Cognitive Psychology Chapters 1-7

Work with brain-injured patients reveals that ____ memory does not depend on conscious memory. A. declarative and non-declarative B. semantic and episodic C. personal semantic and remote D. implicit and procedural

Implicit and Procedural

The neuron doctrine is A. in agreement with nerve net theory. B. unrelated to nerve net theory. C. synonymous with nerve net theory. D. in disagreement with nerve net theory.

In disagreement with nerve net theory

Your text describes an "Italian woman" who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty re-membering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects A. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. B. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory. C. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. D. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory.

Intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as A. pre-perceptual auditory memory. B. echoic memory. C. iconic memory. D. primary auditory memory.

Echoic Memory

Donders' measurement of reaction time is particularly important because it demonstrated the "time course" on which the mind operates. Donders found that it took ______ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus. A. 1/10 second B. a second C. 1/100 second D. two seconds

1/10 second

Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another? A. The end of one neuron makes direct contact with the receiving end of another neuron. B. An electrical process takes place in the receptors. C. Action potentials travel across the synapse. D. A chemical process takes place at the synapse.

A chemical process takes place at the synapse

Your book explains that brief episodes of retrograde amnesia (e.g., the traumatic disruption of newly formed memories when a football player takes a hit to the head and can't recall the last play before the hit) reflect A. a failure of memory consolidation. B. Korsakoff's syndrome. C. temporary post-traumatic stress disorder. D. disrupted long-term potentiation.

A failure of memory consolidation

A specific person's face is represented in the nervous system by the firing of A. a receptor in the retina that responds when the face is present. B. a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces. C. a feature detector that fires specifically to that face. D. a group of neurons that all respond only to that face.

A group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? A. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. B. All of these C. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. D. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.

All of these

Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt? A. Conditioning B. Analytic introspection C. Measuring reaction times D. All of these were used in Wundt's laboratory

Analytic Introspection

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be un-derstood as A. an LTM recency effect. B. rehearsal interference. C. articulatory suppression. D. an overload of sensory memory.

Articulatory Suppression

Colby and coworkers' study showed that a monkey's parietal cortex responded best to the ap-pearance of a light when it was the focus of the monkey's A. eyes. B. all of the above C. attention. D. fixation.

Attention

Which of the following is NOT associated with recognition-by-components theory? A. Objects are analyzed into parts early in the perceptual process B. Basic shapes are combined to form objects C. Bottom-up processing D. Attention is used to combine features in the perception of whole objects

Attention is used to combine features in the perception of whole objects

In which neurological disorder might mirror neurons be most likely to be implicated as a potential cause of the disorder? A. Autism B. Anorexia nervosa C. Alzheimer's disease D. Parkinson's disease

Autism

Action potentials occur in the A. neurotransmitters. B. synapse. C. cell body. D. axon.

Axon

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing. A. multi-dimensional B. all-or-nothing C. top-down D. bottom-up

Bottom-Up

Mantyla's "banana / yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that, for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created A. by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective. B. by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective. C. by the person whose memory will be tested. D. using visual images.

By the person whose memory will be tested

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as A. C. B. L. C. R. D. I.

C

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set. A. excited B. neutral C. calm D. nervous

Calm

In Donders' experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a A. simple reaction time task. B. choice reaction time task. C. reaction time task. D. presentation task.

Choice Reaction Time

The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments? A. Reaction time B. Operant conditioning C. Unconscious inference D. Classical conditioning

Classical Conditioning

Controlled processing involves A. close attention. B. ease in performing parallel tasks. C. few cognitive resources. D. overlearning of tasks.

Close Attention

Which task below would most likely be used to test for implicit memory? A. Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied B. Recalling the names of popular fairy tales C. Matching Spanish vocabulary words with their English translations D. Recognizing words that had been presented in an earlier list

Completing a word for which the first and last letter have been supplied

Jocelyn is in an experiment where she is presented words representing categories. She is presented the word "furniture" in an earlier trial, which makes it easier for her later to recall the word "chair" because of the similarity of meaning. Jocelyn's memory enhancement for "chair" due to seeing the word "furniture" illustrates A. mental time travel. B. reconsolidation. C. conceptual priming. D. repetition priming.

Conceptual Priming

____ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. A. Consolidation B. Amnesia C. Cued-recall D. Encoding specificity

Consolidation

Palmer's experiment, in which he asked people to identify objects in a kitchen, showed how _______ can affect perception. A. context B. attention C. illusory conjunctions D. naming association

Context

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence A. takes longer to process. B. creates more connections. C. causes more rehearsal. D. is more interesting.

Creates more connections

Donders' main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study A. memory. B. perception. C. attention. D. decision making.

Decision Making

Dichotic listening occurs when A. a message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other ear. B. different messages are presented to the left and right ears. C. participants are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the same time. D. the same message is presented to the left and right ears.

Different messages are presented to the left and right ears

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is A. retrieved. B. stored. C. encoded. D. all of the above

Encoded

When people look at a tree, they receive information about the geons of that object through stimulation of receptors. But they are also aided in identifying the object as a tree by knowledge that a tree often has the sky as a background and sits on grass. This prior knowledge travels down from higher centers to influence the incoming signals. The information from the higher centers illustrates A. the law of good figure. B. principles of componential recovery. C. the oblique effect. D. feedback signals.

Feedback signals

The _____ lobe of the cortex serves higher functions such as language, thought, and memory. A. frontal B. occipital C. subcortical D. parietal

Frontal

If basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend? A. He should picture each of the numbers in his head printed in a bright color. B. He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics. C. He should first memorize a few other sequences of 16 digits to gain some practice. D. He should visualize the front of his credit card showing a picture of him dribbling a basketball.

He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? A. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. B. I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. C. I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me. D. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer.

I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes

Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory? A. I remember that more than 33% of U.S. drivers have admitted to using a cell phone when driving. B. None of the above (a, b, and c are all examples of semantic memory) C. I remember that experiments have shown that talking on cell phones can impair driving ability. D. I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.

I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability

Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition? A. IP supports the principle of behaviorism that behavior is a stimulus-response relationship. B. IP involves the use of computers as a metaphor to understand human cognition. C. IP has an interest in investigating unobservable mental events. D. IP depicts the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages.

IP supports the principle of behaviorism that behavior is a stimulus-response relationship

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from the case of H.M., who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures? A. The hippocampus is necessary for forming new LTMs. B. LTMs are stored in the hippocampus. C. LTMs can still be present after the hippocampus is removed. D. Working memory does not rely on the hippocampus.

LTMs are stored in the hippocampus

An oscilloscope can display "spikes" that correspond to nerve impulses in response to a certain stimulus intensity. If the stimulus intensity is decreased, you are likely to observe spikes that are A. as frequent and smaller in size. B. less frequent and smaller in size. C. the same signal as with the higher stimulus intensity. D. less frequent and of the same size.

Less frequent and of the same size

Hemoglobin molecules in areas of high brain activity A. lose some of the ferrous molecules they are transporting. B. lose some of the oxygen they are transporting. C. gain some of the oxygen they are transporting. D. gain some of the ferrous molecules they are transporting.

Lose some of the oxygen they are transporting

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is A. forgotten. B. permanently stored. C. perceived. D. manipulated.

Manipulated

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they A. are performed without conscious awareness. B. may differ from one task to another. C. are difficult to modify. D. do not require attention.

May differ from one task to another

Some neurons respond when we watch someone else do something. These are known as A. receptors. B. feature detectors. C. afferent neurons. D. mirror neurons.

Mirror Neurons

The concept of distributed neural coding proposes that a specific object, like a face, is represented across a number of A. neurons. B. microelectrodes. C. modalities. D. stimuli.

Neurons

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of A. mental processes. B. consciousness. C. observable behavior. D. attention.

Observable Behavior

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air was used to illustrate the role of _____ in memory. A. depth of processing B. forming connections with other information C. organization D. rehearsal

Organization

The use of an eye tracker can help reveal the shifting of one's _____ attention. A. divided B. covert C. overt D. dichotic

Overt

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is A. perceptual organization. B. conjunction. C. perceptual fusion. D. perceptual discriminability.

Perceptual Organization

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of A. a visual delay effect. B. top-down processing. C. echoic memory. D. persistence of vision.

Persistance of Vision

Broadbent's "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on A. meaning. B. higher order characteristics. C. physical characteristics. D. modality.

Physical Characteristics

Ebbinghaus' "memory" experiments were important because they A. plotted functions that described the operation of the mind. B. showed how positive reinforcers strengthen behavior. C. were the first to combine basic elements of experience called sensations. D. described complex decision-making.

Plotted functions that described the operation of the mind

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage. A. letter analysis B. feature analysis C. focused attention D. preattentive

Preattentive

Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the A. occipital cortex. B. amygdala. C. hippocampus. D. prefrontal cortex.

Prefrontal Cortex

The recognition-by-components approach proposes that there are a number of basic features such as A. curvature and tilt. B. rectangular solids and cubes. C. movement and brightness. D. horizontal lines and vertical lines.

Rectangular solids and cubes

_______ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. A. Encoding B. Processing C. Retrograde D. Retrieval

Retrieval

The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s." A. Episodic B. Procedural C. Semantic D. Implicit

Semantic

In Broadbent's filter model, the stages of information processing occur in which order? A. Detector, filter, sensory store, memory B. Filter, detector, sensory store, memory C. Sensory store, filter, detector, memory D. Detector, sensory store, filter, memory

Sensory store, filter, detector, memory

In the text's "animal lurking behind a tree / two oddly shaped tree stumps" example, which Gestalt law did NOT contribute to the incorrect perception? A. Similarity B. Good continuation C. Familiarity D. Simplicity

Simplicity

The propaganda effect demonstrates that we evaluate familiar statements as being true A. simply because we have been exposed to them before. B. only when we are aware we've seen them before. C. only when we agree with them. D. unless we are told explicitly that the statements are false.

Simply because we have been exposed to them before

Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers in cognitive psychology. Their computer program A. solved logic problems. B. simulated human attention. C. introduced the first flow diagram. D. controlled presentation of visual stimuli during cognitive psychology experiments.

Solved Logic Problems

Automatic processing occurs when A. cognitive resources are high. B. tasks are well-practiced. C. response times are long. D. attention is focused.

Tasks are well-practiced

One function of ____ is controlling the suppression of irrelevant information. A. sensory memory B. articulatory suppression C. the phonological loop D. the central executive

The Central Executive

The cocktail party effect is A. the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages. B. the inability to pay attention to one message in the presence of competing messages. C. the equal division of attention between competing messages. D. the diminished awareness of information in a crowd.

The ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on A. the pleasantness of a word. B. the meaning of a word. C. the category of a word. D. the number of vowels in a word.

The number of vowels in a word

Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory? A. Encoding specificity B. The propaganda effect C. The self-reference effect D. Release from proactive inhibition

The propaganda effect

A synapse is A. the space between neurons. B. a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals. C. the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive. D. the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons.

The space between neurons

According to Treisman's "attenuation model," which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? A. The word "fire" B. Their spouse's first name C. The word "house" D. The word "platypus"

The word "platypus"

At the MIT Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that A. memory consolidation is enhanced by REM sleep. B. the human ability to process information is unlimited. C. there are limits to the human ability to process information. D. intelligent machines can be successfully created.

There are limits to the human ability to process information

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at re-trieval. This is called A. elaborative rehearsal. B. transfer-appropriate processing. C. episodic-based processing. D. personal semantic memory.

Transfer-Appropriate Processing

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road? A. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen B. Trying to remember a map of the area C. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit D. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists? A. We want to understand how elements are grouped together to create larger objects. B. We need to identify the number of geons needed for object recognition. C. We must understand the basic components of perception. D. We need to identify the neurons that create perception.

We want to understand how elements are grouped together to create larger objects