Cognitive Psych Exam 2

Balota used lexical decision to measure priming

"Supra-threshold" subjects given prime long enough to see it, other subjects not ~THEN context recognition task ~Given "inch, yard" vs. "fence, yard", then asked "did you see 'yard' earlier in the experiment?" ~Are you more likely to recognize "yard" in context of "inch" than "fence"?

Posner & Snyder: 3 Distinguishing Features of ASA and LCA (speed, expectancies, facilitation/inhibition)

*ASA* ~Fast acting--short SOA ~Independent of Expectancies ~Produces Facilitation if information is relevant (no cost! doesn't drain any capacity!) *LCA* ~Relatively slow--long SOA ~Depends on expectancies ~Facilitates *and* Inhibits (focusing attention inappropriately can hurt you!)

Consistent vs. Varied Mapping (difference in targets & distractors) What happens during consistent mapping?

*Consistent* ~Targets (AXVOPQRS) drive yes ~Distractors (JBCNVTZH) drive no *Varied* ~Targets and distractors randomly distracted from same set across trials--NO CONSISTENT MAPPING "Wiring in" of targets and distractors in consistent trial becomes AUTOMATIZED

Yerkes-Dodson Function ____ arousal decreases performance on ____ task

*High* arousal decreases performance on *difficult* task Through practice, you can change task demands so that difficult tasks become easy-->high performance under high arousal ~Ex: Athletes have high arousal but perform well due to practice

Alice Healy: ____ of lexical forms

*Unitization* Makes counting letters in a sentence difficult because each word is seen as a *unit*--taxing to break into constituent elements

Priming Effects (2 Proposals for what's happening)

1) Automatic Spreading Activation (Activation automatically spreads to related areas in concept map) 2) Limited Capacity Attentional (Need to switch attention between unrelated concepts--attentional model/mechanism)

Two aspects of Parietal Neglect: EXTINCTION (on left side)

1) Extinction: fail to report stimulus on left side when info. on BOTH sides are presented ~IMPORTANT to note that you can notice left side when it's presented by itself ~Info. on right side grabs attention and *extinguishes* attention on left side

Examples of Difference between seeing and attending

1) Gorilla clip: attention focused on counting basketball bounces--50% miss gorilla walk through 2) Gradual stimulus change: no exogenous attention direction--> don't notice scene gradually change VS. Abrupt onset: see change very quickly

2 Steps of Functional Dissocation Logic

1) Identify Tasks/Components of tasks that tap targeted concepts 2) Manipulated Independent Variables that have an isolated effect on these target components Suggests 2 separate systems! 1 system/process can have multiple mechanisms because of separate systems

Examples of Neely Manipulation Expectancies (4 Types)

1) Non Shift Expected Related: Bird--Robin 2) Non Shift Unexpected Unrelated: Bird--Sofa 3) Shift Expected Unrelated: Body--Door 4) Shift Unexpected Related: Body--Arm

Variables that effect Primacy portion of SP curve but NOT Recency! (4)

1) Presentation Rate 2) Common vs. Uncommon Words (common words better in primacy) 3) List Length (lower recall in longer lists in primacy 4) Mentally Challenged (identical recency, worse in primacy)

Two Types of Interference

1) Retroactive: something *after* acquisition influences what you acquired (List1 List2 Delay *Test*List1: List2 influences memory of List1) 2) Proactive: something *before* acquisition influences what you will acquire (List1 List2 Delay *Test* List2: List1 proactively affects LTM for List2!)

Neely's Manipulations

1) Subject Expectancies with instructions ~Shift and Nonshift Category ~Nonshift: "Bird" Category--> "Think of types of birds" ~Shift: "Body" Category-->"Think of building parts" Should influence attention engagement 2) Measure facilitation and inhibition with inclusion of neutral prime (XXXX) Slower indicates getting inhibition from prime condition

2 Characteristics of STM

1) Unless actively processed, quickly lost 2) Clear limit on capacity (Miller's 7+/- 2)

Glanzer & Cunitz: Combining recall and B-P Task ~Recall, subtraction ~The longer you subtract, the ____ you do! ~Demonstrates isolated effect on ____ portion of SP curve! ~Therefore, subtraction influences this from of memory: (STM or LTM?)

15 words presented, recall items immediately OR subtract by 3's ~The longer you subtract, the worse you do! ~Isolated effect on recency portion (end of SP curve) ~Subtraction drives STM down!

Waugh and Norman testing: Predict Interference instead of Decay

16 digits, last digit was reported once earlier, recall digit that followed the repeated target

Two aspects of Parietal Neglect: ANOSOGNOSIA

2) Anosognosia: failure to appreciate attentional deficit because it's so tied to consciousness ~Bruises on left shoulder, can't turn attention to left side "on" and reappraise what they've missed ~Strong lack of awareness of left side of the world and their own difficulty

Rundus: Rehearsal and Recall Experiment ____ ___ of times words are rehearsed... What happens at the recency portion of the SP curve? ~At recency position, ___ high despite lack of ____ ~What does this indicate?

20 word list presented for recall. Asked to speak aloud what they were thinking of during list presentation--can *count* number of times words are rehearsed during list presentation ~Up until recency portion, nice relationship between recall and rehearsal ~Recency position: Recall HIGH despite lack of REHEARSAL ~Indicates that a different memory system is operation here!

Kahneman (1973): ______ Model Performance dependent upon: (3)

Accounts for data used to support selection models by assuming differences in allocation of *capacity* 1) Amount of capacity available 2) Demands of each task 3) Amount of capacity allocated to each task Performance breakdown if task demands exceed available capacity

Shand and Klima Suffix Effects with Deaf Individuals Conclusions?

After list of signs, Present sign for "go", nonsense sign, flashing light Achieve similar effect ~In speech perception, abstract storage system: precategorical (doesn't involve meaning) ~Suffix Effect due to storage system for language specific representations

`Baddely and Warrington Amnesics and SP Curve

Amnesics have an LTM deficit: recency portion is fine, primacy portion shows huge deficit

Resting State Connectivity

Areas of the brain that are correlated across time ~Powerful network occurring when people aren't doing anything ~Measure of self-reflective mind wandering

Conjunction Search (in second display: must glue redness and X together) should be an _______ process

Attention-demanding Reaction Time increases as set size increases!

Schneider & Shiffrin: Building Automatic Processing

Automatic processes develop out of consistent S-R mapping ~Independent of attentional capacity ~Stimuli "trigger" appropriate response when presented over and over (like LaBerge & Samuels automatic reading)

Chess experts example of chunking related to ____

Automaticity Relieves demands on Working Memory--> can use higher level strategies

Suffix Effect: Modality Effect (visual or auditory?)

Better for auditory presentation at end of list--lingering "trace" boosts recall ~Iconic representation short-lived

Capacity of STM ~What is one strategy that can help expand capacity involving meaningful units?

CHUNKING

Kanne's Study of PN Priming

Can one find priming from neglected visual field? DOG + XXXX (Target appears to pronounce: CAT) ~Faster to pronounce target when related to word in neglected visual field (DOG on left) ~Yes!!! Priming can occur in neglected visual field even when subjects are unaware of it! ~Need 2 stimuli (not just "DOG") for extinction effect to occur

DeGroot unitization, skilled chunking study ~Studied ___ players ~Is difference in skill based on ____ or ____?

Chess! Compare master level and average ~Skill level difference based on *capacity* or *chunk size*?

What types of words are more difficult to search for letters according to Healy?

Common words--even more strongly represented as a unit

Do you have parietal neglect? Tests to determine...

Commonly after stroke on the RIGHT side of the parietal lobe ~Crossing-off task: lines on left side of the visual field not crossed off indicates neglecting LEFT side of the world ~Drawing task: copying pictures of house, clock as if the left side doesn't exist

Why does semantic priming occur?

Concepts organized by relationships and *semantic networks*--some are ver closely related Fast RT=distance between concepts as predictor

Gibson & Gibson and others: Skilled performance is result of developing _____

Critical chunks/pattern recognition representations

Why do we forget in B-P Paradigm? ___ vs. ____

Decay vs. Interference Passage of time vs. Subsequent occurrences disturb

Anti-Correlated Brain Networks

Default Network turned down, Attention Network turned up depending on if you're given a task or not

Balintz Syndrome in PN Patients Simultagnosia

Deficit in attention--NOT a visual breakdown ~Difficulty keeping multiple objects in location files--can only attend to one stimulus at a time in visual space (Ex: holding spoon, moving paper up and down--don't see the spoon) ~Once we identify objects, we place them in locations in a spatial representation

Conclusions from Wickens ~Degree of interference depends on level of ______ across materials ~The more ____ the to-be-retained and the interfering info. is, the ____ interference you will find!

Degree of interference depends on level of SIMILARITY The more *similar*, the *more* interference History of what you've already acquired influences due to PI

According to Hardyck & Petrinovich, skilled readers produce *greater* speech-related EMG activity while reading ____ speech

Difficult speech--need to access spelling to sound stages ~Suggests reverting back to an earlier reading stage since difficult material was not automatized as easily

How long does Precategorical Acoustic Storage Last? ~Watkins & Todres 20 second suffix effect

Distractor task after list presentation to *minimize retrieval of echoic information* ~Trace lingers UNLESS displaced by subsequent info. (like 'go')

Flow of Info. Through Memory Systems

Environment Input-->Sensory Registers (visual, auditory, haptic)-->STM (temporary working memory, control process); stimulates response Output-->LTM (Permanent Memory Store)

Stroop Task Much slower when _____ (incongruent/congruent) for ___ (color/word) naming No effect for ____ naming Indicates that ____ processing is more automatic than ____ processing

Example of attentional selection ~2(congruent, neutral, incongruent) X 3(name the word vs. the color) design ~slower when *incongruent* for *color* naming ~word Word processing is more automatic than color processing!

Killingworth and Gilbert Att'n and Mind Wandering Finding

Experience sampling procedures: people report they are not thinking about what they are currently doing *45% of the time*! Momentary lapses--mind not always focused

Reading, Reichle et al. (2010) Eye Fixation & MW Study Finding Looking at uncommon word longer doesn't happen before mind wandering

Eye fixations BEFORE reported mind wandering *decreases* sensitivity to linguistic constraint Ex: The dog chased the cat (fixate on "dog"-->saccade-->fixate on "chased"--> mind-wandering after "cat.") *Fixation durations more repetitive and insensitive before mind wandering (word frequency doesn't influence performance)--eyes move on autopilot

4) Shift Unexpected Related (Body--Arm)

Facilitate at short SOA *because* automatic spreading Inhibit at long SOA *because* you're supposed to be thinking of building parts according to instructions--doesn't matter that preexisting relationship exists

Facilitation/Inhibition in Each Manipulation Category at Short/Long SOA? 1) Nonshift Expected Related (Bird--Robin)

Facilitate at short SOA *because* of spreading activation Facilitate at long SOA *because* of attentional capacity (facilitate for different reasons!)

Facilitation & Inhibition of Return of Stimulus Onset Asynchrony ( in Posner experiment ) ~faster in (valid/invalid) _____ when interstimulus interval (incr./decr.) _____ ~faster in ____ when interstimulus interval ______

Faster in *valid* trial when Interstimulus Interval *decreases* Faster in *invalid* trial when Interstimulus Interval *increases*

Feature Search suggests _______ search Conjunction Search suggests _______ search Where's Waldo is an example of a _____ search

Feature Search: parallel, automatic search! Conjunction Search: conjunction, attentive search WW= conjunction search

McGurk Effect found by this Spoehr & Corin Study Speaker says "ga ga" Eyes closed: sounds like _____ Eyes open: sounds like____

Gestural visual info. can drive perception Closed: "ba ba" Open: "da da" When you synthesize "go", you synthesize sound-based info. for what that gesture reflects

Suffix Effect Experiment

Give list of numbers, recall immediately in order *after hearing "go"* vs. *after hearing tapping noise* ~What is performance like on the last digit? ~Do better in lists that end with "tap" instead of "go" ~"Go" produces many more errors than "tap"

LaBerge and Samuels Reading Development Model Attention ____ Across Time as you....

Go through stages Across time, automatize early processes (recognizing features/letters) to focus on later processes (meaning) Earlier processes no longer demand att'n for skilled readers *Changes* across time as you direct it to different levels

Sensory Registers (Memory Systems)

Hold info. in precategorical form before meaning has been applied Opportunity for categorization

Initial Automatic Stage (feature search: looking for redness) should be ______ (dependent/independent) in relation to set size

INDEPENDENT Picking up redness is preattentive

Reaction Time _____ of set size in S&S Experiment

Independent--flat function Difficult to overcome automatic association Can't change simply by remapping

Counterview: everything is _____

Interactive, can be penetrated

What is the SOA and how does it relate to speed?

Interval between onset of prime and onset of target (different from interstimulus interval which occurs between end of prim and beginning of target)

Posner's Cueing with PN Patients Invalid trial: Target in left visual field in invalid trial?

Invalid: Cued to right, stimulus on left--> won't see it--disproportionate influence ~Cue in left side, stimulus on right--might be okay ~Validity of cueing is a function of stimulus placement Reaction Time skyrockets. Normal cueing effect if target is in right or in left valid trial

What does this negative recency study ultimately reveal about act of recall?

It's not sufficient to drive up performance

Craik Study: Negative Recency; ____ vs. ____ Recall What does final recall look like on SP curve? ~Indicates that subjects were ___ at recalling items that they were ___ at recalling initially! ~Powerful dissocation at end of list

List of 15 items in each list, subjects recall immediately after ~Do this for 10 different lists ~End of experiment: try to recall *all* words presented across all lists ~Immediate recall looks like SP curve ~Final recall of all items: NEGATIVE RECENCY! ~Bad at recalling items they were good at initially!

Hardyck and Petrinovich Study Reading

Measured EMG activity (muscle activity for producing speech) when people read easy vs. difficult text

Dual Task method to Track Capacity Demands Britton

Measures RTs on a secondary task (ex: to a tone) as individuals are engaged in a primary, more demanding task ~More difficult processes in primary-->slower response latencies to secondary probe ~Ex: Britton used secondary task procedure to observe moment by moment processes during reading

Phonological codes

More abstract than acoustics

2 Components of Sensory Registers 2) Echoic Memory

More important because *sound* necessarily unfolds across time ~Stress and changes in pitch depend on representations of earlier precategorical stimuli

Spoehr & Corin Mouthed Suffix Effects

Mouth "go" at end of list instead of speaking

Older Adults and Stroop Interference However, must consider that ___ groups on average produce larger effects Disproportionate Effect

Much LARGER effect of Stroop interference for OAs ~slower (I-C)/I greater in OAs than YAs

3) Non-Shift Unexpected Unrelated (Bird--Sofa) (F/I at L/S)?

Neutral at short SOA *because* automatic processes don't produce inhibition! Inhibit at long SOA *because* focusing on birds, switch out

2) Shift Expected Unrelated (Body--Door) (F/I at L/S)?

Neutral at short SOA *because* prime and target have no preexisting relationship Facilitate at long SOA *because* as much facilitation as Bird--Robin

Balota's lexical decision findings Pulses of activation--subliminal advertisements?

No difference when normal threshold (couldn't see prime) ~Suprathreshold participants 31% better in same context *When you can see prime, it drives you interpretation* Pulse of activation not sufficient to drive interpretation Failure to replicate subliminal advertisements

Is Suffix Effect really Precategorical? ~Meaning, Physical Characteristics (sound of voice)

No effect of meaning! Different voice on "go" does better --> Categorical!

Treisman: Visual Search with 2 stages

Object-->1) *Preattentive Stage* (Analyze Object)-->2) *Focused Attention Stage* (Combine Features)-->Perception

Default Mode Suppression with Task Onset & Biomarkers (Sperling et al.) PIB-/PIB+

PIB-=healthy older adults w/o any Alzheimer's biomarkers PIB+=healthy older adults w/ mild cognitive changes--building up "gunk" in brain

Wickens Finding in New Word Condition

Performance DOUBLED when category shifts ~Very sensitive paradigm: RI still there, PI just bigger!

1) Iconic Memory ~Eriksen & Collins Dot patterns merged.. Iconic Visual Store

Present dot pattern: do you see anything in the dots? ~Presented one pattern on top of another: can see something (letters) ~Presented first pattern for couple hundred ms, take it away, present next one, people can still report the letters ~First dot pattern maintained for couple hundred ms so it can be merged with second pattern Iconic Visual Store: first and second pattern meaningless by themselves

Waugh and Norman found that in a decay model ______ matters with percent correct across # intervening items This doesn't matter for interference models

Presentation rate matters for Decay: slower rate, farther you go back because longer interval Time doesn't matter: critical variable is what occurs in between

Retrieval from pre-existing Automatic Connections ~Evidence from ____ Paradigms

Priming Paradigms How does one empirically distinguish between theoretical constructs?

How is B-P Task affected by interference in Terms of PI and RI?

RI: subtraction of numbers influences letter memory PI: Across trials, people get worse because earlier trials influence later trials

Neely Semantic Priming Task

Related Condition: Prime=street, Target (pronounced aloud)=vehicle Unrelated Condition: Prime=cloud, Target (pronounced aloud)=vehicle Reaction Time faster in related condition--faster to process targets following something related!

Treisman: Feature Integration Theory & Automaticity Experiment (x's and o's) What is manipulated in these experiments?

Search for "red x" in displays ~One display is FEATURE SEARCH with only 1 red x ~Other display is a CONJUNCTION SEARCH with many red o's ~Manipulate *set size* (# items) in display!

Activation & Explosion of Possible Inputs in First Step

Sentence with 5 content words--> 5 associations-->5 mediated associates-->activation of 125 concepts!

Play with FDL by using ___?

Serial Position Curve

Predictions across Groups with Control Problems for Stroop Task and Negative Priming? (ADD, Schizophrenia, AD)

Should show *larger* Stroop Effects and *smaller* Negative Priming Effect since NPE looks at CONSEQUENCES of attentional inhibition, which these individuals lack

Fast Presentation Rates--> Illusory Conjunctions Example?

Show red circle and green square, then a mask ~When time severely limits attention, subjects inappropriately bind these features and report something like a green circle!

Sustained Attention to Respond Task key-pressing go-nogo task

Simple go-nogo task: press a button for digits 1,2,3,4,5,7,8,9--withhold key press on 6 Pressing key on "6" may reflect mind wandering Trials before such errors and self reports of mind wandering are relatively FAST due to rhythmic pressing of buttons

Inhibition of Return

Slow down in valid trial as opposed to invalid trial

Does B-P Paradigm Underestimate Forgetting Rate? ~Muter study of letter rehearsal and response

Smart subjects rehearse letters in between subtractions... So... Muter tested subjects on 1 out of every 30 trials! Couldn't expect what was needed to be rehearsed--not motivated to think about letters Lost so quickly!

Schenider & Shiffrin play with visual search task

Stimulus: K ~Present SS3 Trial: Present "K L V"--press Present because "K" is here ~Absent SS4 Trial: Present "M L O V"

Balota's Masked Priming Consciousness of Prime?

Subliminal priming occurs from "inch" to "yard", but this doesn't influence how one interprets "yard", later memory test ~"Inch" presented so quickly you can't really see it ~Mask ~"Yard" presented--even though you can't "see" inch, it sneaks in there--faster RT than in an unrelated condition

Take-Home from this Mouthed Suffix Effect; Suffix Effect depends upon something __ ____

Suffix Effect doesn't just depend on acoustic characteristics: depends on something MORE ABSTRACT

Anterior Cingulate in action in this experiment

System of the brain that is jacked up by competing sources and suppression Strong degree of conflict--> engage this system to suppress competitor

Kahneman theory for shadowing

Takes up all your cognitive capacity--don't have any left to allocate to unattended ear

Further Evidence for Interference ~Minami and Dallenback: cockroach studies

Taught to run a maze: one group played after learning, other group went to isolation chamber ~Roaches in isolation chamber better remembered maze: less interference

Tipper Negative Priming Sequence Target: Name *green* stimulus Trial 1: (C *green* + D*blue*) Trial 2: (D*green* + L*blue*) VS. Control: (C*green*+N*blue*)(D*green*+L*blue*) What happens in each Trial? If subjects are aware of same letters repeated across trials, expect ____, not _____

Trial 1: In accessing "C" as target, inhibit "D"--> In Trial 2: Accessing "D" is more difficult Control: "D" isn't the one inhibited ("N" is) *People are slower in negative priming sequence compared to control* Expect FACILITATION, not INHIBITION Only inhibited to the extent that it produces competition

Iconic Memory Basics (length, etc.)

Very short lived (200-500 ms) Critical to integrating info. across time in visual domains ~Movies (creates constancy in visual world where it does not exist)

2 Components of Sensory Registers 1) Iconic Memory ~Segner (1740!)

Wagon wheels: we see circles in motion where they don't exist--how long does the trace last for it to look like a complete circle? ~Put ember on wheel: how fast do I need to spin this wheel before I see a continuous circle? ~200 ms: speed at which stimulus persists to see the circle ~Visual/sensory store holds onto stimulus for 200 ms

Shulman & Raichle's Default Mode Network: Scanner Study DMN Sensitive to?

What happens when brain isn't doing anything in the scanner? Had subjects just look at a fixation cross ~Appears to be a powerful network (Default Mode Network) that is active and gets *turned off when task begins* ~Sensitive to *mind-wandering* and self-referential thought

Difference between Seeing and Attending in Posner's Work

Where the eyes are fixed may be dissociated from where attention is Eyes can remain at fixation and still find cueing effects!

Are both types of interference typically engaged at the same time?

YES

Do all tasks demand Capacity? Kahneman says ___ Distinction between ____ and ____ Processes

YES Automatic vs. Attentional Processes

What happens with Default Mode Suppression? YS (young adults) PIB- PIB+

Young adults: default mode suppressed over time as engaged PIB-: not suppressed as much PIB+: areas of default mode network *increase* across time PIB-/+: still engaged in mind wandering network (not as focused) ~Could reflect lack of tuning control systems/attention to task constraints

All of Neely's Predictions were _____

correct Shows that automatic spreading activation occurs independently from limited attentional capacity

As time passes, attention is drawn back to ____ Early bias in fixation?

fixation Biased not to look at locations that you just attended to! Maladaptive to look again at previously attended location when you have more time!

Large portion of our cognitive world is dedicated to ________

mind-wandering

Crowder and Morton: this suffix effect is a reflection of ____ _____ storage

precategorical acoustic storage (PAS: echoic memory--lingering trace extends in time)

Neely, Balota, Kanne results are consistent with _______

self-encapsulated lexical module--independent of attention!

Foder: Automaticity suggests dedicated ___________

self-encapsulated modules (systems that take in input and fire output to next level)--somewhat impenetrable

Observe "go" vs. "tap" performance effect on ___ ___ curve What do "go" vs. "tap" do?

serial position "Go" lingers in auditory systems, displaces the last digit! "Tap" allows for it to persist

Balota and Larch Mediated Priming Does Activation really Spread?

~"Lion" activates "tiger, cat, etc." (fast RT) ~What happens with "lion" and "stripes"? Does "lion" produce activation beyond "tiger" to "stripes"? ~From network perspective: they are mediately related! ~It's true! "Lion" and "stripes" have faster RT than "tree" and "stripes"--activation spreads multiple steps within semantic network!

Memory System ~Atkinson & Shiffrin Perspective

~AS Perspective dissociates different types of memory systems

DeGroot experts were ___ at memorizing chess board from actual game ~Experts ____ at memorizing chess board made up of random placement of pieces ~Difference not due to ____, but due to ____!

~Experts *better* at memorizing actual game board ~Experts *equal* at memorizing randomly placed board

Does any info. from unattended space get in with PN Patients? ~Marshall & Halligan Burning House Study

~Image of 2 houses: 1 normal, 1 with left side on fire ~Ask: any difference between 2 houses? They say no... ~BUT ask: which house would you rather live in? They pick the one not on fire! People are aware of differences somehow--some type of blindsight. Underlying meaning of burning house gets in

Tipper & Colleagues Consequences of Selection ~What happens to word dimension when you select for color? Is there inhibition whenever you select?

~No Inhibition: Don't "push" irrelevant dimension below baseline ~Inhibition: inhibit irrelevant dimension (word) below baseline

Simons and Levin Study (the funny door one)-- Attention

~Person asks faculty member for directions on college campus ~2 people carrying door walk between convo. and one person switches--faculty member now talking to a new person ~50% do not notice the switch!! ~Attention directed to providing directions, fail to encode the stimulus of the person's face!

Implication of these Studies on difference between STM and LTM ~___ portion of Serial Position reflects ____ ~____ portion of Serial Position reflects ____

~Recency-->STM ~Primacy-->LTM

Further Evidence for Interference ~Jenkins and Dallenbach: sleep vs. awake periods

~Sleeping: not as much interference as during the day ~More syllables recalled after sleep than after waking for 8 hours ~More distracting interference while awake

Posner Exogenous Cueing Paradigm Valid vs. Invalid Trials Can manipulate _____ ____ and monitor participants' ___

~Stimulus "drives where attention occurs Valid trial: Direct attention to where stimulus will occur Invalid trial: Direct attention to opposite side Manipulate interstimulus interval and monitor participants' eyes--where attention is doesn't necessarily have to be where your eyes are

Wickens Release from PI Task: Used ____ instead of ____ in B-P

~Used *words* instead of *letters* ~Ex: Brown Yellow Green 432 ~On List 4, either give Silver Black Violet 682 (all color related) or Lion Jungle Gorilla 496 (different type of words) ~will you do better on this "new" word list?

Brown-Peterson Paradigm to test STM limits

~XNV 314 (subtract by 3's from 314 for an amount of time, then asked to recall letters) ~Not allowed to rehearse letters, done very quickly