Cognitive psych Chapter 7 quiz

testing methods that target implicit memory

-tachistoscopic recognition -lexical decision -word-stem completion

imagine participants are shown the word "class" in a list of words and then tested later with the stimulus cla__. which conditions are MOST likely to yield the correct completion of the word

-explicit processing of the word -exposure to the word when told that a memory test will follow -exposure to the word when NOT told that a memory test will follow

evidence for dissociation between familiarity and source memory

-it is common to realize that a face is familiar but be unable to place it; it is also possible to have source memory without familiarity -people's patterns of brain activity are different when they are making judgements based on familiarity than when they are making judgements based on familiarity plus source memory -source memory is promoted by creating memory connections; familiarity can be promoted merely by sustained exposure

evidence for a dissociation between explicit and implicit memory

-people sometimes treat a familiar name as famous because they have retained their implicit memory of it but lost their explicit memory of where they saw it -having a word in front of one's eyes has more impact on subsequent word-completion task than thinking about the word's meaning, but on a subsequent-recall task, the opposite is true -patient H.M. failed to recognize the "Tower of Hanoi" problem, despite showing improvement over repeat testing sessions

experimental results

-previously heard sentences are more likely to be judged true on a second hearing, even though the participants were told the original sentences were false -a burst of noise with a familiar sentence embedded in it is judged to be quieter than a burst of noise with an unfamiliar sentenced embedded in it -patients who do not remember having heard certain pieces of music before still prefer those pieces over novel ones

true statements regarding recall performance

-recall performance is usually less good than recognition performance -recall performance benefits from context reinstatement -whether a clue about a word's sound is more helpful for recall than a clue about about its meaning depends on how the word was thought of when it was learned

behaviors demonstrated by a Korsakoff's patient

-refusing to shake hands with someone who hurt him or her during a previous handshake even though he or she will have no explicit memory of the first handshake -learning the correct answer to a previously taught question, without a memory of being previously taught -not remembering tunes heard before as familiar but preferring them to ones not heard before

as part of a pronunciation task, you are presented with a list of made-up names. later, during a second, unrelated task, some of the names appear again. which factors will have the MOST influence on the likelihood that you will think the name belongs to a famous person

-the amount of time between the pronunciation task and the second task -the attribution given for the sense of familiarity experienced when seeing the names for the second time -the degree of processing fluency experienced when seeing names for the second time

imagine participants are shown the word "class" in a list of words and then tested later with the stimulus cla__. which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to yield the correct completion of the word

a long delay between viewing the word list and taking the memory test- a long delay reduces the effects of priming and implicit memory.

explicit memories are revealed by __ memory tests, such as __, whereas implicit memories are revealed by __ memory tests, such as __

direct, recall; indirect, priming- explicit memory involves direct testing and recall. implicit memory involves indirect testing with priming as a method to ask participants to respond to a stimulus without having to generate it entirely on their own

someone with anterograde amnesia has no

explicit memory for events after the onset of amnesia- anterograde amnesia involves the inability to form new long term memories; this person would have no explicit memories after the event

the dangers of source confusion are particularly relevant to which real-world situation

eyewitness identification- eyewitness testimony is difficult because the memory of the event can be changed by experiences that occur afterward

which is NOT part of the evidence for a dissociation between familiarity and source memory?

familiarity is promoted by creating a link between the test item and the setting; source memory is promoted by focusing on the material to be learned- familiarity has to do with having a sense that you have encountered something before and does not have to do with a setting. source memory has to do with episodic memory and not with focusing on something

damage to the __ tends to result in __

hippocampus; anterograde amnesia- amygdalar damage results in problems with emotion and emotional processing. the hippocampus is involved in the encoding of long term memories, hence, damage to its results in anterograde amnesia

based on past research about explicit and implicit memory, which of the following patterns would you most expect to find

in a word-stem completion task, people are more likely to produce a word they have recently seen, even if they do not remember seeing it, than an equally plausible word they have not see recently - this is a sign of implicit memory and has been demonstrated many times before

what is the clearest advantage of connecting new information to prior knowledge in several different ways

it allows the information to be accessed from multiple retrieval paths- the use of multiple retrieval paths ensures that a memory can be successfully accessed later

which of the following experimental results is LEAST likely to be found

made up names that were heard before are judged to be famous people's names on a test immediately following initial presentation- made-up names will be judged as famous only if they are mixed with the names of famous people

study participants learn a list of words, including ""clockwork." later, they are given a new list and asked to say whether each word is old or new. this list includes the word "lock." which of the following will happen

participants will correctly deny that they saw the word "lock" even though it is embedded in "clockwork."- encoding is context specific. participants did not encode the word "lock" from the first list because it was presented specifically in the context of, and thus cannot be separated from, the word "clockwork."

which of the following is NOT true regarding recall performance

physical context is more important in recall than psychological context- psychological, emotional, and physical states can all play a role in recall performance

for a procedure that relies on processing fluency, what matters most is that you __ the test stimulus

previously encountered- processing fluency involves having been exposed to a stimulus before

which of the following is most likely to produce a sense that a stimulus "rings a bell" (is familiar)?

processing the stimulus is relatively easy- a sense of familiarity is driven in large part by processing fluency, which is the ease with which a stimulus is processed

which is the best example of "encoding specificity"

reading the word "washed" is followed by a failure to realize that, as part of this presentation, the word "ash" was also viewed- the whole word is remembered, but pieces of it are not. hence, the memory is for a specific example, and not for the pieces that compose the whole

A study has a "2x2" design in which half of the participants read a passage in a boat and the other half read the same passage on a train, and then they are tested for recall of the passage in either the environment they learned in or the other environment. Based on previous studies, what results would you expect?

recall performance would be best for people whose testing environment matched their learning environment- this is a result of state-dependent learning

which testing method mainly targets explicit, rather than implicit memory

recall tasks

a question like, "whats the name of the waiter?" requires __, a question like, "isn't that the guy we usually see on the bus?" requires _

recall; recognition - the first question requires you to come up with the actual name (recall), but the second only requires you to decide if the person matches someone you have seen before (recognition).

which behavior is LEAST likely to be demonstrated by a Korsakoff's patient

recalling that a sentence was heard earlier in the test but feeling no sense of familiarity about the sentence- Korsakoff's patients have anterograde amnesia; they would be unable to remember that they heard a sentence since this relies on explicit memory

which of the following is an example of recall

remembering the name of your fifth-grade teacher when asked- remembering the name of your teacher requires you to recall the information because you have to come up with the name on your own

Eli can remember what he did last week, but he cannot remember the birth of his cousin (which happened immediately before eli received a head injury in a motorcycle accident). what is Eli's condition?

retrograde amnesia- loss of memory before the brain damage

when asked, "what is the capital of South Dakota?" participants who cannot initially remember the answer often show improved recall when given the prompt, "is it perhaps a man's name?" this phenomenon is best explained by

spreading activation- the phenomenon whereby a node receives activation from multiple sources, which causes it to surpass the threshold required for conscious recollection

all of the following contribute evidence for a dissociation between explicit and implicit memory EXCEPT that

there is a dissociation between the primacy and recency effect in the serial position curve- both primacy and recency are due to long-term or working-memory mechanism, which are part of the explicit memory system

crypto-plagiarism happens when you

unintentionally steal someone else's ideas- it is an unconscious and unintentional theft of ideas

as part of a pronunciation task, you are presented with a list of made-up names. later, during a second, unrelated task, some of the names appear again. which factor will have the LEAST influence on the likelihood that you will think the name belongs to a famous person

whether the names are presented in the auditory or visual modality- it is only the fact that it has been encountered before that changes the familiarity, but not the modality, of the presentation

in which of the following situations are you most likely to decide that a stimulus is familiar

you can recall when and where you last saw the stimulus- if you have conscious recollection of a stimulus, you are likely to think of it as special