Cognitive Neuroscience Exam 2

perseveration is observed in infants younger than _____

12 months

what are 3 distinct properties of PFC?

1. sustained activity that is robust against potentially interfering signals 2. capacity for rapid updating of neural activity patterns 3. capacity for PFC modulation of other cortical areas

_____ stimulation: LTD _____ stimulation: LTP

< 10 Hz > 10 Hz

anterior intraparietal shape info needed to grasp objects shaping the hand for grasp ventral semantic

AIP, or _____, contains a map of _____ & useful info for _____ AIP gets information from the _____ stream with _____ knowledge

three junction parietal occipital early dorsal stream moving to an object using vision voluntarily controlling gaze more than one object shown at a time visually guided actions visual & motor

Baliant's syndrome is the collection of _____ symptoms the syndrome is caused by damage on the _____ between _____ & _____. It is caused by a lesion in _____ optic ataxia occurs when one has problems _____ ocular apraxia occurs when one has problems _____ simultaneousagnosia occurs when one has problems recognizing _____ this results from the inability to use vision to control _____ attention is the interface between _____ & _____

intense electrical stimulation of axons leading from the _____ to the _____ caused a long-term increase in the magnitude of _____ in the postsynaptic neurons what is this increase called?

EC DG EPSPs LTP

what is error monitoring? peak around _____ after the erroneous response in case performance drops (errors happen), _____ are activated what is error a salient marker for? _____ reflects that activation

ERP component that corresponds to making an error on speeded reaction time tasks 100 ms cognitive control processes failed performance and need for cognitive control ERN

temporally graded consolidation changes enduring short-term & long-term explicit & implicit

Experiments on HM show that he has _____ amnesia, meaning there is a _____ process. So, there must be a neural mechanism that _____ over time to allow memories to be encoded in an _____ way. _____ & _____ as well as _____ & _____ depend on different brain areas & neural systems

anterograde new declarative retrograde 3 consolidation just stored stabilized

HM had severe _____ amnesia because he could not create any _____ memories (encoding problem) he also had moderate _____ amnesia because he couldn't remember most of the recent years before his surgery his trouble remembering past events was about _____ years, suggesting that there is some type of _____ that takes place in the brain. This graded retrograde amnesia suggests memories are not _____ but take time before they become _____

episodic frozen rock n roll interrupted rehearsal working & procedural cognitive tasks implicit memory perceptual memory Rey figure draw it from memory copy it recall it

HM had the complete loss of _____ memory & his language was _____ with the exception of _____. His short-term memory only seemed to be worse than normal when _____ because he was using _____ HM showed intact _____ & _____ memory. He could also learn _____ after practicing through _____. He also showed normal _____ during the fish task He was asked to copy down a strange picture known as a _____ & 10 minutes later to _____. He could _____ but not _____

_____ refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and hence our behavior these changes are _____

Learning Memories

describe from memory right or left facing the cathedral standing on its steps left side attention intention

In the Bisiach & Luzzatti experiment, patients are asked to _____ different landmarks based on their location the landmarks were either on the _____ or _____ the two perspectives was _____ vs. _____ in the first perspective, inability in directing their attention to the _____ of the representation. in the standing on its steps perspective, they recognized all the landmarks they couldn't in the other perspective this showed that neglect is a disorder of _____, not _____

lateral intraparietal locations of objects you intend to look at potential saccade goals where your eyes will look

LIP, or _____, represents the _____ LIP contains a map of _____ neurons in LIP code for _____

_____ also involves an increase in the efficiency and number of _____ on the postsynaptic membrane of dendritic spines more _____, more _____, stronger _____

LTP AMPA receptors AMPA receptors EPSP synapse

white matter tracts internal capsule midbrain spinal cord pyramidal spinal cord opposite sides right

M1 axons go through _____ which is named _____ to reach the _____ & then makes contact with parts of the _____ there are big _____ neurons that have projections to the _____. These neurons synapse to the _____. So, the left part of the motor cortex controls _____ effectors & vice versa

medial intraparietal/PRR potential arm reach goals movement of effector to goal immediate extrapersonal space

MIP, or _____, contains a map of _____ neurons in MIP represent the _____ the neuron's receptive fields represent _____ because it is within reach

information stored in the brain long information is retained

Memory is based on how _____ is _____ Memory is broken into how _____

what part of brain is particularly important for cognitive control?

PFC

_____ is not solely responsible due to cognitive control PFC allows for flexible adaptation to unexpected changes in the environment through _____, _____, & _____

PFC the inputs it receives the outputs it sends the activity patterns these connections and neurotransmitters influence

medial temporal lobes no new memories hippocampus posterior hippocampus

Patient HM had his _____ removed to cure epilepsy, including hippocampi, parahippocampal gyrus, and amygdalae the surgery helped his seizures but caused him to have _____ since the operation the surgeon claimed he removed the entire _____ but recent MRIs have shown that the _____ is present

hippocampus sparse pattern of activity network stable memory the outside world pattern completion fed back hijacks vivid feedback hippocampus consolidation reinstatement hypothesis perceive the information recollect the information

The theory of memory states that the inputs from the cortical activity are sent to the _____ where it activates a _____ A _____ forms in the hippocampus, which eventually creates a _____ Humans reinstate information from our memory using the same information we got from _____. This is achieved through _____, as it causes the hippocampus pattern to be _____ to the neocortex when an external source reminds you of an event. our memory system _____ the representational system to allow us to create _____ memories through the process of _____ before learning, the _____ is needed for recollection but after learning it is not due to _____ the theory is based on the _____, which says that when we retrieve a memory the same neurons used to _____ are used to _____

ventral intraparietal ultra-personal space used to guide head, mouth, & lips there is food brought to face hand motivational

VIP, or _____, represents _____ during feeding neurons in VIP are silent until _____. There receptive fields are _____ centered VIP received visual & somatosensory input that mix with _____ signals

William James salient selective capacity limited

_____ pointed out three concepts that are important for our understanding of attention 1. attention is oriented to things that are _____ 2. attention is _____ & there is a cost to this 3. attention is _____

who is patient R.B.? why is he important?

a 52 year old man with a history of heart problems, sustained a cardiac arrest. brain damage due to anoxia. anterograde amnesia he died 5 years after the brain damage. autopsy showed that field CA1 of the hippocampal formation was gone; its neurons had completely degenerated. CA1 is important for memory formation and is related to anterograde amnesia.

what is long-term depression?

a long-term decrease in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by stimulation of the terminal button while the postsynaptic membrane is hyperpolarized or only slightly depolarized

what is LTP? LTP can an occur in various regions of the brain and can last for _____

a long-term increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by repeated high frequency activity of that input several months

what is unilateral neglect? what is it typically caused by? unilateral neglect is a _____ syndrome

a neurological syndrome in which damage to one hemisphere causes unawareness of information from the opposite hemisphere a stroke - right hemisphere affects left side heterogenous

stands out distractors response time directions because it's automatic search the objects at the same time early two features serially goes up distractors shift in attention late

a pop-out search is when one target _____ so it doesn't matter how many _____ there are. Your _____ stays the same & you don't need _____ preattentive/parallel attention allows you to _____ because one stands out. This involves _____ selection a conjunction search involves the conjunction of _____ so you must search _____. The response time _____ as the _____ increase attentive/serial attention requires a _____ to search each target at a time. This involves _____ selection from semantic encoding

after new declarative brain injury hippocampus severe past closest to the injury mild intact

anterograde amnesia causes you to forget everything _____ the brain injury, so you have a problem storing _____ memories, especially _____ memories. The cause of anterograde amnesia is _____ to the _____. It causes _____ impairment retrograde amnesia causes you to forget the _____. The forgetting is greatest _____. It causes _____ impairment memories for events in the far past are usually _____

receptive fields locus of attention stronger greater select relevant efficient

attention boosts the signal in neurons that have _____ that overlap with _____ the stimulus you attend to is _____ & the one the cortex represents _____ at V1, attention seems to _____ the stimulus that is _____ allowing all the processing all the way up the visual system to be made more _____

focus the most important things select cascading boosted relevant signals irrelevant signals downstream processing working internal representation

attention helps _____ the brain by allocating neural resources to _____ attention helps us _____ the most important movements at a given time attention has a _____ effect, so if it acts on early neurons they get _____. Attention boosts the realiabity of _____ & ignores _____. This makes _____ easier attention is also linked to _____ memory because when you remember something your attention is on an _____

what is the premotor theory of attention?

attention is a consequence of the intention to act

external features automatic fast exogenous bottom goal or experience voluntary slower endogenous higher areas down

bottom-up attention is driven by _____ & is _____ so it catches attention _____. It is _____ so it pays attention to the outside visual world. Bottom-up attention is done through mechanisms at the _____ of the visual hierarchy top-down attention is driven by _____ or _____ & is _____ because the targets do not pop out, making it _____. It is _____ so it pays attention to internal goals. Top-down attention starts at the _____ of visual hierarchy & are sent _____ to find a target

who is the Korsakoff's Syndrome what is this brain damage caused by? what can it lead to?

brain damage caused by long-term thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency chronic alcohol abuse or malnutrition or both generalized brain shrinkage

how are cognitive behaviors shaped? how do responses differ? what does decision-making include?

by making decisions context, individual's current state and previous experiences examining choices, compare them and making a choice

what is learning? what is memory?

change in behavior due to acquisition of new information/ experience or modifying existing ones storage and retention of learned information

what is synaptic plasticity?

changes in the structure or biochemistry of synapses that alter their effects on postsynaptic neurons

what is object-based attention? the competition is biased by the _____ of selective attention

competing for stimulus representation top-down influence

because the brain cannot form new memories it just _____ in addition to general shrinkage, damage to the _____: especially to the _____ and _____

confabulates limbic system mammillary bodies dorsomedial thalamus

what is the hippocampus responsible for? _____ can follow the Hebb rule in the hippocampus

consolidation of memories & spatial navigation LTP

without moving the eyes Helmholtz unyoke monitor things without looking

covert attention is attention _____. It was first described by _____ covert attention allows you to _____ your attention the advantage of covert attention is that you can _____

what is the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test? patients with _____ have problems in sorting

decks that can be sorted by different rules according to color, shape and number need to learn the rule and apply it 10 correct sorting, then rule changes frontal lobe damage

low-frequency stimulation of the synaptic inputs to a cell can _____rather than increase their strength what is this called?

decrease long-term depression

What is habituation? what is sensitization?

decreased response to repeated stimuli increased response to noxious stimuli

_____ patients have higher perseverative errors

dlPFC

different performance-monitoring phenomena linked to _____ what is Stroop-like? what is a choice from a set of responses equally compelling? what is ERN-like? what is neuroeconomics-like? interactions with other regions such as _____ & _____

dmPFC pre-response conflict decision uncertainty response error negative feedback d1PFC & cerebellum

what is AP5? inhibition of establishing LTP in _____ what do these results indicate?

drug that blocks NMDA receptors CA1 & DG the activation of NMDA receptors is necessary for the first step in the process events that establishes LTP

train pattern perceiving & retrieving archetecture reconstruction

during multivoxel pattern classification, you _____ a classifier that can find a _____ of activity the pattern of activity looks the same when _____ & _____ information the same _____ used for encoding visual stimulus is used for the _____ through memory

what is the cell assembly? what is the reverberatory trace?

entire group of neurons that fire together by an external stimulus transient activation of a group of cells

the _____ receives its inputs from the amygdala, various regions of the limbic cortex, and all associations regions of the _____, either directly or via two adjacent regions of the limbic cortex: the _____ and the _____

entorhinal cortex neocortex perirhinal cortex parahippocampal cortex

what is the environmental-dependency syndrome?

exaggerated tendency for one's behavior to be determined by the external environment

what did the case of patient H.M provide?

extensive information on the organization of memory in the brain, suggesting the existence of multiple memory systems importance of multiple regions, not just hippocampus

reflexes parietal cortex, premotor cortex, & motor cortex writing pre-frontal based

externally guided movements control _____. The loops are between _____, _____, & _____ for visual movements internally guided movements are for things like _____. The loops are _____

what is MT/V5?

extrastriate visual area, connections primarily from V1 and V2 motion sensitive neurons with preferred velocities neurons encode for instantaneous strength of motion in preferred direction

what is a perseveration error? can everyone do this?

failure of inhibition; can't stop themselves from repeating a choice already known to be incorrect patients are aware of right vs. wrong, can actually say that their performance is right or wrong, but cannot change their responses yes - if you are tired or preoccupied

loss of _____, loss of our autonomy in _____

frontal inhibition our environment

what is amnesia? what is retrograde amnesia? what is anterograde amnesia?

general memory loss cannot remember events prior to brain damage cannot later remember events that occur after brain damage

what is the NMDA receptor important for? opening of the NMDA channel depends on glutamate _____ on depolarization usually blocked by _____ even if bound by glutamate. only when glutamate binds AND the post-synaptic cell is depolarized, _____ and _____ what is Ca+3 entry necessary for?

generating Hebbian LTP AND Mg+2 Mg+2 is removed Ca+2 Ca+2 can enter in generating LTP

what is non-associative learning?

habituation and sensitization

LTP requires _____ stimulation of synapses

high rate

where can synaptic plasticity occur?

hippocampal formation long-term potentiation (LTP) long-term depression (LTD)

damage to the _____ or to regions of the brain that supply its inputs and recieve its outputs causes _____

hippocampus anterograde amnesia

what is the Hebb rule? cellular basis of learning involves _____ of a synapse that is repeatedly active when the _____ fires

if a synapse repeatedly becomes active at about the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires, changes will take place in the structure or chemistry of the synapse that will strengthen it strengthening postsynaptic neuron

what is the A-not-B error?

if the baby reaches several times for an object at one hiding place (A), then see it moved to another (B), they still search for it in the first hiding place (A)

what do frontal lobe lesions measure?

imitation behavior even though patients are told not to

what is special about PFC?

important for cognitive control, but does this with connections to other brain regions, so not acting alone

where does hippocampal formation occur? hippocampal formation is the collection of _____, _____, and _____

in limbic cortex in the medial temporal lobe hippocampus, subicular complex, and dentate gyrus

a few hundred milliseconds down to the middle of the body to the mouth specific neurons motor programs abstract representations of goals

in the action-based view of the motor cortex, the experimenter applied a current that lasted _____ when stimulation the dorsal part the animal always brought its arm _____ when stimulation the middle part the animal always brought its arm _____ when stimulation the lower part the animal always brought its arm _____ suggests we do not need to stimulate _____ at an exact time but we need to activate _____ because there is not a one to one link with neurons to control muscles motor cortex represents _____

stare at a fixation the target cue hints where the target is cue is opposite the target no help fastest slowest speed of processing

in the covert spatial attention experiment, you _____ & press a button when you see _____ in the valid trial, you are given a _____ that _____ in the invalid trial, you are given a _____ that _____ in the neutral trial, the cue is _____ the valid trial you have the _____ response in the invalid trial, you have the _____ response attention impacts your _____

front end of the visual system featural primitives parallel feature map feature map attentional spotlight perceive receptive fields spatial position location combined object recognition synchrony

in the feature integration theory, attention interacts with the _____ in the preattentive stage, _____ are extracted in _____ across the whole visual scene (color, depth, curvature) each _____ has neurons with preferences that direct attention the master map of locations sits above the _____ & contains a _____ that glues together all the features to _____ an object the attentional spotlight only listens to neurons that have _____ matching the _____ of your attention the focused attention stage is when attention is directed to a _____ & primitives are _____ to allow for _____ attention causes neurons in feature maps to fire in _____ to allow the object to be bound together

people, objects, & scenes scanned recall similar encoding the information

in the reinstatement hypothesis experiment, subjects studied pictures of _____, _____, & _____ while their brains were _____ then, they were asked to _____ as many pictures as they could. During retrieval, the brain patterns are _____ to those that were active when they were _____

what are perforated synapses?

increase in terminal buttons and dendritic spines.

what happens in presynaptic changes to maintain long-term memory?

increase in the amount of glutamate released by the terminal button nitric-oxide (NO) is used as a retrograde -spine to terminals- messenger in LTP.

what is the white matter tract that combines information from the frontal lobe to parts of the temporal & parietal lobe? the information passes through the _____

inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus basal ganglia

what is LIP?

input from extrastriate cortices including MT, major projections to FEF and SC code for direction and amplitude of saccades

eye movements covert motor field better 10% spacial location receptive field location enhancement visual field bias efficient

large stimulation of FEF causes _____. However, applied sub-threshold stimulation causes _____ attention if you place a target in the _____ of neurons in FEF, the monkeys will do _____ during stimulation, monkeys detect targets _____ better when you match _____ in FEF & _____ in V4 it causes _____ the maps in the frontal & parietal cortex represent the importance of information in the _____. These representations can be utilized by the visual system to _____ representation towards attended parts of the visual field to make it more _____

what is associative learning? what are two types of associative learning? what is motor?

learning to exhibit a behavior in response to a stimulus, involves connections between sensory & motor systems classical conditioning instrumental conditioning related to changes in the motor system but also guided by the sensory guidance - riding a bike

there is a _____ capacity to process all received information information is selected by _____ or _____

limited importance or relevance

what is SC?

located in dorsal midbrain. Inputs include retinal, striate, extrastriate motor inputs from FEF and LIP outputs to brainstem areas related to oculomotor control

what is FEF?

located in frontal cortex. has motor function: microstimulation elicits saccades related to visual perception and eye movements

performing & observing premotor cortex

mirror neurons in PMv show activity when _____ &. _____ the same action we have a library of motor functions in _____

what are 4 functions of cognitive control?

monitoring switching active maintenance inhibitory control

somatotopically arm wrist & hand face

motor cortex is organized _____ the top of the cortex causes _____ movements the middle of the cortex causes _____ movements the bottom of the cortex causes _____ movements

near far from arm/hand the arm coordinate framework

motor neurons have receptive fields that respond when a stimulus is _____ or _____ the hand. So, the visual receptive field of motor neurons moves with the _____ because they encode locations of nearby stimuli with respect to _____ all neurons in the motor system represent information in a _____ that is useful for movements

clusters of movement independent effectors rehearse your mind

motor programs are abstract _____ that are _____ of the effector abstract goals can be carried out by different _____ because there is something beyond it that produces movement you can _____ a motor program in _____ to actually help real-life performance

neglect symptoms are often in some way related to _____

motor system

what is peripersonal space? what is extrapersonal space?

nearby spaces within reach space that is far away

motion direction movement in respect to the body

neurons in M1 have a preference for _____ & _____

divided into actions biologically meaningful visuomotor neurons visual stimulation & motor plans plans integrates M1 timing during planning motor cortex visual during action visual

neurons in premotor cortex are _____ to create _____ movements neurons here are called _____ because they respond to both _____ & _____ the premotor cortex _____ movements. It _____ visual signals from parietal cortex & shuffles the info back to _____. Thus, it provides _____ for motor cortex premotor neurons fire _____ & respond before _____. They use a lot of _____ info. In contrast, motor neurons fire _____ & don't have much _____ info

neglect patients still activate visual regions in _____ that they claim not to be aware of they are often able to detect objects on the _____ if cued there effects _____ & _____ judgments as well as vision what does the phenomenon of visual extinction suggest?

occipital lobes left auditory & tactile different perceptual representations are competing for attention

covert & overt similar mechanism

our attentional maps are used for both _____ & _____ attention covert & overt attention may rely on a _____

pain clenched fist mirror box visual cortex virtual representations cortical activity high-level representations

patients report feeling _____ in their phantom limb, especially a _____ as a treatment, people placed their hand in a _____ to trick the _____ to send signals to the brain. Therefore, there is a relationship between _____ of a hand & _____ cortical areas involved in movement control involve _____ of motor programs & imaginary movements

what parts of the brain are damaged in unilateral neglect? attention to our body and immediate environment is processed by _____

posterior inferior parietal lobe posterior superior temporal gyrus posterior contralateral cortex

EC EC -> DG DG->CA3 CA3->CA1 major output LTP

primary input from _____ perforant path (_____) mossy fibers (_____) Schaffer collateral/commissural fibers (_____) CA1->SC->EC: _____ electrical stimulation of circuits involved in _____ (high frequency)

what are AMPA receptors? where are they located? what are they activated by?

receptors that opens up sodium channels dendritic spines glutamate

visual attend to follow relevant attentional priority guide movements control of attention

responses in LIP are not just a _____ response but represents what you _____ the neurons receptive fields _____ eye movement spike rate only occurs when there are multiple distractors when the monkey was told one was _____ LIP creates a _____ map that the motor system uses as a means to _____ the takeaway is that LIP & parietal lobe are involved in the _____

what is an aplysia californica? what is the respiratory organ? while breathing, water runs through the _____ and gets out from the _____ stimulate siphon, the gill, and the siphon are withdrawn into the _____ it has ~ _____ neurons and many of them are gigantic

sea slug gill gill siphon mantle 100

what are perceptual decisions? what are value-based decisions? what are foraging decisions?

sensory information (see, hear..) guide actions decisions that honor our values and beliefs. Subjective value is important. Focus of neuro economics stay with current situation/environment, or look for alternatives

what is object-based neglect? what did Driver and Halligan's experiment tell us?

some neglect patients attend to objects on the left side of space but omit to attend to one half of the object itself patients with object neglect cannot detect differences on left side of an object even when falling into right side of space

attention is directed towards locations in _____ vs. _____ why is attention needed?

space vs. objects to bind together different aspects of conscious perception

experiences are not _____, rather they change the way we percieve, perform, think, and plan

stored

how was near space tested? how was far space tested? was there a problem with left space if the stimulus is far? there is _____ between processing both spaces

tested with line bisection using pen and paper tested with line bisection using projected image and laser pointer no dissociation

posterior parietal cortex visual-spacial signals goals MIP, VIP, LIP, AIP

the _____ contains multiple representations of space, combines senses, & guides motor movements the parts of the parietal cortex use _____ to translate abstract goals into precise metrics to produce _____ the parts are _____, _____, _____, _____

what is cognitive control? cognitive control supports living our _____ more efficiently

the ability to guide behavior and prioritize information processing in accordance with internal goals, regardless of the saliance of goalirrelevant stimuli in the environment or of goal-irrelevant behavioral choices daily lives

limited resources one action at a time 0.1 10%

the brain has _____ so it can only perform _____ energy metabolism in the brain can support only _____ spikes per second. So, at any given instant only _____ of neurons are spiking

sensory & motor parts of the brain primary somatosensory cortex (S1) supplementary motor cortex (SMA) hemispheres premotor cortex posterior parietal

the central sulcus divides the _____ & _____ behind M1 is the _____ in front of M1 is the _____ which goes down the medial wall of the _____ below SMA is the _____ the _____ cortex also plays a role in motor control

action high-level contributor perception

the dorsal stream is for _____. It is a _____ to motor control the ventral stream is for _____

frontal cortex voluntary control of attention inputs early visual cortex location feature maps spatial position select select targets

the frontal eye field (FEF) is part of the _____. It is important for _____ FEF gets _____ from all targets. At some point, there is enough visual processing taking place in _____ that your attention to drawn to a _____. Then, your _____ become integrated with the _____ This occurs because neurons in FEF _____ a target out of potential others at around 100 milliseconds like LIP, FEF is a critical area for helping us _____

basal ganglia loops basal ganglia effector being used type of action feedback building breaks work together gas break abstract spinal cord

the majority of motor control is being operated through the _____ axons from motor & premotor cortex project to the _____ where they are segregated according to the _____ & _____ the axons that are excitatory cause the _____ axons to have even more excitations. This results in the _____ of activity in an area the axons that are inhibitory act like _____ the excitatory & inhibitory neurons _____ as a _____ & _____ the movements controlled here are more _____ but the outputs still feedback to the _____

eye movements overt fovea periphery foveating saccades shifts

the most direct way we shift attention is through _____, which is _____ attention eye movements give the _____ greater resolution than _____. It compensates for the limited capacity by _____ on important things _____ are necessary for many things like reading attention _____ to stitch together complex images

plastic feel it representation once connected to the amputated limb nearby nonuse

the motor cortex is very _____ so it is open for reorganization people who lose limbs still _____ because the cortex's _____ does not go away reorganization of the somatosensory cortex causes brain tissue that was _____ to take over a function _____ due to _____

populations spike rate direction average of populations

the motor cortex listens to _____ neurons the length of a vector represents the _____. Add the vectors together to get the _____ you can create vectors of _____ & add them up to create representations of activity

what is attention?

the process by which certain information is selected for further processing and other information is discarded

central nervous system & muscles reflexes outputs spinal cord higher parts of the brain abstract spinal cord translating specific plans highest abstract to specific goal trajectory muscle activity premotor → motor cortex → brain stem → spinal cord

the spinal cord provides an interface between the _____ & _____ and controls _____. It _____ to all muscles in the body the brain stem is an interface between the _____ & _____. It converts _____ motor plans in specifics that the _____ routes to muscles the motor cortex is involved in _____ the intentions that your brain has to _____ the premotor & supplementary cortex have the _____ level of representations of plans for movement the motor system is relayed from _____ to _____ the hierarchical model states that you have a _____, you convert it into a _____, you convert that into _____ _____→ _____→ _____→ _____→

attention intention saccade arm reach

there is a debate that the maps in the parietal lobe are not for _____ but for _____ LIP activity is much greater for _____ trials PRR/MIP is much greater for _____ trials

disorder of attention one side of space right posterior parietal lobe unilateral late dorsal stream competition

visual/hemi neglect is a _____ visual neglect causes the neglect of _____ often after damage to the _____ this disorder is _____ on the parietal lobe. It is a lesion along the _____ the impairment occurs when there is _____

when does LTP occur? what does the NMDA receptor do?

when synpases are activated and postsynaptic neuron is depolarized simultaneously the receptor that detects the simultaneous actions

builds movement onset stimulus motion direction about to take place leading

when there is a direct relationship between stimulus & movement, the population vector _____ & at the _____ there is a reliable representation of the direction of motion when you must rotate to reach the stimulus, the population vector initially looks like it is representing the _____ & slowly bends until it points towards the _____ in an experiment, animals traced a swirl. This showed that the population vector codes for the movement that is _____. Thus, the population vector is _____ & causing body movements

motor cortex M1 decode without using its arms neural activity not good adapt performance

when you lose a limb or are paralyzed, your _____ is not damaged the machine records for neurons in _____ in real-time to try to _____ population activity to create vectors once the system is under brain control, the monkey moves the cursor _____ using _____ at first, the control is _____ but the neurons & computer _____, so their spatial tuning properties change to improve _____

spike greater relevance greater spatial attention & neural activity gated significance of the stimulus

when you place a stimulus in LIP neurons receptive fields, they _____ when monkeys made a saccade towards a target, there was _____ spiking due to _____ when monkeys made an arm reach towards a target, there was _____ spiking this shows a correlation between _____ & _____ visual responses in cells at higher levels are _____ according to the behavioral significance attention is mediated by the _____ due to behavioral relevance