COGNITIVE Final

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if it's conclusion is believable is called the ________

belief bias

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Research shows that ________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material

highlighting

Which of the following should have the lowest threshold for being activated to attention according to Treisman?

your name

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?

Location

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable?

Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?

Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure.

Mental scanning

All of the following illustrate implicit memory EXCEPT ________.

semantic knowledge

The trail left by a moving a sparkler is an example of the ____ at work.

sensory memory

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

short and across several days

According to Broadbent, where does the process of rehearsal take place?

short-term memory

Which of the following deserves credit for the recency effect?

short-term memory (STM)

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words

According to the phonological similarity effect, we're more likely to confuse words or letters that ________ similar; for instance, "F" is more likely to be misidentified as ________ .

sound; "S"

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep?

Distraction

Terrell volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman-Hernandez debate on TV. Terrell was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100% sure he was going to vote for Goodman. Terrell's first response to the debate will most likely be...

"Goodman answered the question on job creation very well."

When Javier talks about last night's basketball game with his friend Coral over coffee, which of the following internal thoughts reflect Javier's working memory?

"The game was close and exciting"

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a ____ chance that Sarah is a science major.

40 percent %

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing

A and 13

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

Cake mug

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget once they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of :

Encoding specificity.

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember?

Freedom

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow.

The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Why does counting backwards after reciting a list of words eliminate the recency effect?

The last words are lost in short-term memory (STM).

Suppose a subject began recall of a list of words after counting backwards for 30 seconds. What would be the likely consequence of doing this?

The primacy effect is eliminated

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

a bumblebee

Which of the following will likely NOT advance beyond sensory memory?

a firefly's glow

Which of the following memories would NOT be an example of long-term memory?

acknowledging that you just sat down

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning?

although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio.

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying

articulatory suppression

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house

According to Baddeley, the central executive controls _________.

attention

For decades, children waiting to see the dentist have done a familiar challenge in Highlights magazine. They compare two illustrations that look almost identical and try to identify 15 things that are different. What are the children engaging in?

change detection

By listing numbers as (212) 555-1234, telephone companies use which technique to help people remember their own and others' phone numbers>

chunking

What distinguishes working memory from short-term memory?

complexity

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are skewed by the operation of the

confirmation bias

Suppose someone has told you a phone number, and you're repeating it over and over again to yourself with the hope that you'll remember it before you dial the number. This example is a type of _____ called ______.

control process; rehearsal

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptoamnesia

Metcalf and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to

demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems

Which component of Broadbent's mode of attention is focused on the meaning of a stimulus?

detector

Which of the following likely led early telephone companies to create phone numbers using the format 213-555-1234 rather than a format such as 21776-551873-0633295

digit span

Suppose you're studying in the library and you hear someone else's cell phone conversation, which, in turn, causes you to lose your focus on your work. This example illustrates _____.

distraction

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

divergent thinking

Yvonne is attempting to listen to a conversation from her friend while simultaneously being alert for an expected cell phone call. This example illustrates _____.

divided attention

Low-load tasks are to high-load tasks as ___ is to _____.

easy; difficult

Acquiring information and transforming it into memory is

encoding

Suppose you recall that you had a pleasant conversation with a cashier the other day when you went to get coffee. This memory should be viewed as primarily being _____.

episodic

Remembering a fun family trip to the beach when you were six years old requires recalling a(n) ______ memory from _____ memory.

episodic: long-term

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information.

even if they are told to ignore the post-event information.

Which term best reflects the aspect of memory that people lose with age?

experience

Which of the following is the key factor in the cocktail party effect?

filter

There are two gumball machines outside the local grocery store, one large machine and one small machine. Both machines have only yellow and orange gumballs, and each machine contains 50% of each color. For each coin, the large gumball machine dispenses 15 gumballs, while the small machine dispenses 5. Tim is a young genius whose interests include probability and sound decision-making. His "probability project of the day" is to get a greater % of either colors, but not an equal amount of each. Given this, and presuming Tim has only one coin,

he should use his coin in the small machine

Noam Chomsky proposed that

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered

Semantic memory is to _____ as episodic memory is to ______.

knowing; remembering

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying

language acquisition.

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's

lexicon

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for particpants to decide wheter two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

mental chronometry

Which of the following types of exam questions is an example of recognition memory?

multiple-choice

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

What is the upper limit for holding information in long-term memory?

no limit

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as

operators

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT

operatos

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity is the visual cortex

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery

When you just ride a bike without consciously thinking about how to do so, this illustrates ______ memory.

procedural

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard before

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentation at the conference is segregated based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on

psycholinguistics

When the police ask the victim of a crime to look through mugshots of past criminals, they hope that the victim's _____ will help them to identify and arrest a suspect.

recognition

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set.

relaxed

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

reorganization or restructuring

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over

Memories of the past that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be ________.

repressed

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM.

retrieval cues

In the context of language, another term for "heuristics" is ________.

rules

Experts _____ than novices.

take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the:

tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if

the box is empty

A syllogism is valid if

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

Suppose you're shown five rows containing five letters each. You're then told to recall only one row of letters. In doing so, you're utilizing _____

the partial report method

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

The conjunction rule states that

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using

the representativeness heuristic

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution

transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if

the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (for example, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance

What is a key function of the phonological loop?

to prevent decay

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect Baddeley and Hitch's concept of working memory?

unlimited

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. The syllogism is:

valid.

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as ______ is to _____.

vision; sound

When you're trying to understand what your professor is talking about in a lecture, which of the following is LEAST important to aid this process?

visuospatial sketch pad

The best description of the purpose of think-aloud protocols is that they are used to determine

what information a person is attending to while solving a problem

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on difference between how experts and novices solve problems?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field

Which property below is NOT one of the characteristics that makes human language unique?

Communication

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory?

Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman?

Deliberate

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories?

Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

Ronnie told his friend Sasha, "Last Thursday when it got below freezing and the roads were icy, I went to the new sushi place on Rte 38 for the $12.99 all-you-can-eat special." Which part of Ronnie's autobiographical memory is episodic?

I had dinner at the sushi place.

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

Illusory truth effect

Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?

Inattentional blindness

______ occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answer while doing something else.

Incubation

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

Katie and Alana are roommates take the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances?

Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam?

Kim performs better because of consolidation

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?

Language has a structure that is governed by rules.

The phrase "You just hear what you want to hear" best reflects which of the following concepts?

Myside bias

Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts?

Propositional

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

Repetition

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory

Retrieval

Your friend has been sick for severla days, so you go over to her home to make her chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In the search you relied on a kitchen:

Schema

Which of the following is NOT a factor in prosody?

Semantics

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory?

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it everyday for three years.

A mental rotation task is focused on the _______ aspect of imagery.

Spatial

Who developed a test that demonstrates the distractive power of some task-irrelevant stimuli?

Stroop

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates

a build-up and release of proactive interference

Marisol was pleasantly surprised when she walked into the hospital to visit her father and saw an espresso bar and a four-piece jazz quartet playing. What caused Marisol's response?

a deviation from her scene schema

Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents

a mental set

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

a sequence of actions

Which of the following would be an example of auditory coding in long-term memory?

a song you have heard many times before, repeating over and over in your mind.

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using

an illusory correlation

Peter was so stressed about his presentation tomorrow that he was surprised to find himself pulling into his driveway after work. He didn't remember one bit of what is usually a nasty commute on packed roads. What enabled Peter to make it home safely?

automatic processing

Donte purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Donte says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Donte's judgment is most likely based by a(n)

availability heuristic

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the

availability heuristic

Wally and Shamika are out on a date. When Shamika asks where they should go for dinner, Wally says, "My coworkers keep telling me about the new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n)

availability heuristic

Explicit memory is to _______ as implicit memory is to _______.

aware; unaware

Primacy effect is to recency effect as _____ is to ______.

beginning; end

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies ______ reasoning.

deductive

Bonnie has ordered her monthly supply of medicines through the mail for the past five years. Except for one order, all orders have arrived within two business days. Bonnie placed an order yesterday, and she expects to receive her order tomorrow. Bonnie is using

inductive reasoning

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) ________ state.

intermediate

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I dont each lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is

invalid

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

is based on spatial or language mechanisms

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to

previously understood information that we bring into the conversation

Political propaganda is an effective tool to manage and control the public due to the effect of ______.

priming

Syntax is the

rules for combining words into sentences.

Because Robbie will be late to the big outdoor concert, he tells Serena to wear the ugly lime green top. This will increase Serena's _____ so Robbie can find her in the crowd.

salience

Imagine that your friend James has taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and your raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says, "My grandfather smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his argument involves

sample size

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory

schemas

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

Suppose you're at a loud party where you're trying really hard to listen to a conversation that you're having with a friend. In doing so, you're showing ____.

selective attention

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is

the falsification principle

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT

the falsification principle

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because

the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.

Cecile has dreamed of owning her own home for years, and she can finally afford a small cottage in an older neighborhood. She notices that she feels more positive about her home when she drives home by the abandoned shacks, but she hates her home when driving past the fancy mansions with their large lawns. Cecile's emotions are influenced by

the framing effect

The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ______ is crucial for the formation of long-term memories

the hippocampus

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

the method of loci

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on

the self-refrence effect

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

According to the predictions of the memory span demonstration, for which of the following types of material should a participant have the shortest memory span?

words