Cognitive PSY2019 1
which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used on the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?
analytic introspection
The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using language.
anticipatory
the existence of transitional probabilities adds an ____ quality to learning and using language
anticipatory
your author points out studying the mind requires both ____ and ___ experiments
behavioral; physiological
A person with strong ________ would likely have a deeper experience of Bayesian influence.
beliefs
If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following?
binding
__________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.
binding
what is the metabolic center of an individual neuron
cell body
in Donders experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a
choice reaction time task
the "little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?
classical conditioning
which of the following terms is correct in context with "conception within the rat's mind of the maze's layout"?
cognitive mapping
the study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as
cognitive neuroscience
what is the study of mental processes that includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates/.
cognitive psy
determining the sequence of DNA in humans was a major scientific advance that opened the door to new ideas about illness and approaches to treatment. an individual's unique DNA sequence is similar to Which of the following?
connectome
which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception?
conscious
Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives.
invariance
the task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called
inverse projection problem
A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that
it takes a strong signal to cause activation.
the use of the term Artificial intelligence was coined by
john McCarthy
Scene schema is
knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.
what is a scene schema
knowledge of what a scene typically contains
in donder's research on human decision making, he found that it took ____ to decide which of the 2 buttons to push in response to a stimulus.
less than 1 sec
Placing tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, garlic, cilantro, and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following?
the focused attention stage of feature integration theory
which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?
IP emphasizes stimulus- response relationships in cognitive processes
Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention?
Dictionary unit
which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation"
default mode network
brain imaging has made it possible to
determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes
The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as
dichotic listening.
Proponents of multitasking would note ________ to support their opinion, whereas opponents of multitasking would point to ________ to justify their perspective.
divided attention; distraction
who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind?
donald broadbent
what does the principal of neural representation state?
everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system
according to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. it is involved in many different cognitive skills. which of the following is not of those skills as noted by the chapter?
experiencing neuromodulation
ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. he is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. which part ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?
extrastriate body area (EBA)
Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________.
fixation
When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ areas.
high-saliency
Perception is NOT essential for
improving empathy.
The likelihood principle states that
we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.
The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.
what and where
when does bottom-up processing start?
when environmental energy stimulates the receptors
evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?
when someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
Anne Treisman's attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of the following EXCEPT
whether the perceptual load is low or high
A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that
has high stimulus salience.
which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding?
it is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each
The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing.
bottom-up
the sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of __ processing
bottom-up
Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that
the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.
How is the term mind used in this statement: " when he talks about his encounter with aliens, it sounds like he is out of his mind?"
the mind as a healthy mind being associated with normal functioning, a non-functioning mind with abnormal functioning
what does the field of neuropsychology study?
Behavior of people with brain damage
When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment
What is the process of unconscious inference?
When does bottom-up processing start?
When environmental energy stimulates the receptors
Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?
When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate
The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.
meaning
Semantic regularity refers to the _____.
meaning between properties of an object
The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the
meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene.
In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier
once processing had become automatic.
what is the key difference between dendrites and axons?
one sends information an the other receives information
speech segmentation is defined as
organizing the sounds of speech into individual words
The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's __________ attention
overt
a 10 month old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. tactile signals such as these are received by the __ lobe
parietal
the Gestalt psychologists believe that _____
perception is affected by experience, but built-in principles can override experience
The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on
physical characteristics.
the fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of ____
physical regularity
According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?
platypus
the notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possiable is called the law of
pragnanz
reaction time refers to the time between the _____ of the stimulus and a person's response to it
presentation
if the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the ___ in the receptors axon
rate of nerve firing
Saccadic eye movement is a
reaction to physical properties of stimulus
which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?
recognizing a crying friends sounds as words in a sentence
Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?
Close attention
Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?
Inattentional blindness
Which of the following is true about perception?
It is the result of many cognitions such as creating memories, acquiring knowledge, and solving problems.
Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?
Late selection
oblique effect.
People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the
How does perceptual load differ from processing capacity?
Perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal.
Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops?
Viewpoint invariance
Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina?
We interpret it.
Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities?
a shopping mall
The results of Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate
an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
barbara has recently been diagnoised with abdominal cancer. her oncologist wants to determine the best treatment method to eliminate the tumors. her gastroenterologist is focused on elieving her symptons and retoring normal digestiver functioning. psychologist works to help minimize her anxiety and keep her spriits up. the fact that these doctors are considering barbara situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea
levels of analysis
The theory of unconscious inference includes the
likelihood principle.
recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. these results support the idea of
localization of function
If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.
low-load
by comparing reaction times across different tasks, donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indication how long it took to
make a decision about the stimulus
in the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contribtues to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?
simplicity
Wundt approach, which dominated psychology in the late 1800s and early 1900s was known as
structuralism
Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that
talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent
if a gestalt psychologist was baking a cake for an event, what would they be most focused on?
the cake
With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
the color and the name differed.
why is it easier to study brain tissue from newborn animals then brain tissue from adults?
the density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain
when the axon is at rest, the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 millivolts more negative than the outside. this difference will continue as long as
the neuron is at rest
how does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?
the perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images
which of the following is true about Bayesian inference?
the probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome
what differentiates bottom-up processing from top-down processing?
the source of information
Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception?
thinking
Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by
top-down processing.
The Stroop effect occurs when participants
try to name colors and ignore words
Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?
Dichotic listening
Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements
are determined primarily by the task
the key structural components of neurons are the
cell body, dendrites and axons.
The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called
cocktail party effect.
Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers for artificial intelligence. their computer program
created proofs for problems in logic
the value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as
resting potential
Waston became dissatisfied with the method of analytic introspection in which context?
results were interpreted in terms of invisiible inner mental processes
As the ________ of a stimulus increases, ________ tends to ________.
salience; fixation; increase
Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of
scene schema
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention.
selective
the demonstration in your text that asks you to visualize scenes such as an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and mircroscope often results in more details in the scene of the office or department. the latter two tend to have fewer details because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of __ in those scenes.
semantic regularities
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of neisser's book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory?
sensory memory
What contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated?
Dictionary unit
which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection
it produces variable results from person to person
Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because
the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow.
