Cognitive Chapter 4 Attention

What contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated? Attenuator Filter Detector Dictionary unit

Dictionary unit

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called location-based potentiation. same-object advantage. high-load detraction. divided attention.

same-object advantage.

In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important? binding schema precueing salience

schema

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when the color and the name matched. the shape and the name differed. the shape and the name matched. the color and the name differed.

the color and the name differed.

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information. the output is sent to short-term memory, which holds the information for 10-15 seconds and also transfer the information to long-term memory. the attended information has been let through the filter, the detector processes all information that enters it. sensory memory holds all of the information for fraction of second and then transfers all of it to filter.

the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that fits with the observer's interests. has high stimulus salience. carries meaning for the observer. is familiar.

has high stimulus salience.

__________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object. Equilibration Integration Assimilation Binding

Binding

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness. change endogenous covert exogenous

Change

Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible? Binding Change blindness Inattentional blindness Illusory conjunctions

Inattentional blindness

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention? Late selection Object-based Early selection Spotlight

Late selection

Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component? The dictionary unit The attenuator The filter The "leaky" filter

The dictionary unit

Which of the following attention model components produces two levels of output? MacKay's dictionary unit Treisman's filter Treisman's attenuator Broadbent's detector

Treisman's attenuator

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements are determined primarily by the task. are influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene. continually scan all objects and areas of the scene. usually follow a motor action by a fraction of a second.

are determined primarily by the task.

If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following? synchronizing scanning sampling binding

binding

olin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people could not focus on a message presented to only one ear. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time. could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it. could focus on a message only if they are repeating it.

could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as dichotic listening. shadowing. filter model attention. detector listening.

dichotic listening.

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that it takes a strong signal to cause activation. all signals cause activation. weak signals can cause activation. no signals cause activation.

it takes a strong signal to cause activation.

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task. filtered attenuated high-load low-load

low-load

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words. meaning font size color

meaning

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of mind wandering. the late-selection model of attention. an object-based attentional failure. the cocktail party phenomenon.

mind wandering.

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier when verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters. once processing had become automatic. when processing was done verbally. when processing was more controlled.

once processing had become automatic.

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage. letter analysis focused attention feature analysis preattentive

preattentive

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that the public perception that using a cell phone while driving poses a significant risk to drivers' safety is, in fact, incorrect. the negative effect can be decreased by using "hands-free" units. the problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand. the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

The Stroop effect occurs when participants are told to divide their attention between colors and shapes. try to select some incoming information based on meaning. are told to shadow two messages simultaneously. try to name colors and ignore words.

try to name colors and ignore words.

Anne Treisman's attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of the following EXCEPT how sequences of words create meaningful phrases. how the message groups into syllables or words. whether the perceptual load is low or high. whether the message is fast or slow.

whether the perceptual load is low or high.