COGNITIVE EXAM 3
items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.
According to the typicality effect
constructive nature of memory
Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the
visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.
Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because
Indicate whether the following statement is true - An apple is a fruit. YES NO
Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?
Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?
583: 653: 518 sec
Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.
guitar
Which of the following represents a basic level item?
police allow witness to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer
Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?
although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup
Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?
thought is always accompanied by imagery
Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery?
cognitive economy
Which term below is most closely associated with semantic networks?
schema
Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen
repeated recall
Your text argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is
After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.
Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research?
size of the field of view
Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the
pragmatic inference
____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence
exemplars
______ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.
a prototype
______ is a "typical" member of a category
basic
According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.
constructive
According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations
constructive
According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
using visual images; deactivated
Amedi and coworkers used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ____, some areas associated with non-visual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ____
typicality
An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect
creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge
Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved
transition points
Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.
they took themselves
Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos
a dedicative representation
Carly is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using
spreading activation
Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of _____ into their network model
the same as
Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is _____ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird."
30 degrees
Dominic is at a job interview sitting across from the company's CEO, Ms. Bing. While she takes a phone call, Dominic tries to recall her first name. Her business card is on the desk, but its orientation is not facing Dominic straight on. The business card has the initial of Ms. Bing's first name, so Dominic mentally rotates that initial letter into a straight-up orientation. For which angle (compared to the final straight-up orientation) would you predict Dominic would be fastest in identifying the initial?
dreams
Examples like Paul McCartney's composition of the song "Yesterday" and Jack Nicklaus's improvement of his golf swing demonstrate a connection between imagery and
make more errors in their recollections
Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants
graduating from college at 22
Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?
It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.
Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?
the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.
For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that
plays a causal role in both perception and imagery
Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex
a photograph of the participant's first grade class increased the likelihood of false memories
Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting
adolescence and young adulthood
Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI : even if they are told to ignore the postevent information. For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for
connection weights
Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network
imagine the meaning of the word "ethics"
Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?
is based on spatial or language mechanisms
The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery
mental images
The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves
a turtle is an animal
According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?
3
A circular plate rests at the center of a small square table. Around the table are a total of four chairs, one along each side of the square table. A person with unilateral neglect sits down in one of the chairs and eats from the plate. After he is "finished," he moves to the next chair on his right and continues to eat from the plate. Assuming he never moves the plate and he continues with this procedure (moving one chair to the right and eating) how many chairs will he have to sit in to eat all the food on the plate?
extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that
a sequence of actions
A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of
a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.
A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be
less efficiently than normal
"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____
propositional
3x + 9 = 16" is a _____ representation
mirror
Gallese and colleagues (1996) noted that certain types of neurons, now called ________ neurons, activated when a monkey grasped food on a tray, but also activated when they watched the experimenter grasping food on a tray.
perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.
Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that
can fly; bird
How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.
subordinate; basic
If we were conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturalists to people with little knowledge about plants. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level.
exemplar
If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.
an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image
Imagery neurons respond to
a field sparrow is an animal
In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique?
bottom up; top down
In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Behrmann and coworkers suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process.
cultural expectations
In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on
constructive memory processes
In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of
sleep
In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature.
inner audition
Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used _____ in playing the game
crowding
It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties
script
Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a checkout line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____.
24 hours
Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of
retroactive interference
Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of
mental walk
Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment
2
Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately _____ seconds.
experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.
Mental imagery involves
more exemplars than Bob's
Olin and Bob are neighbors. Olin loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Olin's standard probably involves
damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation
One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that
connectionist
One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network
superordinate
People playing the parlor game "20 Questions" often use hierarchical organization strategies. One player asks up to 20 yes/no questions to determine the identity of an object another player has selected. The player's questions usually start as general and get more specific as the player approaches a likely guess. Initial questions asked by a player are often one of three questions: "Is it an animal?" "Is it a vegetable?" and "Is it a mineral?" Each of these three questions describes which level of categorization?
imagery and perception can interact with one another
Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that
tacit knowledge
Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that
people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.
Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that
a more convincing the testimony is to a jury
Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories
the more convincing the testimony is to the jury
Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories
distributed
Research on the physiology of semantic memory has shown that the representation of different categories in the brain (like living and non-living things) is best described as being
exemplar
Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents).
the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories
Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed
the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.
Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed
mental chronometry
Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using
epiphenomenon
Sometimes a behavioral event can occur at the same time as a cognitive process, even though the behavior isn't needed for the cognitive process. For example, many people look toward the ceiling when thinking about a complex problem, even though "thinking" would likely continue if they didn't look up. This describes a(n
at the far side of the front yard, away from the house
Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing
constructive
The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process.
the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.
The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when
doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.
The definitional approach to categorization
source misattributions
The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and nonfamous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of _____ on memory
involves making inferences
The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory
involves making inferernces
The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory
narrative rehearsal hypothesis
The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the
they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance
The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because
after the event
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented
memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identites
The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that
order
The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their
The same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information
The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves
a method of loci
The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as
source monitoring
Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors
simultaneous
When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified
Parallel distributed processing theory
Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?
parallel distributed processing theory
Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?
auditory from a female speaker
hypothesis In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was
