Cognitive Psych Exam 3- Chapter 10

Which of the following words offers the best conceptual peg? a. ice b. storm c. cold d. frozen

a. ice

The pegword technique is similar to which of the following? a. mental walking b. paired-associate learning c. spatial representation d. topographic mapping

b. paired-associate learning

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their a. importance. b. order. c. bizarreness. d. concreteness.

b. order.

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT a. rhymes. b. associations. c. propositions. d. visualizations.

c. propositions.

What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain? a. Topographic maps will be mostly abstract. b. Image processing will be reduced by half. c. Images will be perceived as being smaller. d. Complex images will appear one-dimensional.

b. Image processing will be reduced by half.

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? a. Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. b. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." c. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. d. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

b. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with a. house. b. boat _______ - car ________. c. b___ - h___. d. a blank piece of paper for free recall.

b. boat _______ - car ________.

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT a. thought is impossible without an image. b. imagery requires a special mechanism. c. studying images was a way of studying thinking. d. images are one of the three basic elements of consciousness.

b. imagery requires a special mechanism.

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used ___________ in playing the game. a. visual imagery b. inner audition c. mental synthesis d. mental chronometry

b. inner audition

n drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that a. imagery is more stable than perception. b. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. c. perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. d. imagery occurs more automatically than perception.

b. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using a. epiphenomena. b. mental chronometry. c. image scanning. d. propositional representations.

b. mental chronometry.

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows a. neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. b. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned. c. neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields. d. neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery.

b. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that a. people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar. b. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present. c. screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images. d. the screen images had no effect on people's mental images.

b. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex a. supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations. b. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery. c. can be inferred using mental chronometry. d. is an epiphenomenon.

b. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery. a. detail b. spatial c. abstract d. propositional

b. spatial

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g.,, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because a. their flexible, undefined structures allow "rememberers" to spontaneously organize information in any way they want. b. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance. c. they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory. d. distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory.

b. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because a. the imageless thought debate was unresolved. b. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them. c. visual images vary in detail. d. some people have great difficulty forming visual images.

b. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

Conceptually, which of the following is most like a topographic map? a. a checkerboard b. a fingerprint c. a sketch d. sheet music

b. a fingerprint

All of the following would be examples of a propositional representation EXCEPT a. the sentence "The dog is in the yard." b. a picture of a rabbit in a cage. c. the equation 5 + 7 = 12. d. the statement "The rabbit is in the cage."

b. a picture of a rabbit in a cage.

Looking at a small object causes activity in the ___ of the visual cortex; larger objects cause activity to ___. a. front; spread forward b. back; spread forward c. more; remain constant d. less; remain constant Hide Feedback

b. back; spread forward

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? a. America b. Apple pie c. Freedom d. Baseball

c. Freedom

Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts? a. Depictive b. Spatial c. Propositional d. Hypothetical

c. Propositional

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside a. a rhinoceros. b. a wolf. c. a bumblebee. d. an anteater.

c. a bumblebee.

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing a. one mile away from the house. b. right at the front door. c. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. d. two feet from the front door.

c. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Ganis and coworkers (2004) used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that a. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does. b. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception. c. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does. d. there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery.

c. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated a. how easy mental rotation is for humans. b. that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. c. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects. d. imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.

c. that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects.

Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories. a. mental synthesis b. paired-associate learning c. the method of loci d. the pegword technique

c. the method of loci

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town, so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ___________ seconds. a. three b. six c. two d. four

c. two

Which of the following best describes the concept of visual imagery? a. It focuses on object details. b. It has no relation to thought. c. It lacks a visual stimulus. d. It uses abstract symbols.

c. It lacks a visual stimulus.

With respect to the imagery debate, an appropriate analogy would be: spatial mechanism is to propositional mechanism as ___ is to ___. a. image; thought b. thought; image c. perception; language d. language; perception

c. perception; language

Mental imagery involves a. sensory representations of a stimulus. b. mental representations of the current sensory inputs. c. the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent. d. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

d. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

What is the basis for a mental scanning task? a. a pegword b. a visual stimulus c. a topographic map d. an internal image

d. an internal image

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair? a. Cake mug b. Mission impossible c. True lies d. Amazing grace

a. Cake mug

A spatial imagery test measures a person's capacity with imaging which of the following? a. Layout b. Texture c. Distance d. Detail

a. Layout

Leaving a footprint in the wet sand—with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified—is similar to which concept? a. Topographic map b. Pegword c. Mental walk d. Depictive representation

a. Topographic map

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the ___________ experiment. a. mental walk b. image scanning c. mental synthesis d. mental set

a. mental walk

Which type of research employed a "train on perception, test on perception" method to demonstrate imagery/perception overlap? a. Method of loci b. Transcranial magnetic stimulation c. Multivoxel pattern analysis d. Paired-associate learning

b. Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Which statement below is most closely associated with the early history of the study of imagery? a. People can rotate images of objects in their heads. b. Imagery is closely related to language. c. Thought is always accompanied by imagery. d. Imagery is based on spatial mechanisms like those involved in perception.

c. Thought is always accompanied by imagery.

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as a. paired-associate learning. b. the pegword technique. c. the method of loci. d. a propositional representation.

c. the method of loci.

Suppose lights flash as a mainframe computer does its calculations. In doing so, this is an example of ___. a. the imagery debate b. less than half c. an epiphenomenon d. mental scanning

c. an epiphenomenon

What served as the basis for Lea's argument against Kosslyn's original mental scanning experiments with objects? a. unilateral neglect b. degradation c. distraction d. epiphenomena

c. distraction

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following? a. Validity b. Longevity c. Neural response d. Content

d. Content

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that a. there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. b. imagery and perception are two different phenomena. c. creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task. d. imagery and perception can interact with one another.

d. imagery and perception can interact with one another.

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery a. actually exists. b. is identical for all people. c. can be used to inform nonvisual sensory systems. d. is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

d. is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

Kosslyn's island experiment used the ___________ procedure. a. mental walk b. priming c. categorization d. mental scanning

d. mental scanning

Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ___________, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ___________. a. using visual images; activated b. perceiving stimuli; activated c. perceiving stimuli; deactivated d. using visual images; deactivated

d. using visual images; deactivated

Suppose you do two different free recall tasks that each take you 22 seconds to complete. What is your total mental chronometry in this example? a. It is impossible to determine on the basis of this information. b. 2 seconds c. 22 seconds d. 44 seconds

d. 44 seconds

Which of the following statements generally reflects people's individual capacities in visual imagery? a. You can't see the forest for the trees. b. It's an all-or-nothing game. c. You seen one, you seen 'em all. d. You win some, you lose some.

d. You win some, you lose some.

If you were asked to do a mental walk task, then you would probably a. imagine yourself walking. b. mentally estimate how many steps you take on a given day. c. imagine what it is like to walk while sitting. d. imagine yourself walking toward a given stimuli.

d. imagine yourself walking toward a given stimuli.

If you had visual agnosia, then you would a. be blind. b. not be able to imagine objects. c. regularly misidentify an object even though you correctly knew what the object was. d. not be able to visually recognize objects.

d. not be able to visually recognize objects.

Complete the following analogy: Perception is to ________ as imagery is to ________. a. stone; smoke b. wave; droplet c. spark; flame d. gold; lead

a. stone; smoke

Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using a. a depictive representation. b. the method of loci. c. tacit knowledge. d. a proposition.

a. a depictive representation.

For which of the following questions would the response be MOST likely to generate greater response in the visual cortex? a. Who was the American president during the start of World War II? b. Is the intensity of electrical current measured in amperes? c. Is the green of the trees darker than the green of the grass? d. What is the square root of four?

c. Is the green of the trees darker than the green of the grass?

Your text describes the case of M.G.S. who underwent brain surgery as treatment for severe epilepsy. Testing of M.G.S. pre- and post-surgery revealed that the right visual cortex is involved in the a. size of the field of view. b. ability to visually recognize objects. c. recognition of objects in the left side of space. d. ability to draw objects from memory.

a. size of the field of view.

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ___________ representations. a. spatial b. epiphenomenal c. propositional d. unilateral

a. spatial

Suppose you're doing a study with paired-associate learning, and, at some point, you hear the terms "sky-grass." What would likely happen next? a. You will be presented again with the word "sky" to see if you can remember the word "grass." b. You will be asked to think of other words associated with "sky" and "grass." c. You will be asked to consider various uses for objects associated with "sky" and "grass." d. You will be asked to consider other words that are near opposites associated with "sky" and "grass."

a. You will be presented again with the word "sky" to see if you can remember the word "grass."

Even though you're away at college, you can instantly imagine the taste of the pies and cakes that your mother makes. This example illustrates ___. a. mental imagery b. visual imagery c. inner audition d. mental telepathy

a. mental imagery

According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in the visual cortex? a. A green popsicle in your hand b. A pink beachball on your towel c. A white sailboat on the horizon d. A yellow kite in the sky

b. A pink beachball on your towel

Measuring the amount of time a person requires to complete different cognitive tasks is the goal of mental ________. a. scanning b. chronometry c. imagery d. topography

b. chronometry

Mental scanning experiments found a. an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image. b. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does. c. a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. d. a constant scanning time for all locations on an image.

c. a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves a. perceptual images. b. echoic schemas c. mental images. d. visual icons.

c. mental images.

"3x + 9 = 16" is a___________representation. a. depictive b. spatial c. propositional d. descriptive

c. propositional

The propositional approach may use any of the following EXCEPT a. a statement. b. abstract symbols. c. an equation. d. a spatial layout.

d. a spatial layout.

Imagery neurons respond to a. only visual images in a specific category. b. all visual images. c. concrete mental images but not abstract mental images. d. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

d. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

Now that she has three kids, Anjali has too many things to keep track of. She heard that using a method of loci can be helpful and has decided to give it a try. What is the first thing Anjali needs for this tactic to be effective? a. a color theme for each day b. sets of rhyming keywords c. big numbers for each task d. an image of her family room

d. an image of her family room

Research with multivoxel pattern analysis has demonstrated ________ overlap between imagery and perception in the brain. a. complete b. minimal c. no d. considerable

d. considerable

When you move closer to an object, the object fills ___ of your visual field and details are ___ to see. a. less; harder b. less; easier c. more; harder d. more; easier

d. more; easier

Following a car accident, Bonnie was unable to notice objects in her left field of view. What part of Bonnie's brain was likely damaged in the accident? a. occipital lobe b. hippocampus c. cingulate gyrus d. parietal lobe

d. parietal lobe

If someone could get a mobile fMRI while at a carnival, which of the following would activate the farthest forward region in their visual cortex? a. the man on stilts b. a giant prize teddy bear c. rainbow cotton candy d. the ferris wheel

d. the ferris wheel

In Kozhevnikov's research on imagery, the subjects she classified as "verbalizers" likely focused on which of the following? a. depictive representation b. propositional representation c. spatial representation d. unilateral representation

b. propositional representation

If you would rhyme certain images with concrete words as a means to improve memory, then you're probably making use of ___. a. the method of loci b. the pegword technique c. an epiphenomenon d. a mental walk task

b. the pegword technique

Paivio kicked off the cognitive revolution in imagery when he demonstrated that it is easiest for people to remember ________. a. sensations b. things c. concepts d. locations

b. things

What is the key concept assessed during mental chronometry? a. size b. time c. space d. detail

b. time

Which of the following is a key factor in the mental walk task? a. image vividness b. visual field c. projected images d. method of loci

b. visual field

The volume of a person's visual cortex has a direct impact on the ________. a. visual topographic density b. ability to rotate images c. size of the field of view d. scope of object imagery

c. size of the field of view

As Marc thinks about his summer vacation, which of the following is an example of his use of spatial imagery? a. the turquoise blue of the ocean b. decorated bikes on the July 4th parade c. his friends sitting at the pizza parlor d. the odd cabinet setup in the kitchen of the house where he stayed

d. the odd cabinet setup in the kitchen of the house where he stayed

Which of the following tasks requires the most cognitive effort? a. paired-associate learning b. mental rotation task c. paper folding test d. vividness of visual imagery questionnaire

b. mental rotation task