cognitive development exam 3

If Sascha has trouble acquiring _____, she might not understand that lion, tiger, calico, and Siamese are all types of cat.

concepts

According to Freud, the id is ruled by the _____, which is the relentless drive toward immediate satisfaction of the instinctual urges.

pleasure principle

_____ vocabulary refers to the words that children are able to say.

productive

If you were to parent your kids according to the "style" of John B. Watson, which term(s) would BEST describe the interactions you would have with your children?

rigid and strict

_____ argue that children learn about numbers through the same types of experiences and learning mechanisms that help them acquire other concepts.

Empiricists

The two initial stages of development referred to as trust versus mistrust, and autonomy versus shame and doubt, were introduced by

Erik Erikson.

_____ is the view that living things have something inside them that makes them what they are

Essentialism

Eight-month-old Nora carefully watches her brother play with his toys. She seems much more interested in watching her brother play than being fed by her mother. This is an example infants having

a simple theory of naïve psychology.

Dr. Mumak believes that children are born with a specialized brain mechanism devoted to understanding other human beings. Dr. Mumak believes in the existence of

a theory of mind module (TOMM).

Young children's drawings of the human figure typically take the "tadpole" form, which means that

children draw legs on the bottom and the arms on the side, yet the limbs emerge from the head.

White coat syndrome occurs when a patient sees a doctor and exhibits a rise in blood pressure. According to behaviorism, this BEST demonstrates

classical conditioning.

Deborah tells her 2-year-old daughter to pick up her stuffed rabbit, and she picks it up and hands it to her mother. Deborah's 2-year-old daughter is demonstrating language

comprehension

When Janet sees a coffee mug, a tall juice glass, and a short whiskey glass, she probably categorizes all these objects together as the _____ of "cup."

concept

Humans learn language in the normal course of development, but no other nonhuman animals learn human language fully. This is evidence that language acquisition

is a species-specific behavior

One example of a symbolic system is

language

Seven-year-old Sean prefers to play with his male friends and does not like playing with girls. Sean is probably in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

latency

Social-_____ theory acknowledges inborn temperament but stresses parental example.

learning

Theory of _____ refers to how a basic understanding of how mental processes such as intentions, desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence behavior.

mind

A _____ is the smallest unit of meaning in a language

morpheme

Kara wants to play with her neighbor, but he is not at home. She will apply _____ as she thinks about where her neighbor is or when he might return.

naive psychology

Dr. Jansen believes that humans are born with a "biology module" and that this brain structure or mechanism helps children learn quickly about living things. Dr. Jansen is taking the _____ position.

nativist

Dr. Macaulay believes that infants have an innate ability to extract causal relations from the events they observe. Dr. Macaulay is MOST likely a(n)

nativist

Elizabeth Spelke, a developmental psychologist, has argued that infants possess an innate module that is specialized for representing and learning about space. She would be considered a(n)

nativist

The hypothetical theory of mind module (TOMM) has been proposed by researchers from the _____ perspective.

nativist

Professor Lee believes that research into conceptual development in children should emphasize how children's concepts reflect the interaction between their specific experiences and their biological predispositions to process information in particular ways. Which theme fits with Professor Lee's view?

nature and nurture

Humans apply _____ whenever they think about why someone did something.

naïve psychology

Which group constitutes members of the same perceptual category?

cat, squirrel, rabbit

When 5-year-old Tom asks his father why their family dog is barking, he is trying to understand

causality.

When a child takes apart his toy to see how it works, he or she is trying to understand

causality.

Six-month-olds can detect repetitive _____ of events.

sequences

If one had been invited to a party at the home of John B. Watson in 1913, which statement would one have been likely to overhear him saying to others there?

"Psychology should be redefined as the scientific study of behavior."

Infant Rachel is able to discriminate between a tone lasting 3 seconds and one lasting 2 seconds. Rachel is likely how old?

10 months

Sara is just beginning to use sociodramatic play. Sara is MOST likely _____ old.

2-3 years old

Nine-year-old Danny now realizes that someone else can have a different view, but he is also able to think about the other person's point of view. Danny is—according to Selman—in the _____ stage of role taking.

2nd

Research shows that, on average, infants begin perceiving rudimentary causal connections among some physical events by _____ months.

3

Which individual, after loss of language ability due to brain trauma, is MOST likely to reacquire language?

3-year-old Dante

Infants perceive causal connections among some physical events by _____ months of age.

6

Matthew wants to play with his brother's new toy truck that he received for his birthday yesterday. Matthew understands, however, that his brother just received the truck and therefore most likely would not like to lend it out just yet. According to Robert Selman's stage theory of role taking, Matthew is MOST likely at least _____ years of age.

8

Which statement BEST exemplifies the process of syntactic development?

A child tries to order words correctly to convey that he wants more juice.

In comparison with human language learning, which statement is TRUE about nonhuman animals' ability to learn language?

Animals who have been able to learn symbols still show little evidence of syntactic structure.

The behaviorist MOST associated with operant conditioning is

B. F. Skinner. operant conditioning

Werker and colleagues (1994) showed what about infant-directed speech (IDS)?

Both English-learning and Cantonese-learning infants preferred Cantonese IDS over adult-directed speech.

Which finding supports parental-investment theory, which posits that parents have a drive to perpetuate their genes in the human gene pool and thus invest a lot of effort in caring for their offspring?

Children are much less likely to be murdered by their genetic father than by their stepfather.

Which statement is NOT true according to the research on children's media exposure? Exposure to violence in media represents a significant risk to the health of children and adolescents. Children who watch more than 20 hours of television are significantly more likely to be socially isolated from their peers. Heavy users of screen media are more likely to report getting grades of C or below. A child who has a TV in their bedroom is at increased risk for obesity.

Children who watch more than 20 hours of television are significantly more likely to be socially isolated from their peers

Which statement about concepts is NOT accurate? Concepts help us understand the world and act effectively in it by allowing us to generalize from prior experience. Concepts also tell us how to react emotionally to new experiences. Concepts are general ideas that organize objects, events, qualities, or relations on the basis of some similarity. Concept growth ends around age 5.

Concept growth ends around age 5.

_____ help people make sense of the world by simplifying it and allowing them to use prior experience to interpret new situations

Concepts

_____ help people make sense of the world by simplifying it and allowing them to use prior experience to interpret new situations.

Concepts

Which of these statements best describes Freud's legacy in modern psychological science?

Freud's influence continues to be very important, but there are a number of criticisms of his theory.

Reagan is a young girl with a genetic developmental disorder. Her language development has been severely affected by this condition, and as such she has been diagnosed with a specific language impairment. Which condition is NOT likely to have contributed to this delay?

PKU

under some conditions in procedures like these, preschoolers' belief in the power of wishing often seems tentative. What are those conditions?

Preschoolers seem more tentative in their belief in the power of wishing when their acting upon that belief could have embarrassing consequences for them. For example, when a third party comes into the laboratory room and asks to borrow an object the child has just asserted has been wished into a box, many children give no indication that the requested object is in the box.

The psychoanalytic theorist who originated the idea that a person's excessive eating, drinking, or talking might be traceable back to the way that person's mother handled his or her urge to suck during infancy is

Sigmund Freud.

Each of Erikson's stages is characterized by:

a crisis that the individual must resolve

Which statement is a TRUE research finding discussed in the text regarding children who have been physically abused?

They are better at recognizing angry facial expressions than are children who have not experienced abuse.

In an experiment used to test the mutual exclusivity constraint on word learning, children saw a familiar and an unfamiliar item. Which object(s) did children select when they were asked to "show me the blicket"? Why?

They chose the unfamiliar item because they already had a word for the familiar object.

When the children in Bandura's experimental group were left alone with the doll, they were more likely to hit the doll than were the children in the control group.

This statement is true. The children in the experimental group who had viewed the model behaving aggressively were more likely to hit the doll and engage in other forms of aggression.

Bandura's experiment showed that children will not only imitate the model's specific aggressive behaviors but will also invent novel aggressive actions in their own spontaneous play.

This statement is true. This was a surprising finding because it demonstrated that children can learn specific actions through observation without being directly rewarded for those actions.

Dr. Moniz studies concept development in children through examining how children actively attempt to understand the world. Dr. Moniz is emphasizing the _____ theme.

active child

What is theory of mind?

an organized understanding of how mental processes such as intentions, desires, beliefs, perceptions, and emotions influence behavior

The hostile attributional bias, according to research conducted by Kenneth Dodge, can best be described as the general expectation that others are

antagonistic.

According to Sigmund Freud, the primary source of gratification during the 2nd year of life is the

anus/ genetails

Studies have demonstrated that children learn and retain categories of animals and objects better if they

are told why each item or animal is different.

Sigmund Freud's emphasis on the importance of early experience and close relationships has been influential in the field of

attachment.

Erik Erikson's second crisis of life, beginning at age 1, during which children begin adjusting to increasing social demands without losing self-esteem is called

autonomy versus shame and doubt.

In the category hierarchy "machine/computer/laptop," "computer" is at the _____ level.

basic

Three-year-old Roberto understands that cats are animals but has trouble with understanding the different type of cats. Roberto understands cats at the ____ level.

basic

Three-year-old Sammy understands that bears are animals but has trouble with understanding the different types of bears. Sammy understands bears at the _____ level.

basic

A person who is fluent in two languages is called

bilingual

A primary weakness of the learning approach is its lack of attention to

biological influences.

When Martin discusses the way in which children learn to use language, he suggests that there are multiple neural mechanisms that are activated at the same time and that, just like a computer, the activity of these different components is linked. Martin is a proponent of the linguistic model called

connectionism.

In the container/cup/coffee mug hierarchy, which object would a child generally learn FIRST?

cup (basic level)

In adolescence and adulthood, individuals with a history of maltreatment are NOT at increased risk for heart disease. substance abuse. depression.

diabetes.

Four-month-olds can do all of these EXCEPT predict on which side a novel photo will appear when they have learned that the novel image alternates sides. remember the order in which three novel objects appear. predict alternating patterns of light and darkness when trained on those patterns. discriminate between events lasting 3 seconds and events lasting 2 seconds.

discriminate between events lasting 3 seconds and events lasting 2 seconds.

According to Erikson, the psychosocial stage from puberty until the 20s is called _____, which is the time when most young people are trying out roles and developing values, beliefs, and goals.

ego identity versus role confusion

Which position argues that nature endows infants with only general learning mechanisms, such as the ability to perceive, attend, associate, generalize, and remember, but the rapid and universal formation of fundamental concepts such as time, space, number, causality, and mind arises from infants' massive exposure to experiences that are relevant to these concepts?

empiricist

Dr. Anuk believes infants' causal understanding results from observing countless events in their environment. Dr. Anuk is MOST likely a(n)

empiricist.

Ted thinks cats have a certain "catness," dogs have a certain "dogness," and horses have a certain "horseness." What concept is he exhibiting?

essentialism

Children fail to solve _____ when they do not fully comprehend that others can have different beliefs than they themselves possess.

false-belief problems

Which statement is FALSE regarding research on bilingualism? A. Children who learn more than one language perform better on a variety of cognitive tests than do monolingual peers. B. Children who learn more than one language rarely mix up the grammatical rules from the two languages. C. Children who learn more than one language initially lag slightly on some language measures but soon catch up to monolingual peers. D. Children who learn more than one language often fall behind in school due to linguistic confusion.

false: Children who learn more than one language often fall behind in school due to linguistic confusion.

Which statement is NOT true regarding children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)? Children with ASD show less concern when other people appear distressed. Children with ASD typically have language skills equivalent to their typically developing peers. Those with serious forms of ASD engage in solitary, repetitive behaviors such as continually rocking back and forth. Children with ASD have difficulty solving false-belief problems.

false: Children with ASD typically have language skills equivalent to their typically developing peers

Which statement regarding deaf children's language acquisition is FALSE? A. In the absence of ability to hear or use of cochlear implants, it is very difficult to learn a spoken language. B. Deaf children who learn a sign language from early in life follow a typical language development trajectory. C. Deaf infants and toddlers implanted with cochlear implants early in life are just as accurate in perceiving spoken speech as hearing infants and toddlers are. D. Most deaf children are born to hearing parents.

false: Deaf infants and toddlers implanted with cochlear implants early in life are just as accurate in perceiving spoken speech as hearing infants and toddlers are

Yolanda is 3 days old. Her mother speaks only French and her father speaks both French and Italian. She will MOST likely prefer hearing

french more than any other language

A(n) _____ consists of categories that are related by set-subset relations

hierarchy

An example of a category _____ is living things/plants/tulips.

hierarchy

When Antonio talks to his 6-month-old son, he uses distinct pronunciation, a simplified vocabulary, short sentences, and a high-pitched, exaggerated intonation. Antonio is using _____ with his son.

infant-directed speech

Fidelma is 5 years old, and she likes to help her mother when it is time for supper. However, her mother is often quick tempered at the end of the day, scolding Fidelma when she tries to help. Her mother finds she can get things done more quickly if Fidelma stays out of the way. Based on Erik Erikson's theory, Fidelma may fail to develop

initiative

Five-year old Sarah is not satisfied no matter how many books her mother reads her each night. Every time she knows that story time is ending, she cries, "Just one more!" Usually, her mother is firm, reminding Sarah that story time is over and she cannot make more demands. As Sarah continues to cry, waking the other children in the house, her mother occasionally gives in to get Sarah to stop her from screaming. Sarah's mother has just used _____ with her daughter, a choice that unfortunately will make Sarah's behavior more difficult to extinguish in the future.

intermittent reinforcement

While holding her 7-month-old daughter, Angela notices her daughter watching her siblings play, pays close attention to them, and seems to learn from them. Angela's daughter is demonstrating learning from developing a simple theory of

naïve psychology

In a 1960s antismoking commercial, a father and son were shown spending time together, with the son imitating everything his father does: painting the house, washing Dad's car, and, finally, sitting under a tree and reaching for a pack of cigarettes. The announcer states, "Like father, like son." The son's behaviors are examples of

observational learning.

Two times a week Don's mother lets him watch a video about trucks. Don develops an ability to name every type of truck with ease. Don's ability is the result of

observational learning.

Linda has a daughter named Allison who is 2 years old. Every time Allison takes a toy from her baby brother, he cries. Linda punishes Allison by putting her in a time-out chair each time she does this. While she may not realize it, Linda is using a behavior modification technique that is based on ____ conditioning.

operant

A psychoanalytic theorist would explain John's constant gum chewing as an example of fixation developed due to fundamental needs not being met during the _____ stage of psychosexual development.

oral

Nathan chews the end of his pen, bites his nails, overeats, smokes cigarettes, and talks incessantly. According to Freud, Nathan has probably fixated at the _____ stage of psychosexual development due to some unresolved conflict.

oral

Nine-month-old Katie places several of her toys in her mouth. Her mother, who graduated with a psychology degree, knows that Katie's behavior exemplifies Freud's _____ stage of development.

oral

Thirteen-month-old Lydia calls all men Daddy. This example illustrates

overextension

Elementary units of meaningful sounds that are used to produce languages are called

phonemes

Miriam sees a bubble in the air and yells "bubba" excitedly. Miriam in the process of _____ development.

phonological

Dweck and colleagues found that children's different motivation patterns are found as early as

preschool, ages 4 and 5.

While taking a walk with his parents, 2-year-old DeMarcus sees a cat, looks at his parents, and says "kitty." DeMarcus is demonstrating language

production

Bandura's concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions is called

reciprocal determinism.

Hostile attributional biases can become _____: a child who thinks everyone else is out to get him will then retaliate and act aggressively to his peers who will then reject him (supporting his belief in the hostility of others).

self-fulfilling prophecies

Six-year-old J-shaun concludes that he can become a fire fighter, but his sister cannot. He makes this conclusion after watching a television show in which all of the fire fighters are men. In the context of social-cognitive theories J-shaun is demonstrating

self-socialization.

According to Sigmund Freud, each stage of development in the first six years is characterized by

sexual pleasure.

Nine-month-old Esther is shown a rabbit and a shoebox by a researcher. It is MOST likely that Esther will

smile more at the researcher than the rabbit.

Robert Selman's stage theory of role taking is a type of

social cognitive theory.

Ed's college friend has always been withdrawn and shy. He sees her at his college reunion picnic and is not surprised that her child is also shy, does not smile easily, and stays close to her mother. This may BEST be described as an example of

social learning.

Simone and her sister are galloping through their living room, acting out a conflict as if they are characters from a popular television show. Simone and her sister are engaging in

sociodramatic play.

In the category hierarchy "machine/computer/laptop," "laptop" is at the _____ level.

subordinate

In the category hierarchy living things/reptiles/snakes, "snakes" is at the _____ level.

subordinate

In the category hierarchy machine/computer/laptop "laptop" is at the _____ level.

subordinate

Two-and-a-half-year-old Danielle understands that dogs are animals but does not understand that a beagle is a different breed of dog. Danielle is having trouble with the _____ level of this category

subordinate

After making a New Year's resolution to eat healthy foods, Carlos decides to have a spoonful of ice cream . . . and ends up eating most of a carton. He feels guilty about not maintaining his resolution. According to the psychoanalytic theory, which part of Carlos's personality is responsible for his reaction of guilt to his behavior?

sugerego

In the category hierarchy living things/reptiles/snakes, "living things" is at the _____ level.

superordinate

In the category hierarchy machine/computer/laptop, "machine" is at the _____ level.

superordinate

The most general level within a category is called

superordinate

_____ involves the mastery of the symbolic creations of others and the creation of new symbolic representations.

symbolic proficiency

Jonica understands that she must say, "Please pass the peas," and not, "Peas the pass please." Jonica has attained an understanding of

syntax; order

Miguel, whose first language is Spanish, is finding that his 3-year-old daughter is learning English much more quickly and more easily than he is. This is evidence that

the neural circuitry supporting language learning operates differently (and better) during the early years.

Which factor has NOT been shown to support spatial development? walking crawling completing puzzles theory of mind

theory of mind

In Bandura's experiment, both groups of children were equally likely to make aggressive remarks toward the doll

this statement is false. The children in the experimental group who had viewed the model behaving aggressively were more likely to display both verbal and physical aggression toward the doll.

Seven-month-old Jared is repeatedly shown a toy on his left while he sits on the floor. Then he is repositioned so that the toy appears on his right. In which direction will Jared turn to see the toy?

to his left

According to the text, the weakness in both the theories of Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson relates to the idea that their major theoretical claims are

too vague to be testable.

In Bandura's experiment, the control group had exactly the same experiences as the experimental group except that the children in the control group did not observe the model hitting the Bobo doll and making aggressive remarks toward it.

true. If the two groups differed in any other ways, we could not be sure that the differences in aggressive behavior were caused by viewing the model.

Dual representation refers to one's ability to

understand a symbolic artifact as both a real object and as a symbol for something else.

When 3-month-olds are placed in dark rooms, they _____ to identify an object's location.

use sounds emitted by an object