cognitive psych ch 9-13

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

produce sentences they have never heard.

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

reorganization or restructuring.

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the

Belief bias.

Bob is a bright individual who reads a lot. He majored in English in his undergrad and he attended philosophical discussions debating different logic problems. Bob now works on his dad's farm. Which of the following alternatives is more statistically likely?

Bob is a farmer.

____________are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

Exemplars

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in- law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?

Functional fixedness

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem?

Has one correct answer

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Carbondale, birds have flown to Bucky Dome every day. Conclusion: Birds are going to fly to Bucky Dome tomorrow.

The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is

Valid.

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pibble, girk"

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on ____________.

a "typical" member of the category.

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside

a bumblebee.

Mental-scanning experiments found

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT

a spatial layout.

Imagery neurons respond to

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

Adam bought a new Pokémon Pikachu plushie after receiving money for his birthday. When he took his plushie to the gas station he bought a lottery ticket and won $1000. He calls his plushie his "lucky Pikachu" and believes that it brings him good luck. Adam's belief that the Pikachu plushie is "lucky" is an example of

an illusory correlation.

The ability to shift experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer.

When deciding on a trail to go hiking, Gerry thinks of the trail that his friends all recommend going to. He thinks to himself, "Well if everyone recommends it, then it must be great." Gerry's response illustrates the use of a(n)

availability heuristic

In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the____________ group had the fastest response time.

bread and butter

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) inference.

causal

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are biased by the operation of the

confirmation bias

One of the key properties of the _____ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network.

connectionist

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the __________ approach to categorization.

definitional

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of_____________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations.

environmental context

A P600 ERP wave is affected by and an N400 ERP wave is affected by .

grammar, semantics

According to Rosch, the basic level of categories reflects people's everyday experience. Which of the following represents a basic level item?

guitar

A researcher records a brainstorming session in an industrial research and development department rather than in an artificial laboratory setting. Later, she analyzes the recorded discussions, identifying certain problem-solving techniques. This research is an example of _______________research

in vivo problem-solving

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

Shepard and Meltzer measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

mental chronometry.

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as

method of loci.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a

node

According to the situation model of text processing

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of perceptual and movement characteristics of objects and events in a story.

Ganis and coworkers used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

Imagine that your friend Joe has just taken up pipe smoking because he thinks it makes him look posh. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. Joe gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says "J.R.R. Tolkein smoked pipes, and he lived to be 81!" You might point out that a major problem with his "J.R.R. Tolkein" argument involves

sample size.

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem.

According to the __________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.

semantic category

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes__________.

sensory attributes; function

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves________ representations.

spatial

Gentner and Goldinmeadow (2003) illustrated that analogical encoding causes problem solvers to pay attention to _____________ features that____________ their ability to solve other problems.

structural; enhance

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as

syntactic priming.

In analogical problem solving, the________ problem is the problem that an individual is trying to solve, and the___________problem, which has been solved in the past, is used as a guide for reaching that solution.

target; source

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of

temporary ambiguity.

The conjunction rule states that

the probability of two events co-occurring is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone.

Sharon is blonde, physically fit, and likes wearing hair ribbons. If we judge the probability of Sharon being a cheerleader high because she fits our stereotype of a cheerleader, we are using

the representativeness heuristic.

syntax is

the rules for combining words into sentences.

For the category fruit, people give a higher typicality rating to banana than to kiwi. Knowing that, we can also reason that

the word fruit will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.