Cognitive psych chapter 5

Regarding the limited performance in the whole report condition, what kind of explanation(s) did Sperling consider? a) stimuli were presented too quickly. b) sensory memory could hold only a few (4-5) items (limited capacity) c) sensory memory could hold all the 12 letter (unlimited capacity) but the memory decayed quickly (short duration) d) both B and C

D)

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying ______. Question options: a) articulatory suppression b) the visuospatial sketch pad c) the sensory memory d) the central executives

a

If you conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as _____. Question options: a) E b) I c) A d) O

a

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if Question options: a) one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and the one is handled by the phonological loop b) both are handled by the visuospatioal sketch pad c) both are handled by the phonological loop d) the central executive is deactivated during the dual task

a

Sperling's partial report condition was devised for measuring the ________ , while the delayed partial report condition was for measuring the _________ of the ________ memory. Question options: a) capacity, duration, sensory b) duration, capacity, sensory c) capacity, duration, short-term d) duration, capacity, short-term

a

Suppose you are asked by a teacher to learn a poem which you will recite in front of your class. Soon after, both you and a classmate Mary are asked by another teacher to learn the lyrics to an unfamiliar song. When you and Mary are later asked to remember the song's lyrics, you have a much more difficult time recalling the song's lyrics than Mary does. This impairment of your performance is most likely attributable to ________. Question options: a) proactive interference. b) retroactive interference. c) a release from proactive interference. d) a recency effect.

a

What are the two major characteristics of sensory memory in terms of its capacity and duration? Question options: a) Unlimited (large) capacity, short duration b) Unlimited (large) capacity, long duration c) Limited capacity, short duration d) Limited capacity, long duration

a

__________ is the primary brain area of short-term memory. a) Pre-frontal cortex b) Temporal lobe c) Parietal lobe d) Occipital lobe

a

according to Miller, short term memory's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two) Question options: a) meaningful units of information b) letters c) words d) numbers

a

Funahashi and colleagues (1989) claimed that some neurons in visual cortex are responsible for short-term memory based on the observation of the neurons are firing the most strongly during _____. a) The presentation of a visual stimulus b) The absence of the visual stimulus c) The motor response of indicating where the visual stimulus was presented. d) All of the above

b

Jay has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Jay meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Jay is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Jay realizes that while he remembers the names of the people in the fourth group, he can no longer recall the names of anyone he met earlier in the party. Jay's experience demonstrates ___. Question options: a) proactive interference. b) retroactive interference. c) the cocktail party effect. d) a partial-report procedure.

b

Jill's friends tell her she has a really good memory. Therefore, she decides to test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill does not realize that she is demonstrating a natural mechanism of forgetting known as ____________________. a) Chunking. b) Proactive interference. c) Episodic buffering. d) Retroactive interference.

b

Neural ________ refers to a neural response, usually brain activation measured by fMRI, to determine what a person is perceiving or thinking. Question option: a) potentiation b) mind reading c) perserveration d) interference

b

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is _________. Question options: a) just under a fraction of a second b) 15-20 seconds or less. c) 1-3 minutes or more. d) indefinite.

b

The reason you see a trail of sparkler or smooth movement from a fast sequence of static images is because ___________. Question options: a) The echoic memory fills in the missed information b) The iconic memory keeps old visual information temporarily until new visual information comes c) Both of the above d) We may have various kinds of sensory memory for tactile or olfactory information

b

The results from the partial report condition suggests that the limited performance in the whole report condition was due to ________. Question options: a) Limited capacity of the sensory memory b) Not because of the limited capacity of the sensory memory - it could hold almost all the information in the beginning. c) Long duration of the sensory memory d) The delay of the tone

b

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember ______. Question options: a) a long list of words than a short list of words. b) a list of long words than a list of short words. c) a list of words that are all the same length than a list of words that are of different lengths. d) a list of words that are of different lengths than a list of words that are all the same length.

b

Unlike the conclusion of Peterson and Peterson, Keppel and Underwood proposed _________ as an alternative explanation of forgetting. This account was proposed based on the observation that ____________. a) Retroactive interference; subjects could recall the trigram even after 18 seconds in the last trial b) Proactive interference; subjects could recall the trigram even after 18 seconds in the first trial c) Proactive interference; subjects could recall the trigram even after 18 seconds in the last trial d) Retroactive interference; subjects could recall the trigram even after 18 seconds in the first trial

b

__________ interference refers to that old information learnt previously interferes with learning/remembering new information, while __________ interference refers to that newly learned information interferes with remembering old information. a) Retroactive; Proactive b) Proactive; Retroactive c) Recognition; Recall d) Recall; Recognition

b

If a person's short-term memory has a digit span of two, this indicates that he has ______. Question options: a) Poor sensory memory b) Poor short-term memory c) Poor long-term memory d) Good short-term memory

b)

In the delayed partial report condition, after 1-second delay, participants remembered ____ letters from a tone-indicated row. Question options: a) 0 b) 1.5 c) 3.3 d) 4

b) 1.5

According to Peterson and Peterson, we lose the information in the short-term memory in about __________ second(s). Question options: a) 1 b) 3 c) 18-20 d) 60

c

In Peterson-Peterson task, subjects receive trigrams (e.g., JKH) followed by a number from which they need to do the backward counting. What is the purpose of the backward counting? Question options: a) To shorten the experiment b) To prevent subjects from forgetting the trigram c) To prevent subjects from rehearsing the trigram d) All of the above

c

In the N-back task, participants need to remember_____ Question options: a) What's going on in the current trial b) What happened in N-trials ago c) Both a) and b) d) None of the above

c

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information on a mental work table rather than simply storing it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of ________________. a) The persistence of vision b) The physiological approach to coding c) Short-term memory d) The phonological similarity effect

c

Peterson and Peterson observed that subjects' recall rate of the trigrams decreases as the delay increases (i.e., the longer the subjects count backwards). Based on this observation, Peterson and Peterson concluded that __________. a) Proactive interference causes the forgetting b) Retroactive interference causes the forgetting c) Memory decays as time goes d) All of the above

c

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember trigrams (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80% of the trigrams after 3 seconds but only 12% after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _________, but later research showed that it was actually due to _________. Question options: a) proactive interference; decay b) priming; interference c) decay; proactive interference d) decay; lack of rehearsal

c

Travis got a locker in gym class with the combination of 19-5-4. In order to remember it, he thinks of it as the year 1954. His method of remembering best illustrates: a) Decoding b) Recall c) Chunking d) Rehearsal

c

imagine yourself walking from Social Science building to Kennesaw Hall. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? Question options: a) the central executive b) the phonological loop c) the visuospatial sketch pad d) none of the above

c

In the whole report condition, participants could recall ____ letters out of the 12 letters. a) 1 b) 3.3 c) 4.5 d) 12

c)

In order to measure the capacity of working memory, _______ task is typically used. a) Articulatory suppression b) Mental rotation c) Stroop d) N-back

d

Neural mind reading involves ________ Question options: a) Measuring brain activation patterns while showing various stimuli to participant and identifying specific brain activation pattern associated with each stimulus. b) Asking the participant imagine one of the stimuli she had seen while measuring her brain activation pattern. c) Comparing the brain activation pattern during the imagination to the pre-identified brain patterns associated with each stimulus in order to guess what the participant is imagining. d) All of the above.

d

Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the... Question options: a) hippocampus b) amygdala c) temporal cortex d) prefrontal cortex

d

which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776? Question options: a) 14 929 111 776 b) 149 29111 776 c) 14 92 91 117 76 d) 1492 911 1776

d

The "magic number," according to Miller (1956), is ___________. Question options: a) 4. b) 5 c) 9 d) 7 plus or minus 2.

d)

Which of the following supports the phonological loop? Question options: a) phonological loop b) word-length effect c) articulatory suppression d) mental rotation e) a), b) , c) , d)

e

In the partial report condition, participants remembered _____________. Question options: a) 1-2 letters from only the top row b) 1-2 letters from only the middle row c) 3.3 letters from only the top row d) 3.3 letters from only the middle row e) almost all (3.3 letters) out of the 4 letters from any given row (82%)

e)

the primary effect of chunking is to Question option: a) remembering the first few items in a list b) maximize the recency effect c) develop a visual code in short term memory d) develop an auditory code in short term memory e) increase the capacity of short- term memory by grouping small items into a meaningful and large units of information

e)