Cognitive Psych 1-10

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Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of...

24 hours

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? Trial 1: An owl is a bird Trial 2: A penguin is a bird Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird

583: 653: 518 ms

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

A bumblebee

Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using...

A depictive representation

Mental-scanning experiments found

A direct relationship between scanning time and distance of the image

According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in the visual cortex?

A pink beachball on your towel

___________ is a "typical" member of a category.

A prototype

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of...

A sequence of actions

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT

A spatial layout

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be

A task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below?

A turtle is an animal

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize

Abstractions

Which of the following does NOT reflect the concept of flashbulb memories?

Accurate

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

Adolescence and young adulthood

After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented...

After the event

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime scene are quite accurate at picking the "perpetrator" from a line up

Imagery neurons respond to...

An actual visual image as well as imagining that same image

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub?

Anterior temporal lobe

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories...

Arise from the same constructive processes that produce the true memories

At the far side of the front yard, away from the house

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was...

Auditory from a female speaker

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___ in which an error is transmitted starting from the property units

Back propagation

According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.

Basic

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair?

Cake mug

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property ____________ is stored at the __________ node

Can fly; bird

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on

Category members that have been encountered in the past

Measuring the amount of time a person requires to complete different cognitive tasks is the goal of mental ________________

Chronometry

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks?

Cognitive economy

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the...

Cognitive hypothesis

Two different definitions of ________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas."

Concepts

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network

Connection weights

One of the key properties of the ___ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network

Connectionist

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with

Connectionist networks

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

Constructive

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________________ process.

Constructive

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word "sleep", false memory occurs because of...

Constructive memory process

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken form the French Indian culture illustrated the

Constructive nature of memory

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following?

Content

Which of the following has been shown to play a role in the strength of memories that are associated with emotion?

Cortisol

Creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ______________

Crowding

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.

Crowding

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

Cryptoamnesia

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on...

Cultural expectations

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ____ approach to categorization

Definitional

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ____________

Distributed

Which of the following is most commonly associated with music-enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)?

Emotion

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information...

Even if they are told to ignore the post-event information

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the _____ approach to categorization.

Exemplar

Research suggests that the _____________ approach to categorization works best for small categories

Exemplar

Mental imagery involves...

Experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

Extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus

Facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" is...

Family resemblance

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model?

Family resemblance

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

Graduating from college at age 22

Which of the following represents a basic level item?

Guitar

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing?

Illusory truth effect

What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain?

Image processing will be reduced by half

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that...

Imagery and perception can interact with one another

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT

Imagery requires a special mechanism

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex?

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup...

Increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used ___________ in playing the game.

Inner audition

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory...

Involves making inferences

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog". Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German Shephard. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal

Is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery...

Is based on spatial or language mechanisms

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that

It is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time

According to the typicality effect,

Items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

the use of the term "artificial intelligence" was coined by a. B.F. Skinner. b. Colin Cherry. c. Edward Tolman. d. John McCarthy.

John McCarthy

A spatial imagery test measures a person's capacity with imaging which of the following?

Layout

Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network

Learning

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated...

Less efficiently than normal

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants...

Make more errors in their recollections

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

Memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for the participants to decide whether two objects were the same or different. These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using...

Mental chronometry

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves

Mental images

Kosslyn's island experiment used the _____ procedure.

Mental scanning

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment.

Mental walk

More exemplars than Bob's

After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?

Multidimensional

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the...

Narrative rehearsal hypothesis

Neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network?

Parallel distributed processing theory

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that

People were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images even when they were unaware that the projected images were present

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that

Perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than the imagery does

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruptions from the officer

Latoya is remembering a fun day at the beach that she had with her dad when she was a little girl. Which region of the brain will have the LEAST connection to the more personal aspects of Latoya's memory?

Prefrontal cortex

In the lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether

Presented stimulus is a word

Spreading activation...

Primes associated concepts

As described in the text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT

Propositions

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization.

Prototype

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect?

Repetition

Memories that have been pushed out of a person's consciousness are considered to be __________________

Repressed

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen...

Schema

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

Schemas

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store ______________

Script

A person who has been diagnosed with ____________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts

Semantic

According to the ___ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain

Semantic category

The _____________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation

Semantic network

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _________ and one that distinguishes __________

Sensory attributes; function

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the

Size of the field of view

The other day, Thuy experienced a Proustian effect memory. What did Thuy likely do to trigger this experience?

Smell perfume

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgements for bth famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of ____________ on memory

Source misattribution

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy an over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

Source monitoring

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model.

Spreading activation

Complete the following analogy: Perception is to ________________ as imagery is to __________________

Stone; smoke

Items high on prototypicality have ____ family resemblances.

Strong

According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following?

Strong encoding

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ____________ categories results in the largest gain in information

Superordinate level to basic level

According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight?

Synapse activity

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences?

The embodied approach

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

The method of loci

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos....

The person took him/herself

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

The presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

The same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that

The word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than kiwi

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement is that these techniques work because...

They showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance

Leaving a footprint in the wet sand—with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified—is similar to which concept?

Topographic map

Which type of research employed a "train on perception, test on perception" method to demonstrate imagery perception overlap?

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer _______________ and Itzaj participants would answer _________________.

Tree; oak

Which of the following would be in a basic level category?

Truck

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town, so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ___________ seconds.

Two

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ________ effect.

Typicality

Using visual images; deactivated

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

When viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are a. short and across several days. b. long and all on a single day. c. long and across several days. d. short but all on a single day.

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is a. encoded. b. retrieved. c. consolidated. d. stored.

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is a. encoding. b. state-dependent learning. c. transfer-appropriate processing. d. memory consolidation.

If you have participated in paired-associate learning, then you likely a. heard a variety of words paired with other words and had to recall which word was paired with another. b. had to come up with a word that you believed was associated with another word. c. engaged in shallow rather than deep processing. d. were tested to see how many categories of word pairs you remembered.

James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following? a. Survival b. Rehearsal c. Specificity d. Mood

The word "apple" would probably NOT serve as a retrieval cue for the word ___. a. "shoe" b. "pie" c. "orange" d. "tree"

the layer of neurons that lines the back of they eye is called the a. retina. b. grandmother cell. c. reference electrode. d. feature detector.

a, retina

In the experiment conducted by Viskontas and coworkers using picture pairs, a participant's later experience of familiarity with a particular pair was coded as ________. a. "know." b. "think." c. "remember." d. "sense."

a. "know."

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird. a. 583: 653: 518 ms b. 518: 583: 653 ms c. 583: 518: 653 ms d. 653: 583: 518 ms

a. 583: 653: 518 ms

According to Collins and Quillian's semantic network model, it should take longest to verify which statement below? a. A turtle is an animal. b. A turtle is related to a fish. c. A turtle is an amphibian. d. Turtles are turtles.

a. A turtle is an animal.

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research? a. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events. b. Participants had a very high level of confidence of the terrorist events and also had high confidence in their present "everyday" memories 32 weeks later. c. Participants had very little confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the events 32 weeks after they occurred. d. Participants had high confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the terrorist events 32 weeks later, but when actually tested made significant errors when asked what they were doing on the day of the attacks.

a. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair? a. Cake mug b. Mission impossible c. True lies d. Amazing grace

a. Cake mug

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. a. Consolidation b. Cued-recall c. Encoding specificity d. Amnesia

a. Consolidation

Within the context of studying, which of the following would be related to an illusion? a. Highlighting b. Spacing c. Sleeping d. Encoding

a. Highlighting

A spatial imagery test measures a person's capacity with imaging which of the following? a. Layout b. Texture c. Distance d. Detail

a. Layout

Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network? a. Learning b. Prototyping c. Mirroring d. Crowding

a. Learning

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences? a. The embodied approach b. The sensory-functional hypothesis c. The multiple-factor approach d. The hub and spoke model

a. The embodied approach

Leaving a footprint in the wet sand—with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified—is similar to which concept? a. Topographic map b. Pegword c. Mental walk d. Depictive representation

a. Topographic map

a. a depictive representation.

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect a. a failure of memory consolidation. b. disrupted long-term potentiation. c. Korsakoff's syndrome. d. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder.

a. a failure of memory consolidation.

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether a. a presented stimulus is a word. b. a stimulus is presented. c. a statement is true. d. two stimuli are associated

a. a presented stimulus is a word.

A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be a. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title. b. a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another. c. a fill in the blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members. d. a fill in the blank task where participants generate paired members within a category.

a. a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for a. adolescence and young adulthood. b. childhood and adolescence. c. young adulthood and middle age. d. childhood and middle age.

a. adolescence and young adulthood.

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties. a. crowding b. overlapping c. obstruction d. convergence

a. crowding

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as a. cryptoamnesia. b. narrative rehearsal. c. repeated recall. d. repeated reproduction.

a. cryptoamnesia.

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on a. cultural expectations. b. narrative rehearsal. c. source misattributions. d. shallow processing.

a. cultural expectations.

a. definitional

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is a. family resemblance. b. instance theory. c. prototypicality. d. graded membership.

a. family resemblance.

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the a. generation effect. b. multiple trace hypothesis. c. cued recall effect. d. spacing effect.

a. generation effect.

magine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal a. is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized. b. is similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered. c. matches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed. d. matches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced.

a. is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized.

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that a. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities. b. people tend to remember more of the positive events in their lives than negative ones. c. life in a society gets more complicated and difficult as generations pass. d. our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from.

a. memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the ___________ experiment. a. mental walk b. image scanning c. mental synthesis d. mental set

a. mental walk

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves a. more exemplars than Bob's. b. more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's. c. more prototypes than Bob's. d. the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's.

a. more exemplars than Bob's.

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a a. node. b. output unit. c. input unit. d. link.

a. node.

Bransford and Johnson's study had participants hear a passage, which turned out to be about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture made it easier to understand. The results of this study illustrated the importance of ___________ in forming reliable long-term memories. a. organizational context b. reconsolidation c. imagery d. implicit memory

a. organizational context

Spreading activation a. primes associated concepts. b. inhibits unrelated concepts. c. weakens the link between unrelated concepts. d. creates new links between associated concepts.

a. primes associated concepts.

a. prototype

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory. a. retrieval cues b. elaborative rehearsal c. mass practice d. long-term potentiation

a. retrieval cues

a. schemas

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the a. size of the field of view. b. ability to visually recognize objects. c. recognition of objects in the left side of space. d. ability to draw objects from memory.

a. size of the field of view.

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ___________ representations. a. spatial b. epiphenomenal c. propositional d. unilateral

a. spatial

Complete the following analogy: Perception is to ________ as imagery is to ________. a. stone; smoke b. wave; droplet c. spark; flame d. gold; lead

a. stone; smoke

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by a. the distance that must be traveled through the network. b. the amount of information contained in each concept. c. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept. d. the typicality of the information contained in each concept.

a. the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when a. the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned. b. the output pattern matches the initial input pattern and this symmetry becomes "locked" into the system. c. the output unit response is greater than zero and the input signal has to compensate. d. the connection weights add up to exactly +1.00.

a. the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable. a. transition points b. trauma-based experiences c. the freshman year d. family-centered challenges

a. transition points

josiah is trying speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to his a. Broca's area. b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Wernicke's area.

a. Broca's area

who introduced the flow diagram to represent what is happening in the mind? a. Donald Broadbent b. Colin Cherry c. Newell and Simon d. Wilhelm Wundt

a. Donald Broadbent

What is the relationship between prototypicality and reaction time? a. Reaction time tends to be faster for objects rated higher in prototypicality. b. Reaction time tends to be slower for objects rated higher in prototypicality. c. Reaction time tends to be faster for objects rated lower in prototypicality. d. Reaction time tends to be unrelated to prototypicality.

a. Reaction time tends to be faster for objects rated higher in prototypicality.

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with a. STM b. LTM

a. STM

What was the problem with Brown and Kulik's research into flashbulb memories? a. The participants' memories could not be verified. b. The effect of media bias had not been factored in. c. The events remembered were not intense enough. d. The research team made source misattributions.

a. The participants' memories could not be verified.

Which of the following learning techniques is LEAST likely to lead to deep processing of the information? a. Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up. b. Maggie is trying to learn new vocabulary words because she is taking the SAT next month. Each day, she selects one word. Throughout the day, she repeats the definition over and over to herself and generates sentences using it in her conversations that day. c. For his history course, Jorge is trying to learn the order of the U.S. presidents by creating a silly sentence where each consecutive word starts with the same letter of the next president to be remembered. d. Terrell is trying to understand how to use statistics by drawing associations between a set of data describing how adolescents respond to peer pressure and the theories he learned last semester in developmental psychology.

a. Thuy has just bought a new car and is trying to learn her new license plate sequence. Every morning, for three weeks, she repeats the sequence out loud when she wakes up.

Suppose you're doing a study with paired-associate learning, and, at some point, you hear the terms "sky-grass." What would likely happen next? a. You will be presented again with the word "sky" to see if you can remember the word "grass." b. You will be asked to think of other words associated with "sky" and "grass." c. You will be asked to consider various uses for objects associated with "sky" and "grass." d. You will be asked to consider other words that are near opposites associated with "sky" and "grass."

a. You will be presented again with the word "sky" to see if you can remember the word "grass."

donald broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following? a. A diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages b. A computer program for solving logic problems c. An experimental procedure for studying the way people process information d. The first textbook of cognitive psychology

a. a diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages

which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt? a. Analytic introspection b. Measuring reaction times c. Conditioning d. All of these were used in Wundt's laboratory

a. analytic introspection

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as a. articulatory suppression. b. an overload of sensory memory. c. rehearsal interference. d. an LTM recency effect.

a. articulatory suppression

Schema is to script as _____ is to _____. a. aspect; sequence b. sequence; aspect c. memory; reconstruct d. reconstruct; memory

a. aspect; sequence

Colby and coworkers' study showed that a monkey's parietal cortex responded best to the appearance of a light when it was the focus of the monkey's a. attention. b. eyes. c. fixation. d. all of the above

a. attention

In which of the following lists might a false recall of the word "sleep" be MOST likely to occur? a. bed; rest; slumber; night b. snore; tired; sleep; doze c. happy; fun; amusement; enjoy d. apple; pizza; drink; food

a. bed; rest; slumber; night

Controlled processing involves a. close attention. b. ease in performing parallel tasks. c. overlearning of tasks. d. few cognitive resources.

a. close attention

a mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n) a. cognitive map. b. mental model. c. artificial intelligence. d. memory consolidation.

a. cognitive map

the branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called a. cognitive psychology. b. introspection. c. behaviorism. d. memory consolidation.

a. cognitive psychology

Illusory conjunctions are a. combinations of features from different stimuli. b. misidentified objects using the context of the scene. c. combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli. d. features that are consistent across different stimuli.

a. combinations of features from different stimuli

early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net". these early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be a. continuous. b. composed of discrete individual units. c. composed of cell bodies, axons, and dendrites. d. composed of neurotransmitters rather than neurons.

a. continuous

imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. in your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. to remember the address, you used a(n) ______ process in STM a. control b. automatic c. coding d. iconic

a. control

sensory memory is believed by many cognitive psychologists to be responsible for all of the following EXCEPT a. deciding which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention. b. filling in the blanks when the stimulation is intermittent. c. holding incoming information briefly during initial processing. d. collecting information to be processed

a. deciding which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention

Consistent with weapons focus-based research, the presence of a gun should ___ for other details of the crime scene. a. decrease memory b. increase memory c. have no effect on memory d. repress memory

a. decrease memory

brain imaging has made it possible to a. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes. b. view individual neurons in the brain. c. show how environmental energy is transformed into neural energy. d. view propagation of action potentials.

a. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes

If you were about to do a lexical decision task, you'd probably be ___. a. distinguishing words from nonwords b. creating categories c. organizing categories d. explaining the hierarchical order of select words

a. distinguishing words from nonwords

The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously is known as a. divided attention. b. dual attention. c. divergent tasking. d. selective attention.

a. divided attention

a property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they a. do not require attention. b. may differ from one task to another. c. are performed without conscious awareness. d. are difficult to modify.

a. do not require attention

Wade wants to replicate the research that Cahill conducted with a person named B.P., who had suffered a neurological injury. Wade is looking to identify the role that ________ plays in memory. a. emotion b. culture c. sensation d. suggestion

a. emotion

n a semantic network, ___ should appear higher than ___. a. fish; salmon b. fish; animal c. salmon; living thing d. animal; living thing

a. fish; salmon

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that a. has high stimulus salience. b. fits with the observer's interests. c. is familiar. d. carries meaning for the observer.

a. has high stimulus salience

If basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend? a. He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics. b. He should picture each of the numbers in his head printed in a bright color. c. He should first memorize a few other sequences of 16 digits to gain some practice. d. He should visualize the front of his credit card showing a picture of him dribbling a basketball.

a. he should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics

The Stroop effect demonstrates a. how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing. b. a failure of divided attention. c. the ease of performing a low-load task. d. support for object-based attention.

a. how automatic processing can interfere with intended processing

Which of the following words offers the best conceptual peg? a. ice b. storm c. cold d. frozen

a. ice

Which of the following is most responsible for jurors' misguided trust in the testimony of eyewitnesses? a. ignorance about memory b. errors in source monitoring c. cultural biases to convict d. misattribution of sources

a. ignorance about memory

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier a. in the consistent-mapping condition. b. in the variable-mapping condition. c. in the high-load condition. d. for the location-based task.

a. in the consistent-mapping condition

regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by a. inborn programming. b. cultural influences. c. classical conditioning. d. operant conditioning.

a. inborn programming

the sense of a human sitting at a computer terminal, responding to stimuli flashed on the computer screen, would most likely be described as depicting a(n) ___________ experiment a. information processing b. analytic introspection c. operant conditioning d. behaviorist

a. information processing

In the flanker compatibility procedure, flanker stimuli and target stimuli must necessarily differ in terms of a. location. b. size. c. identity. d. color.

a. location

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the ______ of words. a. meaning b. color c. size d. font

a. meaning

STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two) a. meaningful units. b. digits. c. words. d. sentences

a. meaningful units

Even though you're away at college, you can instantly imagine the taste of the pies and cakes that your mother makes. This example illustrates ___. a. mental imagery b. visual imagery c. inner audition d. mental telepathy

a. mental imagery

Broadbent's notion that the mind could be represented as operating in a sequence of stages, often represented by boxes, allows cognitive psychologists to develop _____________ that can be tested by further experiments a. models b. approaches c. memories d. cognitive maps

a. models

the pattern of feature detectors firing in response to a stimulus creates the _________ for representing what the stimulus (e.g., a tree, a person, a ball, and so forth). a. neural code b. module c. event-related potential d. receptor

a. neural code

In Klin and coworkers' research that investigated autistic reactions to the film Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, autistic people primarily attended to ____ in the scene. a. objects b. actions of the characters c. the facial reactions of people d. none of the above

a. objects

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of a. observable behavior. b. mental processes. c. consciousness. d. attention.

a. observable behavior

which of the following was considered positive by the behaviorists? a. Observable behavior b. Consciousness c. Introspection d. The mind

a. observable behavior

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if a. one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. b. both are handled by the sketch pad. c. both are handled by the phonological loop. d. both b and c are correct

a. one is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

a grandmother cell responds a. only to a specific stimulus. b. to strong positive emotion. c. to both positive and negative emotion. d. to a variety of stimuli.

a. only to a specific stimulus

The use of an eye tracker can help reveal the shifting of one's attention. a. overt b. covert c. divided d. dichotic

a. overt

a 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. tactile signals such as these are received by the __________ lobe a. parietal b. occipital c. frontal d. temporal

a. parietal

Simply highlighting a textbook without later reviewing it is an ineffective study method because the activity is mainly ________. a. physical b. elaborative c. organizational d. associative

a. physical

Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task is an example of the a. physiological approach to coding. b. mental approach to coding. c. physiological and mental approach to coding. d. study of articulatory suppression.

a. physiological approach to coding

behaviorists believe that the presentation of _______ increases the frequency of behavior a. positive reinforcers b. negative reinforcers c. practice trials d. excitatory neurotransmitters

a. positive reinforcers

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the area of the brain known as the _____ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. a. prefrontal cortex b. amygdala c. hippocampus d. occipital lobe

a. prefrontal cortex

Suppose you (a student) are asked by a teacher to learn a poem you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate, J.P., are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and J.P. are later asked to remember the song lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling them than J.P. does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to a. proactive interference. b. your overloading the phonological loop. c. a release from proactive interference. d. a recency effect.

a. proactive interference

if the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the _________ in the receptor's axon a. rate of nerve firing b. size of the nerve impulses c. speed of nerve conduction d. all of these

a. rate of nerve firing

Joey is participating in an experiment on memory. He is asked to read a sentence and then hold the last word in his memory while he reads the next sentence. The experimenter measures the maximum number of sentences Joey can read while doing this memory task. Joey is doing the task. a. reading span b. digit span c. delayed response d. mental rotation

a. reading span

Bartlett's classic "War of the Ghosts" experiment is particularly noteworthy because it was one of the first to make use of ___. a. repeated reproduction b. source monitoring c. source misattribution d. cryptoamnesia

a. repeated reproduction

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? a. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory b. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer c. Replacing the STM component of the modal model with iconic memory d. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory

a. replacing the STM component of the modal model with working memory

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because a. saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop. b. saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding. c. talking makes the longer words seem even longer. d. elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM

a. saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop

Which task should be easier? Keeping an image of a block letter "F" in your mind AND a. saying "yes" for each corner that is an inside corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner? b. pointing to the letter "Y" for each inside corner and "N" for each outside corner?

a. saying "yes" for each corner that is an insider corner and "no" for each corner that is an outside corner?

information remains in sensory memory for a. seconds or a fraction of a second. b. 15-30 seconds. c. 1-3 minutes. d. as long as it is rehearsed.

a. seconds or a fraction of a second

if you remember something in terms of its meaning, the type of encoding you are using is a. semantic. b. acoustic. c. visual. d. iconic.

a. semantic

The code for short-term memory is most commonly based on the _____ of the stimulus. a. sound b. appearance c. meaning d. modality

a. sound

a. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent. b. driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones. c. driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones. d. divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.

a. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent

damage to wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain? a. Temporal b. Occipital c. Parietal d. Frontal

a. temporal

the cocktail part effect is

a. the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages

broadbent's model is called an early selection model because

a. the filtering step occurs before the meaning of the incoming information is analyzed

the occipital lobe is a. the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received. b. important for language, memory, hearing, and vision. c. important for higher functions such as language, thought, and memory, as well as motor functioning. d. where signals are received from the sensory system for touch.

a. the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying a. the phonological loop. b. the visuospatial sketch pad. c. echoic memory. d. the central executive.

a. the phonological loop

which of the following do PET and fMRI have in common? a. The use of the subtraction technique b. The measurement of magnetic fields c. The use of radioactive tracers d. All of the above are characteristics of both PET and fMRI

a. the use of the subtraction technique

It is estimated that around ___ of all criminal cases where an individual was wrongly convicted of a crime involved eyewitness testimony. a. three-fourths b. one-half c. one-third d. one-quarter

a. three-fourths

The Collin and Quillian semantic networks model has been criticized because it does not account for ________. a. typicality b. artifacts c. degradation d. economy

a. typicality

Which of the following would most people use to distinguish a hammer and a saw? a. use b. shape c. color d. cost

a. use

a. Video recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows. b. Pushing buttons on a cell phone was the least distracting activity drivers performed while driving. c. Records showed that the majority of drivers were attentive to driving during the three seconds before a near crash but inattentive during the three seconds before an actual crash. d. All of the above

a. video recorders created records of both what the drivers were doing and the views out the front and rear windows

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by a. linking the new word to a previously learned concept. b. repeating it over and over. c. using it in a sentence. d. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.

In the context of memory, what distinguishes reconsolidation from consolidation? a. scale b. modification c. emotion d. cueing

The "famous rat experiment" provided key insights into reconsolidation because memories were ________. a. traced b. reactivated c. potentiated d. organized

What is the key difference between free recall and cued recall? a. traces b. hints c. tasks d. states

When the methods used to encode and retrieve information are the same, this is called ________ processing. a. stimulus-fluency b. transfer-appropriate c. state-dependent d. recall-potentiation

According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in the visual cortex? a. A green popsicle in your hand b. A pink beachball on your towel c. A white sailboat on the horizon d. A yellow kite in the sky

b. A pink beachball on your towel

___________is a "typical" member of a category. a. An exemplar b. A prototype c. A unit d. A component

b. A prototype

Which of the following is NOT a property of the connectionist approach? a. The operation of connectionist networks is not totally disrupted by damage. b. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero. c. Connectionist networks can explain generalization of learning. d. The connectionist model is rather complex, and involves components like units, links, and connection weights.

b. Before any learning has occurred in the network, the weights in the network all equal zero.

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? a. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing. b. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. c. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. d. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events.

b. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

Which of the following is a key factor in the memory-enhancing capacity of sleep? a. Reconsolidation b. Distraction c. Classification d. Elaboration

b. Distraction

What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain? a. Topographic maps will be mostly abstract. b. Image processing will be reduced by half. c. Images will be perceived as being smaller. d. Complex images will appear one-dimensional.

b. Image processing will be reduced by half.

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? a. Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. b. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." c. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. d. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

b. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. Repeating the words over and over in your mind b. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned c. Deciding how many vowels each word has d. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered

b. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network? a. The prototype approach b. Parallel distributed processing theory c. Enhancement due to priming d. Semantic network theory

b. Parallel distributed processing theory

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation? a. State b. Scale c. Consciousness d. Content

b. Scale

___________ consolidation involves the gradual reorganization of circuits within brain regions and takes place on a fairly long time scale. a. Remote b. Systems c. Standard d. Synaptic

b. Systems

Which type of research employed a "train on perception, test on perception" method to demonstrate imagery/perception overlap? a. Method of loci b. Transcranial magnetic stimulation c. Multivoxel pattern analysis d. Paired-associate learning

b. Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? a. Transportation b. Truck c. Vehicle d. Pickup truck

b. Truck

In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________. a. spoke b. artifact c. example d. node

b. artifact

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with a. house. b. boat _______ - car ________. c. b___ - h___. d. a blank piece of paper for free recall.

b. boat _______ - car ________.

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created a. using visual images. b. by the person whose memory will be tested. c. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective. d. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective.

b. by the person whose memory will be tested.

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on a. the definition of the category. b. category members that have been encountered in the past. c. a defined set of category members. d. a universal set of category members.

b. category members that have been encountered in the past.

Measuring the amount of time a person requires to complete different cognitive tasks is the goal of mental ________. a. scanning b. chronometry c. imagery d. topography

b. chronometry

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the a. reminiscence bump. b. constructive nature of memory. c. familiarity effect. d. misinformation effect.

b. constructive nature of memory.

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that a. these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected. b. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation. c. learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept. d. learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning.

b. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

The four proposals addressing the representation of concepts in the brain all agree that the information is ________. a. graded b. distributed c. fragile d. subordinate

b. distributed

The definitional approach to categorization a. sets definite criteria called family resemblances that all category members must have. b. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants. c. was proposed to replace the prototype approach. d. is not well suited for geometrical objects but works for familiar everyday objects.

b. doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization. a. family resemblance b. exemplar c. prototype d. definitional

b. exemplar

Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). a. prototype b. exemplar c. definitional d. semantic network

b. exemplar

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT a. thought is impossible without an image. b. imagery requires a special mechanism. c. studying images was a way of studying thinking. d. images are one of the three basic elements of consciousness.

b. imagery requires a special mechanism.

b. inner audition

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory a. depends on the participant's mood. b. involves making inferences. c. is better for vivid descriptions. d. is like a tape recording.

b. involves making inferences.

n drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that a. imagery is more stable than perception. b. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. c. perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. d. imagery occurs more automatically than perception.

b. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using a. epiphenomena. b. mental chronometry. c. image scanning. d. propositional representations.

b. mental chronometry.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows a. neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. b. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned. c. neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields. d. neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery.

b. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their a. importance. b. order. c. bizarreness. d. concreteness.

b. order.

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that a. people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar. b. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present. c. screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images. d. the screen images had no effect on people's mental images.

b. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex a. supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations. b. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery. c. can be inferred using mental chronometry. d. is an epiphenomenon.

b. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. a. connectionist network b. semantic network c. neural network d. parallel distributed processing

b. semantic network

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory. a. encoding specificity b. source misattributions c. schemas d. repeated rehearsal of distinctive names

b. source misattributions

A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery. a. detail b. spatial c. abstract d. propositional

b. spatial

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding a. priming. b. specificity. c. consolidation. d. transcription.

b. specificity.

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information. a. basic level to subordinate level b. superordinate level to basic level c. basic level to superordinate level d. subordinate level to basic level

b. superordinate level to basic level

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." a. slower than b. the same as c. interfered with by d. faster than

b. the same as

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a. the integrative experience effect. b. the self-reference effect. c. semantic memory. d. a mass practice effect.

b. the self-reference effect.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g.,, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because a. their flexible, undefined structures allow "rememberers" to spontaneously organize information in any way they want. b. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance. c. they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory. d. distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory.

b. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called a. personal semantic memory. b. transfer-appropriate processing. c. elaborative rehearsal. d. episodic-based processing.

b. transfer-appropriate processing.

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect. a. priming b. typicality c. reaction time d. resemblance

b. typicality

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because a. the imageless thought debate was unresolved. b. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. c. visual images vary in detail. d. some people have great difficulty forming visual images.

b. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

Donders' measurement of reaction time is particularly important because it demonstrated the "time course" on which the mind operates. Donders found that it took __________ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus a. 1/100 second b. 1/10 second c. a second d. two seconds

b. 1/10 second

using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw _____ of the 12 letters in the display a. 12 b. 10 c. 6 d. 3

b. 10

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is a. a fraction of a second. b. 15-20 seconds. c. 1-3 minutes. d. 5-7 minutes.

b. 15-20 seconds

Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) a. 20% : 50 % : 70% correct b. 80% : 40% : 30% correct c. 30 % : 30% : 30% correct d. 70% : 40% : 60% correct

b. 80% : 40% : 30% correct

In the research conducted by Loftus and coworkers on the misinformation effect, how did the words "smash" and "hit" affect participants' memory of seeing broken glass in the images presented? a. Memories of seeing broken glass were about the same in both the "smash" and "hit" groups. b. About twice as many participants in the "smash" group remembered seeing broken glass. c. Nearly all participants in the "hit" group remembered seeing broken glass in the images. d. Memories of broken glass were three times higher in the "smash" group than the "hit" group.

b. About twice as many participants in the "smash" group remembered seeing broken glass.

How do experts versus nonexperts differ in terms of how they create categories, if at all? a. Both experts and nonexperts tend to create categories in the same way. b. Experts tend to use more specific categories. whereas nonexperts use more basic categories. c. Nonexperts tend to use more specific categories, whereas experts use more basic categories. d. To the degree that there may be differences between experts and nonexperts in terms of category creations, they tend to focus around gender differences.

b. Experts tend to use more specific categories. whereas nonexperts use more basic categories.

which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition? a. IP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages. b. IP supports the principle of behaviorism that behavior is a stimulus-response relationship. c. IP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition. d. IP has an interest in investigating unobservable mental events.

b. IP supports the principle of behaviorism that behavior is a stimulus-response relationship

which of the following events is most closely associated with the decline of behaviorism as an approach to psychology? a. Watson's "Little Albert" experiment b. Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior c. Development of the technique of analytic introspection d. The proposal of cognitive maps

b. Skinner's publication of the book, Verbal Behavior

Which of the following best reflects the results of Tulving and Pearlstone's experiment with retrieval cues? a. The free recall participants recalled about the same amount of items as the cued recall participants. b. The cued recall participants recalled nearly twice as many items as the free recall participants. c. The free recall participants recalled three times more items than the cued recall participants. d. The cued recall participants recalled less than half as many items as the free recall participants.

b. The cued recall participants recalled nearly twice as many items as the free recall participants.

Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates a. The phonological similarity effect b. A build-up and release of proactive interference c. The cocktail party phenomenon d. A partial-report procedure

b. a build-up and release of proactive interference

which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another? a. The end of one neuron makes direct contact with the receiving end of another neuron. b. A chemical process takes place at the synapse. c. An electrical process takes place in the receptors. d. Action potentials travel across the synapse.

b. a chemical process takes place at the synapse

Conceptually, which of the following is most like a topographic map? a. a checkerboard b. a fingerprint c. a sketch d. sheet music

b. a fingerprint

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember a. a long list of words than a short list of words. b. a list of long words than a list of short words. c. a list of words that are all the same length than a list of words that are of different lengths. d. a list of words that are of different lengths than a list of words that are all the same length.

b. a list of long words than a list of short words

All of the following would be examples of a propositional representation EXCEPT a. the sentence "The dog is in the yard." b. a picture of a rabbit in a cage. c. the equation 5 + 7 = 12. d. the statement "The rabbit is in the cage."

b. a picture of a rabbit in a cage.

compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves a. a smaller stimulus set. b. a smaller response set. c. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set. d. a shorter rehearsal period

b. a smaller response set

the procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as a. information processing. b. analytic introspection. c. functional analysis. d. behavioral analysis.

b. analytic introspection

Due to a car accident, Meg has suffered an injury and now cannot form new memories. As such, it appears that she has ___ amnesia. a. general b. anterograde c. graded d. retrograde

b. anterograde

Looking at a small object causes activity in the ___ of the visual cortex; larger objects cause activity to ___. a. front; spread forward b. back; spread forward c. more; remain constant d. less; remain constant Hide Feedback

b. back; spread forward

attention, perception, memory and decision making are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of a. models. b. cognition. c. reaction times. d. savings.

b. cognition

Without actively thinking about it, Janelle just knows that every type of cat has whiskers—instead of thinking that lions and leopards and tabby cats each have whiskers. Janelle's experience can best be described as ________. a. spreading activation b. cognitive economy c. back propagation d. semantic somatotopy

b. cognitive economy

the example at the beginning of the book, in which Raphael talks to his friend on a cell phone on his way to class, was used to illustrate how a. cognitive psychologists study problem solving in adults. b. complex but seemingly effortless human cognition is. c. human cognition is affected by emotional events. d. both physiology and behavior is important to the study of cognition.

b. complex but seemingly effortless human cognition is

Results of precueing experiments show that participants respond more rapidly to a stimulus that appeared at the ____ location. a. fixated b. cued c. rightmost d. topmost

b. cued

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during a. stimulus presentation. b. delay. c. response. d. All of these.

b. delay

dichotic listening occurs when

b. different messages are presented to the left and right ears

when conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. for example, arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. roger's face causes the same three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the least and neuron 3 responding the most. your results support _____ coding a. specificity b. distributed c. convergence d. divergence

b. distributed

the idea that specific functions are processed in many parts of the brain is known as a. localization of function. b. distributed processing. c. modularity. d. aphasia.

b. distributed processing

Automatic attraction of attention by a sudden visual or auditory stimulus is called a. covert attention. b. exogenous attention. c. endogenous attention. d. an illusory conjunction.

b. exogenous attention

Information is coded in STM exclusively through an auditory code. a. True b. False

b. false

neurons that respond to features that make up objects are called a. retinal cells. b. feature detectors. c. dendrites. d. receptors.

b. feature detectors

the ____________ lobe of the cortex serves higher functions such as language, thought and memory a. subcortical b. frontal c. occipital d. parietal

b. frontal

Which of the following concepts offers the medical community insights into rehabilitative services for people with brain damage? a. cognitive economy b. graceful degradation c. backwards propagation d. semantic sematotopy

b. graceful degradation

Which of the following events would probably be LEAST likely to occur in one's 20s according to the cultural life script hypothesis? a. going to college b. having a first crush c. getting married d. having children

b. having a first crush

Experiments that support the idea of early selection involve a. simple tasks. b. high-load tasks. c. low-load tasks. d. extended practice.

b. high-load tasks

Compared to the standard model of consolidation, which of the following is thought to play a larger role in the multiple trace model of consolidation? a. multivoxels b. hippocampus c. amygdala d. synapses

b. hippocampus

Research conducted by Bower and Winzenz using paired-associate learning demonstrated the value of using ________ to improve memory. a. self-reference b. images c. specificity d. rehearsal

b. images

the first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be a. measured directly. b. inferred from the participant's behavior. c. measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant's response. d. measured by comparing responses among different participants.

b. inferred from the participant's behavior

sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that a. STM and LTM are independent components of memory. b. information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds. c. information in STM must be rehearsed to transfer into LTM. d. STM has a limited capacity.

b. information in sensory memory fades within 1 to 2 seconds

What distinguishes a flashbulb memory from an autobiographical memory? a. familiarity b. intensity c. veracity d. fluency

b. intensity

Articulatory suppression does all of the following EXCEPT it a. reduces memory span. b. interferes with semantic coding. c. reduces the phonological similarity effect for reading words. d. eliminates the word-length effect.

b. interferes with semantic coding

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that a. weak signals can cause activation. b. it takes a strong signal to cause activation. c. all signals cause activation. d. no signals cause activation.

b. it takes a strong signal to cause activation

an oscilloscope can display "spikes" that correspond to nerve impulses in response to a certain stimulus intensity. if the stimulus intensity is decreased, you are likely to observe spikes that are a. less frequent and smaller in size. b. less frequent and of the same size. c. as frequent and smaller in size. d. the same signal as with the higher stimulus intensity.

b. less frequent and of the same size

paul broca's and carl wernicke's research provided early evidence for a. distributed processing. b. localization of function. c. prosopagnosia. d. neural net theory.

b. localization of function

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is a. permanently stored. b. manipulated. c. forgotten. d. perceived.

b. manipulated

What is the key distinction between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal? a. mood b. meaning c. timing d. location

b. meaning

the main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for

b. meaning

the main point of the Donders' reaction time experiment was to a. show that reaction times can be measured accurately. b. measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision. c. determine differences in the way people react to stimuli. d. show that our cognitions are often based on unconscious inferences.

b. measure the amount of time it takes to make a decision

the process during which information is strengthened and transformed into a strong memory that is resistant to interference is known as a. savings. b. memory consolidation. c. introspection. d. cognition.

b. memory consolidation

Which of the following tasks requires the most cognitive effort? a. paired-associate learning b. mental rotation task c. paper folding test d. vividness of visual imagery questionnaire

b. mental rotation task

How long does the synaptic consolidation of a memory take? a. seconds b. minutes c. weeks d. years

b. minutes

The fact that autobiographical memories can include tactile elements demonstrates that these types of memories are ________. a. semantic b. multidimensional c. reconsolidated d. illusory

b. multidimensional

Marjorie has been diagnosed with semantic dementia. Which of the following can she recognize? a. a car but not a cat b. neither a car nor a cat c. a cat but not a car d. a car and a cat

b. neither a car nor a cat

In a connectionist network model, units are to ________ as connections are to ________. a. axons; synapses b. neurons; axons c. dendrites; neurons d. synapses; dendrites

b. neurons; axons

The pegword technique is similar to which of the following? a. mental walking b. paired-associate learning c. spatial representation d. topographic mapping

b. paired-associate learning

sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage? a. Fusiform face area (FFA) b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Functional magnetic area (FMA)

b. parahippocampal place area (PPA)

selection of the attended message in the broadbent model occurs based on the

b. physical characteristic of the message

Ebbinghaus' "memory" experiments were important because they a. described complex decision-making. b. plotted functions that described the operation of the mind. c. were the first to combine basic elements of experience called sensations. d. showed how positive reinforcers strengthen behavior.

b. plotted functions that described the operation of the mind

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND a. saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun? b. pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?

b. pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?

If a person has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has _____ memory. a. poor sensory b. poor short-term c. normal sensory d. normal short-term

b. poor short term

Suppose you were studying while listening to pop music at a low volume on the radio. Consistent with state-dependent learning, your testing of that study material would probably be best if ___. a. no music was played b. pop music at a low volume was played c. pop music at a moderately high volume was played d. classical music was played

b. pop music at a low volume was played

In Kozhevnikov's research on imagery, the subjects she classified as "verbalizers" likely focused on which of the following? a. depictive representation b. propositional representation c. spatial representation d. unilateral representation

b. propositional representation

The automatic process exhibited in the standard Stroop effect is a. naming colors. b. reading words. c. naming distractors. d. shadowing messages.

b. reading words

Imagine we conducted a series of attention experiments. The idea that attention is associated with objects would be indicated if reaction time were a. reduced when targets appeared at the site of a prior cue than if they appeared distant from a cue site. b. reduced when targets appeared within a cued object compared to within an adjacent object. c. increased when targets appeared within a cued object compared to within an adjacent object. d. increased when targets appeared at the site of a prior cue than if they appeared distant from a cue site.

b. reduced when targets appeared within a cued object compared to within an adjacent object.

Friends repeatedly sharing experiences of an event such as an earthquake in a major city can affect their memories due to which of the following? a. inference b. rehearsal c. reconsolidation d. saturation

b. rehearsal

Which of the following are the foundation of the illusory truth effect? a. fluency and emotion b. repetition and fluency c. emotion and misattribution d. misattribution and repetition

b. repetition and fluency

Alan knows that his stepfather abused him and his twin sister Carla when they were young. But whenever Alan tries to discuss it with her, Carla says she has no memory of the abuse. Carla's memories are likely ________. a. misattributed b. repressed c. fragile d. consolidated

b. repressed

Rather than requiring strict adherence to categorical definitions, Wittgenstein favored the concept of ________. a. propagation b. resemblance c. exemplars d. typicality

b. resemblance

in broadbent's filter model, the stage of information processing occur in which order?

b. sensory store, filter, detector, memory

in a dichotic listening experiment, _____________ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message among competing messages

b. shadowing

Observations that participants could do two tasks at once, such as focusing on a digit-span task while comprehending a paragraph, challenged the conceptualization of a. the phonological similarity effect. b. short-term memory. c. the persistence of vision. d. the physiological approach to coding.

b. short-term memory

in Donders' experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a a. reaction time task. b. simple reaction time task. c. choice reaction time task. d. presentation task.

b. simple reaction time task

Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers in cognitive psychology. Their computer program a. simulated human attention. b. solved logic problems. c. controlled presentation of visual stimuli during cognitive psychology experiments. d. introduced the first flow diagram.

b. solved logic problems

the idea of a grandmother cell is consistent with a. distributed coding. b. specificity coding. c. subtraction techniques. d. primary receiving areas.

b. specificity coding

Which of the following orders lists the different levels of categories from most to least specific? a. subordinate; superordinate; basic b. subordinate; basic; superordinate c. superordinate; subordinate; basic d. superordinate; basic; global

b. subordinate; basic; superordinate

What is considered the central component of the hub and spoke model? a. the occipital lobe b. the anterior temporal lobe c. the cingulate gyrus d. the frontal cortex

b. the anterior temporal lobe

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddley's model of memory? a. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad b. The central executive and long-term memory c. The central executive and the phonological loop d. The phonological loop and long-term memory

b. the central executive and long-term memory

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when a. the color and the name matched. b. the color and the name differed. c. the shape and the name matched. d. the shape and the name differed.

b. the color and the name differed

Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component? a. The attenuator b. The dictionary unit c. The filter d. The "leaky" filter

b. the dictionary unit

a common feature of both a reaction time experiment and an operant conditioning experiment is a. the presentation of positive reinforcers. b. the measurement of behavior. c. the inference of mental processes. d. all of these are common features

b. the measurement of behavior

If you would rhyme certain images with concrete words as a means to improve memory, then you're probably making use of ___. a. the method of loci b. the pegword technique c. an epiphenomenon d. a mental walk task

b. the pegword technique

Wickens et al.'s "fruit, meat, and professions" experiment failed to show a release from proactive interference in the "fruit" group because a. the stimulus category changed. b. the stimulus category remained the same. c. the response task changed. d. the response task remained the same.

b. the stimulus category remained the same

at the MIT symposium on information theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that a. the human ability to process information is unlimited. b. there are limits to the human ability to process information. c. intelligent machines can be successfully created. d. memory consolidation is enhanced by REM sleep.

b. there are limits to the human ability to process information

Paivio kicked off the cognitive revolution in imagery when he demonstrated that it is easiest for people to remember ________. a. sensations b. things c. concepts d. locations

b. things

What is the relationship between the embodied approach and mirror neurons? a. crowding b. thinking c. acting d. priming

b. thinking

What is the dependent variable in the scientific verification technique used by Edward Smith? a. neural activity b. time c. accuracy d. quantity

b. time

What is the key concept assessed during mental chronometry? a. size b. time c. space d. detail

b. time

The misinformation effect on memory is related to which of the following? a. stress b. timing c. rehearsal d. culture

b. timing

Devon and Yoshi always create True-False flash cards to help them study for Mrs. Singleton's weekly True-False history quizzes. What strategy are Devon and Yoshi using to help enhance their performance on the quizzes? a. state-dependent learning b. transfer-appropriate processing c. synaptic consolidation

b. transfer-appropriate processing

For which of the following categories would a definition probably be the MOST appropriate? a. birds b. triangles c. trees d. chairs

b. triangles

The Stroop effect occurs when participants a. are told to divide their attention between colors and shapes. b. try to name colors and ignore words. c. try to select some incoming information based on meaning. d. are told to shadow two messages simultaneously.

b. try to name colors and ignore words

The children's program Sesame Street has run a longtime segment showing children a set of objects and singing, "One of these things is not like the others." Children must decide which object does not fit in the group. Which concept is reflected in this children's educational game? a. priming b. typicality c. back propagation d. hierarchy

b. typicality

Which of the following is a key factor in the mental walk task? a. image vividness b. visual field c. projected images d. method of loci

b. visual field

Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions. By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor. In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor a. was overtly responded to by the participant. b. was processed. c. was ignored. d. appeared in a high-load condition.

b. was processed

boat ______________ - car ___________________

All of the following appear to be effective means of studying EXCEPT ___. a. elaborating on material b. taking breaks while studying c. consistently using a highlighter d. actively creating material to test

How are creating self-references and forming visual images similar? a. They both require state dependence. b. They both stimulate reconsolidation. c. They both engage deep processing. d. They both trigger the spacing effect.

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a. organization b. making up questions about the material c. highlighting d. feedback

The concept of reconsolidation is based on the ________ of retrieved memories. a. emotionality b. potentiation c. fragility d. classification

What is the consequence of injecting a rat with anisomycin? a. Doing so improves memory. b. Doing so produces fear. c. Doing so inhibits the formation of new memories. d. The use of this drug is lethal to rats.

Which example below best demonstrates state-dependent learning? a. Carmen always suffers test anxiety in her classes. To combat this, she tries to relax when she studies. She thinks it's best to study while lying in bed, reading by candlelight with soft music playing. b. Even though Walt hasn't been to the beach cottage his parents owned since he was a child, he still has many fond memories of time spent there as a family. c. Although Emily doesn't very often think about her first love, Steve, she can't help getting caught up in happy memories when "their song" (the first song they danced to) plays on the radio. d. Last night, at the grocery store, DeShaun ran into a psychology professor he took a class with three semesters ago. He recognized her right away.

Which of the following provides the key benefit to the generate-and-test study strategy? a. Rehearsal b. Elaboration c. Engagement d. Classification

c. Engagement

___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. a. Icons b. Prototypes c. Exemplars d. Units

c. Exemplars

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? a. Hierarchical organization b. Spreading activation c. Family resemblance d. Cognitive economy

c. Family resemblance

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? a. America b. Apple pie c. Freedom d. Baseball

c. Freedom

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? a. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events. b. It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. c. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time. d. It is vivid memory for emotional events.

c. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following? a. Mood b. Structure c. Location d. Task

c. Location

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. a. Prospective memory b. Automatic narrative c. Pragmatic inference d. Observer perspective

c. Pragmatic inference

Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts? a. Depictive b. Spatial c. Propositional d. Hypothetical

c. Propositional

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past? a. Network b. Typicality c. Prototype d. Exemplar

c. Prototype

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into long-term memory? a. Sanjay recalls his grandmother's house where he grew up, even though he hasn't been there for 22 years. b. Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement. c. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years. d. Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore.

c. Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.

c. Source monitoring

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? a. People can rotate images of objects in their heads. b. Imagery is closely related to language. c. Thought is always accompanied by imagery. d. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception.

c. Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model? a. Output units b. Input units c. Working units d. Hidden units

c. Working units

c. a bumblebee.

Mental scanning experiments found a. an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image. b. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does. c. a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. d. a constant scanning time for all locations on an image.

c. a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing a. one mile away from the house. b. right at the front door. c. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. d. two feet from the front door.

c. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience. a. prototypical b. subordinate c. basic d. exemplary

c. basic

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node. a. bird; penguin b. has feathers; ostrich c. can fly; bird d. can fly; canary

c. can fly; bird

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas." a. exemplars b. units c. concepts d. prototypes

c. concepts

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network a. nodes. b. hidden units. c. connection weights. d. output units.

c. connection weights.

One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network. a. hierarchical b. semantic network c. connectionist d. spreading activation

c. connectionist

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations. a. source b. misinformation c. constructive d. event-specific

c. constructive

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of a. maintenance rehearsal. b. levels of processing theory. c. encoding specificity. d. the self-reference effect.

c. encoding specificity.

Priming occurs when presentation of one stimulus a. acts as a cue that tells the participant when his or her response was correct. b. disrupts the processing of another stimulus. c. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time. d. relates to a prototype in a way that is unrelated to associated exemplars.

c. facilitates the response to another stimulus that usually follows closely in time.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves a. perceptual images. b. echoic schemas c. mental images. d. visual icons.

c. mental images.

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory. a. forming connections with other information b. rehearsal c. organization d. depth of processing

c. organization

Ganis and coworkers (2004) used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that a. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does. b. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception. c. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does. d. there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery.

c. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to a. lead to immediate decay due to retroactive interference. b. lead to effective autobiographical memories. c. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories. d. cause sensory memories to interfere with consolidation in working memory.

c. produce some short-term remembering, but fail to produce longer-term memories.

"3x + 9 = 16" is a___________representation. a. depictive b. spatial c. propositional d. descriptive

c. propositional

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT a. rhymes. b. associations. c. propositions. d. visualizations.

c. propositions.

Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on a. transfer-appropriate processing. b. levels of processing. c. reconsolidation. d. depth of processing.

c. reconsolidation.

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on comfortable clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a(n) ________ mindset. a. nervous b. neutral c. relaxed d. excited

c. relaxed

Retrograde amnesia is usually less severe for ______ memories. a. recent b. anterograde c. remote d. emotional

c. remote

c. schema.

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model. a. cognitive economy b. typicality c. spreading activation d. back propagation

c. spreading activation

Items high on prototypicality have ___________ family resemblances. a. moderate b. no c. strong d. weak

c. strong

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like "chair, apple, dish, shoe, cherry, sofa" to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of the a. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal. b. effect of proactive interference. c. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized. d. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually.

c. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated a. how easy mental rotation is for humans. b. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. c. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. d. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

c. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects.

Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories. a. mental synthesis b. paired-associate learning c. the method of loci d. the pegword technique

c. the method of loci

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as a. paired-associate learning. b. the pegword technique. c. the method of loci. d. a propositional representation.

c. the method of loci.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos a. of familiar places. b. the person has never seen before. c. the person took himself or herself. d. the person has seen before.

c. the person took himself or herself.

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves a. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall. b. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. c. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information. d. the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly.

c. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________. a. oak; oak b. tree; tree c. tree; oak d. oak; tree

c. tree; oak

c. two

what year is usually cited as the "birthday" of cognitive science (pick the closest year)? a. 1879 b. 1945 c. 1956 d. 1967

c. 1956

The "magic number," according to Miller, is a. 7 and 11. b. 5 plus 2. c. 7 plus or minus 2. d. lucky 13.

c. 7 plus or minus 2

What is the effect of spreading activation? a. Mirror neurons are triggered. b. Artifacts are differentiated. c. Concepts are primed. d. Exemplars are defined.

c. Concepts are primed.

Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is TRUE? a. Flashbulb memories were first studied with respect to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. b. Flashbulb memories refer to the memory for a given event. c. Individuals tend to hold strong beliefs in the accuracy of their flashbulb memories. d. Flashbulb memories are like photographs and cannot be forgotten.

c. Individuals tend to hold strong beliefs in the accuracy of their flashbulb memories.

For which of the following questions would the response be MOST likely to generate greater response in the visual cortex? a. Who was the American president during the start of World War II? b. Is the intensity of electrical current measured in amperes? c. Is the green of the trees darker than the green of the grass? d. What is the square root of four?

c. Is the green of the trees darker than the green of the grass?

Which of the following best describes the concept of visual imagery? a. It focuses on object details. b. It has no relation to thought. c. It lacks a visual stimulus. d. It uses abstract symbols.

c. It lacks a visual stimulus.

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY b. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG c. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP d. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN

c. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

shinkareva et al. (2008) conducted research that revealed a. the existence of feature detectors. b. the distinction between form and meaning in language. c. a computer could fairly accurately predict what category of object one was viewing. d. strong support for specificity coding.

c. a computer could fairly accurately predict what category of object one was viewing

a specific person's face is represented in the nervous system by the firing of a. a feature detector that fires specifically to that face. b. a group of neurons that all respond only to that face. c. a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces. d. a receptor in the retina that responds when the face is present.

c. a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces

which of the following would likely be an input message into the detector in broadbent's model?

c. a message with a german accent

Janelle is getting an fMRI scan while she describes an everyday episodic memory. Which of the following brain areas will show the LEAST activity in her scan? a. hippocampus and parietal cortex b. medial temporal lobe and amygdala c. amygdala and hippocampus d. parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex

c. amygdala and hippocampus

Suppose lights flash as a mainframe computer does its calculations. In doing so, this is an example of ___. a. the imagery debate b. less than half c. an epiphenomenon d. mental scanning

c. an epiphenomenon

clive wearing, the ex-choral director, experienced what memory problem? a. Poor short-term memory b. Defective sensory memory c. An inability to form new long-term memories d. Both a and b are correct

c. an inability to form new long-term memories

Latrell is participating in a replication of Hoffman and Ralph's research on the multiple-factor approach. Which of the following stimulus words would Latrell likely rate highest for color? a. couch b. coat c. apple d. sports car

c. apple

the field that studies how to make machines behave in ways that are intelligent if a human were so behaving is known as a. cognitive psychology. b. behaviorism. c. artificial intelligence. d. flow diagramming

c. artificial intelligence

Recalling the sound of a song you heard on the radio yesterday would be an example of a. auditory coding in STM. b. semantic coding in STM. c. auditory coding in LTM. d. semantic coding in LTM

c. auditory coding in LTM

Suppose a young child sees a canary and says, "That's a robin," to which the child's mother responds, "No, that's a canary...Robins have red breasts." In this example, the mother's information specifically functions like ___. a. a connection weight b. an error signal c. back propagation d. a hidden unit

c. back propagation

neural circuits are groups of interconnected neurons that a. have only excitatory synapses. b. have only inhibitory synapses. c. can result in a neuron that responds best to a specific stimulus. d. are primarily responsible for automatic behaviors, like reflexes.

c. can result in a neuron that responds best to a specific stimulus

the key structural components of neurons are a. cell body, dendrites, and transmitters. b. axon, dendrites, and modules. c. cell body, dendrites, and axon. d. transmitters, dendrites, and axon.

c. cell body, dendrites, and axon

in Donders' experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a a. reaction time task. b. simple reaction time task. c. choice reaction time task. d. presentation task.

c. choice reaction time task

the "little albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments? a. Reaction time b. Unconscious inference c. Classical conditioning d. Operant conditioning

c. classical conditioning

the study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as a. cognitive psychology. b. neuroscience. c. cognitive neuroscience. d. neuropsychology.

c. cognitive neuroscience

using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of a. behaviorism. b. Donderism. c. cognitive psychology. d. operant conditioning.

c. cognitive psychology

colin cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

c. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time

The spacing effect would seem to contradict which of the following practices? a. mind wandering in class b. rereading highlighted text c. cramming for a final exam d. taking quizzes every week

c. cramming for a final exam

peterson and peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. they found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. they hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _______, but later research showed that it was actually due to ______ a. interference; decay b. priming; interference c. decay; interference d. decay; lack of rehearsal

c. decay; interference

Donders' main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study a. perception. b. attention. c. decision making. d. memory.

c. decision making

What served as the basis for Lea's argument against Kosslyn's original mental scanning experiments with objects? a. unilateral neglect b. degradation c. distraction d. epiphenomena

c. distraction

brief sensory memory for sound is known as a. iconic memory. b. primary auditory memory. c. echoic memory. d. pre-perceptual auditory memory.

c. echoic memory

ramon is looking at pictures of scantily clad women in a magazine. he is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. which part of ramon's brain is activated by this viewing? a. Fusiform face area (FFA) b. Parahippocampal place area (PPA) c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Functional magnetic area (FMA)

c. extrastriate body area (EBA)

When asked at the police lineup to select the person he saw running away from the warehouse fire that night, Mr. Salazar picked Rashid, the boy who used to shovel his driveway and rake his leaves a few years back. Two other witnesses picked someone else from the same lineup. What factor likely led Mr. Salazar to pick Rashid out of the lineup? a. bias b. pragmatism c. familiarity d. nostalgia

c. familiarity

Rereading material for a class many times is considered an ineffective study strategy. Rather than learning, this practice simply makes you ________. a. disengaged b. saturated c. fluent d. proactive

c. fluent

Without ________, reconsolidation of a memory would not be possible. a. cueing b. testing c. fragility d. sleep

c. fragility

Which of the following experiences is most likely to be part of a person's reminiscence bump? a. taking a first step b. entering first grade c. getting a first apartment d. holding a first grandchild

c. getting a first apartment

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on ____ areas. a. high-load b. low-load c. high-saliency d. low-saliency

c. high-saliency

you are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. you notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. all of these features are processed a. in one localized area of the brain. b. by the grandmother cells in the brain. c. in different parts of the brain. d. through fMRI potentials.

c. in different parts of the brain

Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of a. the late-selection model of attention. b. an object-based attentional failure. c. inattentional blindness. d. the cocktail party phenomenon.

c. inattentional blindness

which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection? a. It infers mental processes based on objective data. b. It produces results that are too easy to verify. c. It produces variable results from person to person. d. It requires no training.

c. it produces variable results from person to person

recent research on language has modified our earlier understanding of Broca's aphasia such that it is now understood as a problem in a. language production but not understanding. b. language production but not meaning. c. language form but not meaning. d. language meaning but not form.

c. language form but not meaning

Research based on transfer-appropriate processing provides the LEAST support for ___. a. encoding specificity b. state-dependent learning c. levels of processing theory d. actually, transfer-appropriate processing supports all of these principles

c. levels of processing theory

recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. these results support the idea of a. cortical association. b. dissociation. c. localization of function. d. the information processing approach.

c. localization of function

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of a. physical characteristics. b. language. c. meaning. d. direction.

c. meaning

according to your text, the behavioral approach to the study of the mind involves a. measuring the relation between stimulation and brain processes. b. controlling behavior by presenting positive reinforcements. c. measuring the relation between stimuli and behavior. d. controlling behavior by presenting negative reinforcements.

c. measuring the relation between stimuli and behavior

recordings from single neurons are conducted using which of these pieces of equipment? a. Positron emission tomography scanner b. Functional magnetic resonance imaging scanner c. Microelectrode d. Neurotransmitter

c. microelectrode

compared to brain-imaging techniques, ERP occurs on a a. much slower time scale. b. similar time scale. c. much faster time scale. d. more precise scale for understanding which brain structures are active.

c. much faster time scale

According to the standard model of consolidation, activation in the cortex a. does not occur at all. b. is limited. c. occurs in a number of different areas. d. is unclear.

c. occurs in a number of different areas.

In Simons and Chabris's "change blindness" experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that that a woman carrying an umbrella walked through because the a. woman with the umbrella was in motion, just like the players. b. the umbrella was the same color as the floor. c. participants were counting the number of ball passes. d. participants were not asked if they saw anything unusual.

c. participants were counting the number of ball passes

Location-based attention is when a. the enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object. b. attention is divided across two or more tasks simultaneously. c. people move their attention from one place to another. d. attention affects an entire object, even if it is occluded by other objects.

c. people move their attention from one place to another

With respect to the imagery debate, an appropriate analogy would be: spatial mechanism is to propositional mechanism as ___ is to ___. a. image; thought b. thought; image c. perception; language d. language; perception

c. perception; language

Shanta has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Shanta is displaying a. sensory memory. b. decay. c. perseveration. d. the central executive.

c. perserveration

when light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. this experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of a. a visual delay effect. b. echoic memory. c. persistence of vision. d. top-down processing.

c. persistence of vision

broadbent's "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on

c. physical characteristics

Gais et al.'s research on the impact of sleep on memory consolidation illustrates which type of approach to the study of the operations of the mind? a. Behavioral b. Structural c. Physiological d. Mathematical

c. physiological

there are many methods for studying the physiology of the brain. ________ is the technique involving subtraction whereby brain activity is compared between baseline and stimulation measurements a. Convergence b. Single unit recording c. Positron emission tomography d. Mental chronometry

c. positron emission tomography

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage. a. feature analysis b. focused attention c. preattentive d. letter analysis

c. preattentive

an important contribution to the field of psychology resulting from Wilhelm Wundt founding his laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879 was a. the rise of behaviorism's popularity. b. recognizing 1879 as "the birthday of cognitive science." c. producing Ph.D.s who later established psychology departments at many U.S. universities. d. the first demonstration of the forgetting curve.

c. producing Ph.D.s who later established psychology departments at many U.S. universities

the fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with a. Broca's aphasia. b. Wernicke's aphasia. c. prosopagnosia. d. Alzheimer's disease.

c. prosopagnosia

positron emission tomography (PET) utilizes which of the following tools? a. Disc electrode b. Microelectrode c. Radioactive tracer d. Hemoglobin

c. radioactive tracer

most cognitive psychologists ________ the notion of a grandmother cell a. accept b. are uncertain about c. reject d. are actively investigating

c. reject

Suppose you have been studying your French vocabulary words for several hours and are making many mistakes. You switch to reviewing the new terms for your upcoming biology test, and your performance is noticeably better. You are experiencing a. the self-reference effect. b. retroactive inhibition. c. release from proactive interference. d. disinhibition.

c. release from proactive interference

according to Ebbinghaus' savings curve, savings is a function of a. word familiarity. b. sensory modality. c. retention interval. d. reaction time.

c. retention interval

Ahmad suffered a brain injury where he cannot recall past events that occurred years ago. Based on this information, it would appear that he has ___ amnesia. a. general b. anterograde c. retrograde d. graded

c. retrograde

when a person is shadowing a message, he or she is

c. saying the message out loud

Wallington and Shallice would say that our neural approach for representing concepts is based on ________. a. priming and propagating b. learning and reactivating c. sensing and performing d. prototyping and organizing

c. sensing and performing

the three structural components of the modal model of memory area. a. receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. b. receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe. c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. d. sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal.

c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

The volume of a person's visual cortex has a direct impact on the ________. a. visual topographic density b. ability to rotate images c. size of the field of view d. scope of object imagery

c. size of the field of view

In Rosch's approach, subordinate is to _____ as superordinate is to ________. a. node; connection b. basic; special c. specific; global d. person; artifact

c. specific; global

Which of the following reflects state-dependent learning? a. studying questions you wrote b. studying then taking a nap c. studying while feeling happy d. studying while sitting in a cafe

c. studying while feeling happy

Automatic processing occurs when a. cognitive resources are high. b. response times are long. c. tasks are well-practiced. d. attention is focused.

c. tasks are well-practiced

When Marcus went into the vintage candy store, he couldn't believe all the brands they sold. When he bit into a Turkish Taffy, it immediately took him back to hanging out with his pals at their tree fort on a summer day. What did Marcus experience at the store? a. pragmatic inference b. repressed childhood memory c. the Proust effect d. post-identification feedback

c. the Proust effect

Which of the following would be considered part of Sachi's flashbulb memory for the 2004 earthquake and tsunami that struck locations in the Indian Ocean? a. the video clip of a boy clinging to a tree top b. the maximum height of the waves that struck c. the cafe she sat in when first seeing the news d. the Richter scale rating of the earthquake

c. the cafe she sat in when first seeing the news

When you use a hammer, sensory areas are activated in response to the various contours of the hammer. This example specifically illustrates ___. a. the category-specific memory impairment b. the sensory-functional hypothesis c. the embodied approach d. the semantic category approach

c. the embodied approach

when a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. this occurs because a. the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler. b. due to its high intensity, we see the light from the sparkler for about a second after it goes out. c. the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second. d. Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds.

c. the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that a. the negative effect can be decreased by using "hands-free" units. b. the problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand. c. the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone. d. both a and b are correct

c. the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone

brain imaging techniques can determine all of the following EXCEPT a. areas of the brain activated during cognitive tasks. b. localization of brain activity in response to a specific stimulus. c. the structure of individual neurons. d. patterns of blood flow in the brain.

c. the structure of individual neurons

What is the key variable in the method known as repeated reproduction? a. frequency b. age c. time d. stress

c. time

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road? a. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen b. Trying to remember a map of the area c. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned d. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit

c. trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

the "cognitive revolution" a. occurred rapidly, within a period of a few years, in response to the attacks on Skinner and the development of computers. b. extended over a long period of time, beginning in the early part of the century, in reaction to Wundt's introspection experiments. c. was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades. d. was not really necessary because the study of the mind has been a constant part of experimental psychology since the founding of the first psychology laboratory.

c. was a gradual process that occurred over a few decades

Eye tracker studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich shows that a person's eye movements a. usually followed a motor action by a fraction of a second. b. were influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene. c. were determined primarily by the task. d. continually scanned all objects and areas of the scene.

c. were determined primarily by the task

the founder of the first laboratory of scientific psychology was a. Franciscus Donders. b. Hermann von Helmholtz. c. Wilhelm Wundt. d. Hermann Ebbinghaus.

c. wilhelm wundt

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that a. short-term memory consists of a number of components. b. short-term memory has unlimited capacity. c. working memory is concerned with the manipulation of information. d. working memory has unlimited capacity.

c. working memory is concerned with manipulation

The reminiscence bump seems to corroborate which of the following? a. cryptoamnesia b. pragmatic inference c. youth bias d. narrative rehearsal

c. youth bias

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because a. pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words. b. research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response. c. the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words. d. imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of a. implicit memory. b. repetition priming. c. a self-reference effect. d. elaborative rehearsal.

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? a. "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa" b. "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants" c. "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" d. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? a. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative. b. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. c. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances. d. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a. Alana will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect. b. Katie and Alana should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis). c. State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period. d. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Lakeisha and Kim have been studying for two hours for their chemistry exam. Both girls are tired of studying. Lakeisha decides to watch a two-hour movie on DVD, while Kim decides to go to bed. What would you predict about their performance on the chemistry exam? a. Lakeisha performs better because of encoding specificity. b. Lakeisha performs better because of consolidation. c. Kim performs better because of encoding specificity. d. Kim performs better because of consolidation.

Mr. Gomez has found that his students' performance on a unit exam is enhanced by their taking weekly quizzes on content covered in the unit. What method is Mr. Gomez using with his students? a. transfer-appropriate processing b. activated reconsolidation c. state-dependent learning d. retrieval practice

The sentence "Every good boy deserves fudge" is used by music students to represent notes on the lines of the treble clef. Which concept does this reflect? a. temporal context b. encoding specificity c. spacing effect d. retrieval cue

Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if a. imagery is used to create connections among items to be transferred into long-term memory. b. the person remembering generates their own retrieval cues. c. there is deep processing during acquisition of the new material. d. the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.

Which of the following will likely improve Mariela's test score after a session of studying? a. going to a movie b. doing maintenance rehearsal c. rereading her textbook d. taking a long nap

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a. Processing b. Retrograde c. Encoding d. Retrieval

d. 24 hours.

In evaluating retrieval rates for category information for a concept, Collins and Quillian's semantic network approach would predict the slowest reaction times for which of the following statements using a sentence verification technique? a. A field sparrow is a bird. b. A field sparrow is a sparrow. c. A field sparrow is a field sparrow. d. A field sparrow is an animal.

d. A field sparrow is an animal.

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub? a. Occipital lobe b. Medial thalamus c. Parietal lobe d. Anterior temporal lobe

d. Anterior temporal lobe

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks? a. Serial processing b. Prototype formation c. Distributed processing d. Cognitive economy

d. Cognitive economy

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following? a. Validity b. Longevity c. Neural response d. Content

d. Content

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds? a. Prototype b. Network c. Definitional d. Exemplar

d. Exemplar

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? a. Retiring from work at age 40 b. Having a child at age 45 c. Marrying at age 60 d. Graduating from college at age 22

d. Graduating from college at age 22

Which of the following represents a basic level item? a. Paul McCartney's bass guitar b. Musical instrument c. Rock guitar d. Guitar

d. Guitar

According to the connectionist model, which of the following is impacted by connection weight? a. Sensory reactivation b. Category priming c. Storage capacity d. Synapse activity

d. Synapse activity

Dr. Leung is leading a research team to explore the retrieval practice effect. Which of the following will likely be a key component of her team's research protocol? a. Organizing b. Sleeping c. Elaborating d. Testing

d. Testing

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of a. what is involved in a particular experience. b. information stored in both semantic and episodic memory. c. items appropriate to a particular setting. d. a sequence of actions

d. a sequence of actions

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT a. a statement. b. abstract symbols. c. an equation. d. a spatial layout.

d. a spatial layout.

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________. a. actions b. colors c. artifacts d. abstractions

d. abstractions

Imagery neurons respond to a. only visual images in a specific category. b. all visual images. c. concrete mental images but not abstract mental images. d. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

d. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units. a. graceful degradation b. spreading activation c. error verification d. back propagation

d. back propagation

d. cognitive hypothesis.

The process of back propagation is most closely associated with a. spreading activation. b. reasoning about categories. c. semantic networks. d. connectionist networks

d. connectionist networks

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved a. confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous. b. omissions of information that was presented. c. participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. d. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

d. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________. a. loading b. stacking c. weighting d. crowding

d. crowding

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory. a. visual b. systemic c. episodic d. emotional

d. emotional

Mental imagery involves a. sensory representations of a stimulus. b. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. c. the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent. d. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

d. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that a. rehearsal cannot account for them. b. people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy). c. they are permanent and resist forgetting. d. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

d. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that a. there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. b. imagery and perception are two different phenomena. c. creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task. d. imagery and perception can interact with one another.

d. imagery and perception can interact with one another.

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of a. the growth of new dendrites in neurons. b. larger electrical impulses in the synapse. c. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. d. increased firing in the neurons.

d. increased firing in the neurons.

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery a. actually exists. b. is identical for all people. c. can be used to inform nonvisual sensory systems. d. is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

d. is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

According to the typicality effect a. objects in a category have a family resemblance to one another. b. we remember typical objects better than nontypical objects. c. objects that are not typical stand out and so are more easily remembered. d. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

d. items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants a. remember more details about the event. b. report less confidence about their recollections. c. report less vivid recollections of the event. d. make more errors in their recollections.

d. make more errors in their recollections.

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure. a. mental walk b. priming c. categorization d. mental scanning

d. mental scanning

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the a. cognitive hypothesis. b. life-narrative hypothesis. c. reminiscence hypothesis. d. narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

d. narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

Experimental evidence suggesting that the standard model of consolidation needs to be revised are data that show that the hippocampus was activated during retrieval of ___________ memories. a. recent and remote semantic b. remote semantic c. recent episodic d. recent and remote episodic

d. recent and remote episodic

d. script

A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts. a. superordinate b. parallel c. symbiotic d. semantic

d. semantic

According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain. a. multiple-factor b. neuronal limitation c. sensory-functional d. semantic category

d. semantic category

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____. a. serial nodes; familiar concepts b. sensations; facts c. sequential networks; familial resemblance d. sensory attributes; function

d. sensory attributes; function

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is a. uninvolved in memory consolidation. b. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. c. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. d. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

d. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

Stanny and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that a. the presence of a weapon enhances memory for all parts of the event. b. the presence of a weapon has no effect on memory for the event. c. the threat of a weapon causes people to focus their attention away from the weapon itself. d. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

d. the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed a. the priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories. b. no measurable priming effect. c. the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories. d. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

d. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that a. neither kiwi nor banana is likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category. b. when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana. c. people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana. d. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

d. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ___________, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ___________. a. using visual images; activated b. perceiving stimuli; activated c. perceiving stimuli; deactivated d. using visual images; deactivated

d. using visual images; deactivated

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that a. fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories. b. memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred. c. memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus. d. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

d. when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.

Which of the following pairs would have similar activation patterns when presented in an experiment that simulates error signals and changing connection weights? a. "plum" and "ball" b. "plane" and "bird" c. "car" and "cat" d. "tuna" and "shark"

d. "tuna" and "shark"

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776? a. 14 929 111 776 b. 149 29111 776 c. 14 92 91 117 76 d. 1492 911 1776

d. 1492 911 1776

Suppose you do two different free recall tasks that each take you 22 seconds to complete. What is your total mental chronometry in this example? a. It is impossible to determine on the basis of this information. b. 2 seconds c. 22 seconds d. 44 seconds

d. 44 seconds

which of the following psychologists is known for research on operant conditioning? a. Franciscus Donders b. Wilhelm Wundt c. John Watson d. B.F. Skinner

d. B.F. Skinner

who proposed that children's language development was caused by imitation and reinforcement? a. Noam Chomsky b. John Watson c. Keller Breland d. B.F. Skinner

d. B.F. Skinner

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as a. L. b. I. c. R. d. C.

d. C

Many people think that Michelangelo's sculpture of David serves as an icon of male physical beauty. Which of the following best describes the sculpture in the context of cognitive psychology? a. It is at a lower level than an exemplar. b. It can be considered a prototype. c. It can be considered an exemplar. d. It is at a higher level than a prototype.

d. It is at a higher level than a prototype.

research using the ERP method shows that damage to the frontal lobes reduces the larger __________ response that occurs when the form of a sentence is incorrect a. N100 b. N400 c. P300 d. P600

d. P600

Suppose you are a therapist seeing a patient for an eating disorder, and you suspect that your patient was sexually abused as a youngster. How should you proceed? a. State your belief to your patient that she was sexually abused. b. Directly ask your patient whether she was sexually abused. c. Ask your patient if you could contact relatives to consider whether they may have abused her in the past. d. Proceed with treatment of the eating disorder without alluding to, hinting, or suggesting that she was abused out of concern of creating a false "recovered" memory.

d. Proceed with treatment of the eating disorder without alluding to, hinting, or suggesting that she was abused out of concern of creating a false "recovered" memory.

Which of the following statements accurately describes an actual consequence of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to an individual? a. TMS would likely cause permanent memory damage. b. TMS would likely vastly improve reaction time for organizing categories. c. TMS would involve inserting magnetic coils into one's brain. d. TMS would temporarily disrupt the functioning of a particular area of the brain

d. TMS would temporarily disrupt the functioning of a particular area of the brain

Consider the sentence "The new baby stayed awake all night." Based on pragmatic inference, which of the following is the LEAST reasonable inference that one might glean from this statement? a. The baby was crying. b. The baby's parents got little sleep. c. The baby wasn't feeling well. d. The baby was a boy.

d. The baby was a boy.

Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for using a lineup that would avoid mistaken identifications? a. When asking a witness to pick the perpetrator from a lineup, inform the witness that the perpetrator may not be in the particular lineup he or she is viewing. b. When constructing a lineup, use "fillers" who are similar to the suspect. c. Get an immediate confidence rating after the witness makes a selection. d. Use a lineup administrator who knows which person in the lineup is the suspect.

d. Use a lineup administrator who knows which person in the lineup is the suspect.

Which of the following statements generally reflects people's individual capacities in visual imagery? a. You can't see the forest for the trees. b. It's an all-or-nothing game. c. You seen one, you seen 'em all. d. You win some, you lose some.

d. You win some, you lose some.

Which of the following would likely represent a basic category? a. furniture b. a double bed c. a kitchen chair d. a table

d. a table

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listen to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found that a. people can focus on one message and ignore the other one. b. people can focus on the message they were repeating. c. people take in very little information about the ignored message. d. all of these

d. all of the above (people can focus on one message and ignore the other one, people can focus on the message they were repeating, people take in very little information about the ignored message)

which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? a. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. b. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. c. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions. d. All of these

d. all of these (specific areas of the brain serve different functions, neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli, brain areas are specialized for specific functions)

In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of ____ when they were ____ of that word. a. letter pairs; aware b. letter pairs; unaware c. ambiguous sentences; aware d. ambiguous sentences; unaware

d. ambiguous sentences; unaware

Now that she has three kids, Anjali has too many things to keep track of. She heard that using a method of loci can be helpful and has decided to give it a try. What is the first thing Anjali needs for this tactic to be effective? a. a color theme for each day b. sets of rhyming keywords c. big numbers for each task d. an image of her family room

d. an image of her family room

What is the basis for a mental scanning task? a. a pegword b. a visual stimulus c. a topographic map d. an internal image

d. an internal image

action potentials occur in the a. cell body. b. synapse. c. neurotransmitters. d. axon.

d. axon

which of the following neural components is NOT found at the receiving end of neurons? a. Cell body b. Dendrite c. Receptor d. Axon

d. axon

The conclusion from the experiment in which a chess master and a chess novice were asked to remember the positions of chess pieces on a chess board was that a. chess masters outperform novices in all conditions. b. chess masters have developed better memory skills than novices. c. novices do better because they are not distracted by irrelevant knowledge about previous chess games. d. chess masters use chunking to help them remember actual game arrangements.

d. chess masters use chunking to help them remember actual game arrangements

Chase and Simon's research compared memory of chess masters and beginners for the position of game pieces on sample chess boards. They found that the chess master remembered positions better when the arrangement of the pieces was consistent with a real game but not when the pieces were randomly placed. The significance of this finding was that a. experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners. b. knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span. c. expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material. d. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

d. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

the relationship between the __________ is NOT measured directly by cognitive psychologists a. physiological response and the behavioral outcome b. cognitive task and the behavioral outcome c. cognitive task and the physiological response d. cognitive task and the mental response

d. cognitive task and the mental response

your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. this so-called "revolution" occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of a. cognitive psychology textbooks. b. analytic introspection. c. Skinner boxes. d. computers.

d. computers

Research with multivoxel pattern analysis has demonstrated ________ overlap between imagery and perception in the brain. a. complete b. minimal c. no d. considerable

d. considerable

Which of the following everyday scenarios is most likely to support what the early selection approach would say about how attention will affect the performance of the two tasks involved? a. Driving home while thinking about a problem at work b. Reading a novel while walking on a treadmill c. Humming a familiar song while washing dishes d. Conversing on the phone while doing a crossword puzzle

d. conversing on the phone while doing a crossword puzzle

Imagine that U.S. lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of consistent vs. varied mapping, which of the following possible changes to driving laws would most interfere with a skilled driver's automatic performance when driving a car? a. Passing laws where headlights must be used during the day when the weather is bad b. Requiring all drivers learn to drive safely on wet roadways using anti-lock brakes c. Requiring successful curbside parking performance to obtain a license d. Creating conditions where sometimes a green light meant "stop"

d. creating conditions where sometimes a green light meant "stop"

which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?

d. dichotic listening

Which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention? a. Late selection b. Stroop experiments c. Precueing d. Dictionary unit

d. dictionary unit

The cognitive hypothesis for the reminiscence bump is related to which of the following processes? a. inference b. retrieval c. reconsolidation d. encoding

d. encoding

when recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by a. size of the action potentials. b. size of the synapse. c. firing rate of the neurotransmitters. d. firing rate of the action potentials.

d. firing rate of the action potentials

If you were asked to do a mental walk task, then you would probably a. imagine yourself walking. b. mentally estimate how many steps you take on a given day. c. imagine what it is like to walk while sitting. d. imagine yourself walking toward a given stimuli.

d. imagine yourself walking toward a given stimuli.

the neuron doctrine is a. in agreement with nerve net theory. b. unrelated to nerve net theory. c. synonymous with nerve net theory. d. in disagreement with nerve net theory.

d. in disagreement with nerve net theory

Sandeep is conducting research on the embodied approach to conceptual representation. His primary focus is on how subjects ________ a stimulus. a. parallel process b. crowd c. prime d. interact with

d. interact with

Tanak and Taylor built upon Rosch's research to demonstrate how ________ can affect our levels for categorizing concepts. a. culture b. interaction c. brain damage d. knowledge

d. knowledge

Scene schema is a. rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene. b. short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene. c. how attention is distributed throughout a static scene. d. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

d. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

according to your text, students often overlook functions of memory they take for granted such as a. keeping daily appointments on their schedules. b. learning material for exams. c. remembering names and phone numbers. d. labeling familiar objects.

d. labeling familiar objects

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention? a. Object-based b. Early selection c. Spotlight d. Late selection

d. late selection

hemoglobin molecules in areas of high brain activity a. gain some of the ferrous molecules they are transporting. b. lose some of the ferrous molecules they are transporting. c. gain some of the oxygen they are transporting. d. lose some of the oxygen they are transporting.

d. lose some of the oxygen they are transporting

by comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to a. perceive the stimulus. b. process the stimulus. c. attend to the stimulus. d. make a decision about the stimulus.

d. make a decision about the stimulus

Consistent with the narrative rehearsal hypothesis, a significant source of rehearsal and reflection of flashbulb memories may be due to ___. a. discussions among peer groups b. the emotional impact of the event c. increased unconscious processing of the event d. media coverage and influence

d. media coverage and influence

When you move closer to an object, the object fills ___ of your visual field and details are ___ to see. a. less; harder b. less; easier c. more; harder d. more; easier

d. more; easier

n a parallel distributed processing model, connection weights are related to which of the following? a. family resemblance b. category differentiation c. stimulus priming d. network activity

d. network activity

the concept of distributed neural coding proposes that a specific object, like a face, is represented across a number of a. microelectrodes. b. stimuli. c. modalities. d. neurons.

d. neurons

If you had visual agnosia, then you would a. be blind. b. not be able to imagine objects. c. regularly misidentify an object even though you correctly knew what the object was. d. not be able to visually recognize objects.

d. not be able to visually recognize objects.

A dynamic environment, in which objects move throughout a scene, is likely to invoke ____ attention. a. high-load b. divided c. location-based d. object-based

d. object-based

Research on consolidation and sleep suggests that recall is best if a. one waits to sleep after study and does not expect to be tested. b. one sleeps soon after study and does not expect to be tested. c. one waits to sleep after study and expects to be tested. d. one sleeps soon after study and expects to be tested.

d. one sleeps soon after study and expects to be tested.

the investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as a. classical conditioning. b. the method of savings. c. choice reaction time. d. operant conditioning.

d. operant conditioning

Following a car accident, Bonnie was unable to notice objects in her left field of view. What part of Bonnie's brain was likely damaged in the accident? a. occipital lobe b. hippocampus c. cingulate gyrus d. parietal lobe

d. parietal lobe

which part of the brain is important for touch? a. Occipital lobe b. Hippocampus c. Temporal lobe d. Parietal lobe

d. parietal lobe

if kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a a. brick wall. b. chain link fence. c. solid wall. d. picket fence.

d. picket fence

Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the a. hippocampus. b. amygdala. c. occipital cortex. d. prefrontal cortex.

d. prefrontal cortex

reaction time refers to the time between the ________ of a stimulus and a person's response to it a. perception b. mental awareness c. disappearance d. presentation

d. presentation

Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of memory known as a. short-term memory. b. episodic buffering. c. chunking. d. proactive interference.

d. proactive interference

Which of the following is produced during the process of synaptic consolidation? a. lipids b. hormones c. amino acids d. proteins

d. proteins

Coding refers to the way information is a. processed. b. activated. c. presented. d. represented.

d. represented

when sam listens to his girlfriend in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention

d. selective

The primary effect of chunking is to a. maximize the recency effect. b. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. c. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. d. stretch the capacity of STM

d. stretch the capacity of STM

In a court trial, a judge may sometimes warn a questioning attorney not to "lead the witness" during their testimony. The attorney's behavior could possibly lead to errors in the testimony due to ________. a. attention b. familiarity c. inference d. suggestion

d. suggestion

According to your text, the ability to divide attention depends on all of the following EXCEPT a. practice. b. the type of tasks. c. the difficulty of the tasks. d. task cueing.

d. task cueing

54. One function of ____ is controlling the suppression of irrelevant information. 16 a. sensory memory b. the phonological loop c. articulatory suppression d. the central executive

d. the central executive

If someone could get a mobile fMRI while at a carnival, which of the following would activate the farthest forward region in their visual cortex? a. the man on stilts b. a giant prize teddy bear c. rainbow cotton candy d. the ferris wheel

d. the ferris wheel

the way patterns of neural firing represent a specific stimulus or experience is known as a. the action potential. b. a propagated signal. c. convergence. d. the neural code.

d. the neural code

As Marc thinks about his summer vacation, which of the following is an example of his use of spatial imagery? a. the turquoise blue of the ocean b. decorated bikes on the July 4th parade c. his friends sitting at the pizza parlor d. the odd cabinet setup in the kitchen of the house where he stayed

d. the odd cabinet setup in the kitchen of the house where he stayed

The word-length effect reveals that a. STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages. b. longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words. c. working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visual/image information. d. the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

d. the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity

Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention? a. A result where listeners don't notice words presented up to 35 times in the unattended ear b. A result where listeners can shadow a message presented in the attended ear c. The result of Cherry's experiment demonstrating the cocktail party phenomenon d. The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment

d. the result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment

Suppose you do a memory test and hear the words "shy," "kind," and "intelligent"—which, coincidentally, also describe your personality. Due to ___ you'd likely have good recall for these words. a. deep processing b. paired-associate learning c. the generation effect d. the self-reference effect

d. the self-reference effect

a synapse is a. a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals. b. the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive. c. the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons. d. the space between neurons.

d. the space between neurons

in ERP methodology, the number that follows the N or the P (N400 or P300, for example) stands for a. the positivity or negativity of the response. b. how likely the response is, with higher numbers indicating a more likely response. c. how strong the response is in millimeters on the reading. d. the time at which the response peaks in milliseconds.

d. the time at which the response peaks in milliseconds

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on a. the STM recency effect. b. delayed response coding. c. the phonological loop. d. the visuospatial sketch pad.

d. the visuospatial sketch pad

According to Treisman's "attenuation model," which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? a. The word "house" b. Their spouse's first name c. The word "fire" d. The word "platypus"

d. the word "platypus"

which of the following stimuli were used in Ebbinghaus' "memory" experiment discussed in your text? a. Common words b. Light illuminated on the left or the right of a computer screen c. Grey rectangles in front of light rectangles d. Three-letter nonsense words

d. three-letter nonsense words

who developed the concept of the cognitive map? a. Watson b. Ebbinghaus c. Wundt d. Tolman

d. tolman

Donders' reaction time experiment was performed using stimuli in which of the following sensory modalities? a. Touch b. Hearing c. Smell d. Vision

d. vision

Consider an experiment in which participants were asked to remember Chinese symbols called radicals (which have no sound) and symbols called characters (which consist of a radical plus another symbol). The fact that the participants were able to remember some of the radicals provides evidence for the operation of _____ coding. a. semantic b. auditory c. abstract d. visual

d. visual

the temporal lobe is a. the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received. b. important for language, memory, hearing, and vision. c. important for higher functions such as language, thought, and memory, as well as motor functioning. d. where signals are received from the auditory system.

Cognitive Psych 1-10

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