Why do many studies of Cognition seem like "obvious" questions
They are something that we do everyday which makes them automatic and effortless.
What was Ebbinghaus' main goal?
To see how memory is effected overtime**
Which is more conceptual top up or top down
Top Down
which is top-down/driven by context?
Top down is context driven as it is from memory
How did the field of psychology evolve as a result of this advancement?
We have information about artificial intelligence, computational modeling, machine learning.
What can the human mind do that a computer may not be able to process, classify, or analyze?
We have motivation, parallel processing and emotion.
o What kind of information do accuracy measures give us?
Which words are more likely to be remembered