Cognitive Psychology Exam 3

The holding capacity of working memory is often said to be 7 plus-or-minus 2 digits. 15 plus-or-minus 2 digits. 7 plus-or-minus 2 chunks. 15 plus-or-minus 2 chunks.

7 plus-or-minus 2 chunks.

What is a retrieval path?

A retrieval path is the connections or associations in memory that link a retrieval cue to a stored memory.

What is articulatory suppression, and how does is support the notion of a phonological loop?

Articulatory suppression is a technique that disrupts the processing of phonological information by requiring participants to repeat a sound or word, and it supports the notion of a phonological loop by demonstrating that concurrent articulation of speech sounds impairs verbal short-term memory, but not visuospatial memory Ex: An example of articulatory suppression is repeating the word "the" over and over again while trying to remember a list of words, which interferes with the ability to use the phonological loop to store the words.

What are the four major components of Baddeley's model of working memory?

Baddeley's model of working memory consists of four components: the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the episodic buffer. Phonological loop example: Rehearsing a shopping list by repeating to yourself- auditory information The Central Executive example: Mental effort to selectively attent to relevant information and suppress irrelevant distractions while studying Episodic buffer example: An example of the episodic buffer is integrating different types of information, such as visual, auditory, and spatial details, to form a cohesive and rich episodic memory of a past event, like a vacation or a party.

Name modern changes to the Modal Model relevant to the following: Short term memory and its conceptualization

Changed the perspective of short-term memory from a passive, storage-only system to an active processing system that can actively manipulate information. Highlights the importance of attention and rehearsal

What is chunking?

Chunking in psychology refers to the process of grouping individual pieces of information into larger units, making it easier to remember and process the information Ex: remembering a phone number as three groups, 555-123-4567 instead of 10 individual digits

Name some different types of amnesia. What is the contribution of amnesiac patients to cognitive psychology?

Different types of amnesia include anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, and transient global amnesia; amnesiac patients have contributed greatly to cognitive psychology by providing insights into the nature of memory and the brain regions and processes involved in memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval. Anterograde amnesia refers to the inability to form new memories after the onset of the amnesia, while retrograde amnesia refers to the inability to remember events that occurred before the onset of the amnesia, and transient global amnesia is a sudden and temporary loss of memory for personal information and events.

What are encoding specificity and context dependent learning, and what is some evidence to support it? What does the scuba study demonstrate?

Encoding specificity refers to the phenomenon where memory retrieval is enhanced when the conditions of encoding match those of retrieval, as supported by research on context-dependent learning, and the scuba study demonstrated that participants who learned information underwater recalled more of that information when tested underwater compared to those tested on land, demonstrating the role of context in memory retrieval.

When is encoding variability the best strategy for learning?

Encoding variability is the best strategy for learning when there are multiple potential retrieval cues that may be present during recall.

Episodic vs semantic vs procedural memory

Episodic memory refers to the recollection of specific personal experiences, while semantic memory involves general knowledge and facts, and procedural memory pertains to the retention of skills and habits, such as riding a bike or typing on a keyboard. Examples: Episodic memory: Remembering the details of a specific birthday party you attended. Semantic memory: Knowing that Paris is the capital of France. Procedural memory: Being able to ride a bike without consciously thinking about it.

Explicit vs implicit

Explicit memory refers to conscious and intentional recollection, while implicit memory is non-conscious memory that affects behavior without awareness, such as skills or habits. Examples: Explicit memory: Recalling the name of your first pet. Implicit memory: Automatically typing your password without consciously remembering the sequence of characters

Which is NOT part of the evidence for a dissociation between familiarity and source memory? People's patterns of brain activity are different when they are making judgments based on familiarity than when they are making judgments based on familiarity plus source memory. Familiarity is promoted by creating a link between the test item and the setting; source memory is promoted by focusing on the material to be learned. It is common to realize that a face is familiar but be unable to place it; it is also possible to have source memory without familiarity. Source memory is promoted by creating memory connections; familiarity can be promoted merely by sustained exposure.

Familiarity is promoted by creating a link between the test item and the setting; source memory is promoted by focusing on the material to be learned.

Describe the fluency and its origin (according to one major cognitive model)

Fluency is a measure of how easily and quickly information can be processed, and according to the dual-process theory, it arises from the automatic processing of information by the brain's associative system

Based on past research about explicit and implicit memory, which of the following patterns would you most expect to find? In a tachistoscopic-recognition task, people are likely to have good recall but poor recognition of a word when they are tested afterward. In a word-stem completion task, people are more likely to produce a word they have recently seen, even if they do not remember seeing it, than an equally plausible word they have not seen recently. In word-fragment completion tasks, people are more likely to come up with word endings that they have previously seen, but only if they have a conscious memory of the word. In a lexical-decision task, people are quicker to decide if a string of letters is an English word when they have not seen that letter string recently.

In a word-stem completion task, people are more likely to produce a word they have recently seen, even if they do not remember seeing it, than an equally plausible word they have not seen recently.

What is the clearest advantage of connecting new information to prior knowledge in several different ways? It attaches the new material in memory more securely, so the neurons are less likely to decay. It improves your implicit memory for the information. It allows the information to be accessed from multiple retrieval paths. It opens the way for state-dependent learning to take place.

It allows the information to be accessed from multiple retrieval paths.

What is an advantage of trying to learn something using deep (meaning-related) processing rather than strategies like mnemonics? It is better at preventing the "remembering" of details that were never actually present but fit with the meaning of the items. It helps keep track of the order of learned items. It creates more retrieval paths for the memory. It relies less on having background knowledge about the topic being learned.

It creates more retrieval paths for the memory.

Which statement about working memory is FALSE? It refers mainly to the resources that make up the central executive and its helpers. It functions mainly as a storage container. Information in it is fragile and easily lost. It has a limited storage capacity.

It functions mainly as a storage container.

Which of the following is FALSE with respect to sensory memory? It includes iconic memory, which stores visual information. It has a very small capacity, storing only the equivalent of a letter or two at a time. Auditory information is stored in a part of sensory memory called "echoic memory." Information is stored for only a very brief period of time before it is replaced by new information.

It has a very small capacity, storing only the equivalent of a letter or two at a time.

Why does elaborative encoding facilitate recall? It is more likely to be evoked by simple sentences than by complex ones. It provides many potential retrieval paths. It evokes fewer memory connections. It occurs more quickly than shallow processing.

It provides many potential retrieval paths.

What did Sperling's experiments teach us about sensory memory?

Large capacity and short duration. Found that participants could briefly recall a larger number of letters but the accuracy declined rapidly with the delay between the presentation and recall.

Which of the following experimental results is LEAST likely to be found? Previously heard sentences are more likely to be judged true on a second hearing, even though the participants were told the original sentences were false. A burst of noise with a familiar sentence embedded in it is judged to be quieter than a burst of noise with an unfamiliar sentence embedded in it. Patients who do not remember having heard certain pieces of music before still prefer those pieces over novel ones. Made-up names that were heard before are judged to be famous people's names on a test immediately following initial presentation.

Made-up names that were heard before are judged to be famous people's names on a test immediately following initial presentation.

Which of the following is true of gender differences in memory? Overall, females have more accurate memories than males. Males tend to have greater memory capacity than females, especially with respect to verbal materials. Many gender differences can be explained by differences in attention priorities. There are no reliable differences between the memory of males and females.

Many gender differences can be explained by differences in attention priorities.

Be able to describe spreading activation in a memory network using the following terms: Nodes Connections Activation Threshold Subthreshold activation

Memory can be thought of as a vast interconnected web of nodes (memories), linked together by connections (associations) that can be activated by certain cues, with the strength of activation depending on the number and strength of connections, as well as the activation threshold, while subthreshold activation represents memories that are not strong enough to be retrieved.

Describe an experiment that demonstrates a double dissociation between implicit and explicit memory.

One experiment that demonstrates a double dissociation between implicit and explicit memory is the study of HM, who had intact implicit memory but severely impaired explicit memory following bilateral medial temporal lobe resection, while patients with Parkinson's disease have impaired implicit memory but relatively preserved explicit memory.

How does organization influence visual and language-based memory? What is the evidence for this?

Organization influences visual and language-based memory by facilitating encoding and retrieval through the use of perceptual and conceptual grouping, which reduces cognitive load and enhances the distinctiveness and accessibility of the information, as supported by research on the benefits of mnemonic strategies such as clustering and hierarchies.

Which group would perform the best on a memory test? Participants engaged in deep processing without the previous warning of a memory test. Participants engaged in shallow processing without the previous warning of a memory test. Participants engaged in shallow processing with the previous warning of a memory test. Participants engaged in moderate processing with the previous warning of a memory test.

Participants engaged in deep processing without the previous warning of a memory test.

Study participants learn a list of words, including "clockwork." Later, they are given a new list and asked to say whether each word is old or new. This list includes the word "lock." Which of the following will happen? Participants will correctly report that lock was indeed on the prior list, because it is embedded in "clockwork." Participants will correctly deny that they saw the word "lock" even though it is embedded in "clockwork." Participants will feel a strong sense of familiarity about "lock." Participants will have a source memory for the word "lock" in the first list.

Participants will correctly deny that they saw the word "lock" even though it is embedded in "clockwork."

Which of the following is NOT true regarding recall performance? Whether a clue about a word's sound is more helpful for recall than a clue about its meaning depends on how the word was thought of when it was learned. Recall performance benefits from context reinstatement. Recall performance is usually less good than recognition performance. Physical context is more important in recall than psychological context

Physical context is more important in recall than psychological context

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about the memory strategy of "chunking"? Practice with chunking can greatly increase the actual size of an individual's working memory. The increased processing required for chunking leaves less attention available for other tasks. Some individuals can create very big chunks, enabling them to recall over 50 numbers in order. Chunking does have a downside: items can be misremembered because they are often altered in some way as part of the chunking process.

Practice with chunking can greatly increase the actual size of an individual's working memory.

In which of the following situations are you most likely to decide that a stimulus is familiar? Processing fluency is at the level you had expected. Processing fluency is high and you attribute this to the stimulus being very beautiful. Processing fluency is quite low. You can recall when and where you last saw the stimulus.

Processing fluency is quite low.

Which of the following is most likely to produce a sense that a stimulus "rings a bell" (is familiar)? Processing the stimulus is relatively easy. The stimulus is presented tachistoscopically. Processing the stimulus is relatively difficult. You lack a source memory for the stimulus.

Processing the stimulus is relatively easy.

Which is the best example of "encoding specificity"? Being tested in a quiet room free of distractions is better than being tested in a loud room, regardless of learning context. Recognizing a picture that was seen earlier is unaffected by whether the person is focusing on the same part of the picture as before. Reading the word "washed" is followed by a failure to realize that, as part of this presentation, the word "ash" was also viewed. Studying the word "calf" in a list of farm animals results in a feeling of familiarity when the word "calf" is later presented in a list of body parts

Reading the word "washed" is followed by a failure to realize that, as part of this presentation, the word "ash" was also viewed.

A study has a "2x2" design, in which half the participants read a passage in a boat and the other half read the same passage on a train and then all are tested for recall of the passage in either the environment they learned in or the other environment. Based on previous studies, what results would you expect? People would have better recall when tested in an environment different than the one in which they learned. Recall performance would be best for people whose testing environment matched their learning environment. All people tested in the boat would have better recall than all people tested on the train. All people whose learning environment was the boat would have better recall than all people whose learning environment was the train.

Recall performance would be best for people whose testing environment matched their learning environment.

Recognition vs Recall

Recognition is the ability to identify previously encountered information from among a set of options, while recall is the ability to retrieve information from memory without any cues or prompts. Examples: Recognition: Selecting your friend's face from a list of names. Recall: Recalling your friend's name without any visual cues or prompts.

Which of the following pieces of evidence would NOT be consistent with claims about the articulatory rehearsal loop? Repeating a nonsense syllable over and over interferes with the ability to hold a sequence of abstract shapes in working memory. In working memory tasks, when people see the letter "F," they sometimes remember "S" instead. Repeating a nonsense syllable over and over interferes with the ability to hold a strong of letters in working memory. In working memory tasks, when people hear "F" spoken, they sometimes remember "S" instead.

Repeating a nonsense syllable over and over interferes with the ability to hold a sequence of abstract shapes in working memory.

How does performance on a lexical decision task demonstrate semantic priming (and what is semantic priming, anyhow)?

Semantic priming refers to the phenomenon where the processing of a target word is facilitated by the prior presentation of a related word, and performance on a lexical decision task can demonstrate this by showing faster response times to target words that are semantically related to the preceding prime word.

What are serial position effects and how do they relate to the modal model? What is the evidence for this?

Serial position effects refer to the phenomenon where people tend to remember items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list better than items in the middle. This phenomenon supports the Modal Model of Memory, which suggests that the primacy effect is due to the transfer of information from short-term memory to long-term memory, while the recency effect reflects the temporary storage of items in short-term memory. Evidence for this comes from studies that have shown that the recency effect disappears when a delay is introduced before recall, indicating that the items were only held in temporary short-term memory.

What is shallow vs. deep processing? How does it influence recall, and what is the evidence for this? What is elaborative vs. maintenance rehearsal? How does it influence recall performance?

Shallow processing involves processing information on a superficial level, such as its physical characteristics, while deep processing involves encoding information in a meaningful way by making connections to prior knowledge, with evidence suggesting that deeper processing leads to better recall. Elaborative rehearsal involves actively relating new information to existing knowledge and making it personally relevant, whereas maintenance rehearsal involves rote repetition of information without deeper analysis, with elaborative rehearsal leading to better recall than maintenance rehearsal. Shallow processing ex: An example of shallow processing is recognizing and processing the physical features of a word, such as its font, color, or size, without forming a deeper understanding or connection to the word's meaning or context.

What are some of the pitfalls of familiarity? How are preference and familiarity related?

Some pitfalls of familiarity include confusing familiarity with accuracy, and a tendency to prefer familiar things or ideas; preference and familiarity are related in that people often develop a preference for things they have become familiar with.

What are "sound-alike" errors, and how do they relate to the phonological loop?

Sound-alike errors are mistakes made when recalling a list of words that sound similar, and they relate to the phonological loop by demonstrating the importance of phonological similarity in determining the capacity and performance of the loop. Example: more likely to mistake "cat" for bat" than "bat" for "elephant"

What is source memory?

Source memory is the ability to remember the origin or source of information, such as where or how it was learned.

How does spreading activation relate to "hints" on a memory test?

Spreading activation refers to how activation of one node in a semantic network can spread to related nodes, which can explain how hints or cues can activate related nodes and aid in memory retrieval.

Name modern changes to the Modal Model relevant to the following: Sensory memory and it's role

The Modal Model of Memory introduced sensory memory as an active and important stage in memory processing, rather than a passive and and unimportant stage. Sensory memory was divided into two subsystems: iconic and echoic, and considered the initial processing and selection of information before transfer to short-term memory. Ex: Seeing a sparkler at night, with the sensory memory retaining a brief visual image of the light trail as it moves through the air

What is the digit span task? How does the concept of working memory differ from that of short term memory?

The digit span task is a cognitive test that measures the capacity of an individual's working memory by requiring them to repeat a sequence of digits in the same order it was presented. The concept of working memory differs from that of short-term memory in that working memory involves active manipulation and processing of information, while short-term memory is considered a passive storage system that holds information temporarily. Working memory is also a more limited-capacity system than short-term memory, with a greater focus on attention and manipulation of information. Ex: remembering as many digits as you can

False fame effect

The false fame effect is a cognitive bias in which people are more likely to believe that a name they have been exposed to before is that of a famous person, even if the name is actually that of an unknown individual.

Illusion-of-truth effect

The illusion-of-truth effect is a cognitive bias in which people are more likely to believe a statement or claim to be true if they have been exposed to it multiple times, regardless of its actual veracity. An example of the illusion-of-truth effect is when people start to believe a false rumor or urban myth to be true after hearing it repeated numerous times, even if they initially knew that it was false.

How does the intent to learn influence performance?

The intent to learn influences performance by increasing attention, motivation, and engagement with the material, which enhances encoding and improves the ability to recall the information later.

Lexical decision task

The lexical decision task is a task used in cognitive psychology to measure the speed and accuracy with which people can distinguish between words and non-words. Ex: In a lexical decision task, a participant might be presented with letter strings such as "table" or "wibbly" and be asked to quickly indicate whether each one is a real word or a made-up non-word.

What is the "phonological loop"? What is the evidence for it? What kind of information does it apply to?

The phonological loop is a component of working memory that temporarily stores and processes auditory information, and evidence for it comes from studies on the word-length effect, phonological similarity effect, and articulatory suppression, among others.

Word stem completion

The word stem completion task is a task used in cognitive psychology in which participants are presented with word stems and are asked to complete the words as quickly as possible. Ex: In a word stem completion task, a participant might be presented with a word stem such as "gra___" and be asked to quickly complete the word by writing "grape" or "graph" or any other valid word that comes to mind.

Name a theoretical reason for the influence of deep and elaborative processing on recall.

Theoretical reason for the influence of deep and elaborative processing on recall is that it facilitates the transfer of information from working memory to long-term memory through the formation of more meaningful and interconnected memory representations.

What is an example supporting the idea of the visuo-spatial sketchpad?

Visuospatial sketchpad: mentally rotating an object in ones mind with the sketchpad maintaining a visual representation of the shape and orientation of the object

How does word length relate to the phonological loop? How does comparing different languages provide evidence for this?

Word length is associated with reduced accuracy and slower response times in tasks that rely on the phonological loop, and comparing languages with different phonological structures provides evidence for this by showing that languages with more syllables per word exhibit greater word-length effects than languages with fewer syllables per word. Ex: Arabic has longer syllables than english

What causes the primacy effect? Experimenters tend to present easier words first as warm-up. Words that get more attention are better encoded into long-term memory. The last words to be heard are still in working memory at testing. The first words to be heard are also the first words to leave working memory.

Words that get more attention are better encoded into long-term memory.

Contrast working and long-term memory.

Working Memory: short duration, limited amount of information, can be encoded easily, can be retrieved fairly easily Ex: Rehearsing a phone number while diling it Long-term Memory: Long-lasting enormous amounts of possibility, effortful to encode, and difficult to retrieve- can be difficult, slow, and even unsuccessful Ex: The name of your first grade teacher

Name modern changes to the Modal Model relevant to the following: The discrete nature of working memory and long-term memory

Working memory is a dynamic form of short-term storage- meaning it is not a place, but rather a status that is being manipulated. It is now seen as an active processing system. Long-term memory however stresses the importance of retention over extended periods of time and how important repeated rehearsal is.

Contrast working memory and long term memory from a neurobiological standpoint.

Working memory is a transient, actively maintained neural activity in prefrontal cortex, while long-term memory involves stable changes in synaptic strength, encoding and consolidation of information in different areas of the brain.

Long-term memory is to working memory as __________ is to __________. a printed copy of a file; a file stored on a CD an open file on your computer; the monitor on your computer a keyboard on your computer; the cursor on your computer a file stored on a hard drive; an open document you are working on

a file stored on a hard drive; an open document you are working on

Imagine participants are shown the word "class" in a list of words and then tested later with the stimulus cla_ _. Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to yield the correct completion of the word? exposure to the word when NOT told that a memory test will follow a long delay between viewing the word list and taking the memory test explicit processing of the word exposure to the word when told that a memory test will follow.

a long delay between viewing the word list and taking the memory test

Explicit memories are revealed by __________ memory tests, such as __________, whereas implicit memories are revealed by __________ memory tests, such as __________. direct, recall; indirect, priming indirect, recall; direct, priming indirect, priming; direct, recall direct, priming; indirect, recall

direct, recall; indirect, priming

Someone with a larger working-memory capacity is likely to perform better than someone with a smaller working-memory capacity on all of the following tasks EXCEPT following directions. efficient reading. discriminating shapes. learning a computer language.

discriminating shapes.

You decide to order pizza and look up the number for a local pizza place. You repeat the number to yourself, but just before you dial the number, you are interrupted by a text from your friend. You quickly read the text, but then realize you have forgotten the number. The text led you to forget the number because the number was not encoded into working memory. displaced from working memory. not rehearsed. elaborated.

displaced from working memory.

Which is of the following is most effective for long-term retention? peg-word learning elaborative rehearsal imagery maintenance rehearsal

elaborative rehearsal

Someone with anterograde amnesia has no explicit memory for events before the onset of amnesia. implicit memory for events before the onset of amnesia. implicit memory for events after the onset of amnesia. explicit memory for events after the onset of amnesia.

explicit memory for events after the onset of amnesia.

The dangers of source confusion are particularly relevant to which real-world situation? eyewitness identification jury selection second language acquisition playing the lottery

eyewitness identification

All of the following statements accurately describe the effects of mnemonics EXCEPT that they can be detrimental if you wish to have many retrieval paths to the information. can impose organization on a list that does not have its own intrinsic organization. facilitate multiple connections between new material and prior knowledge. can help to recall, not only items, but also their serial order in the list

facilitate multiple connections between new material and prior knowledge.

For a procedure that relies on processing fluency, what matters most is that you __________ the test stimulus. Group of answer choices consciously remember previously encountered specifically recognize fully understand

fully understand

Which of the following types of processing for a target word will probably lead to the best memory performance? thinking of a list of words that rhyme with the target word repeating the word over and over while trying very hard to memorize it generating a sentence that uses the target word noting whether the letters are upper-case or lower-case

generating a sentence that uses the target word

Damage to the __________ tends to result in __________. hippocampus; unilateral neglect hippocampus; anterograde amnesia amygdala; anterograde amnesia amygdala; unilateral neglect

hippocampus; anterograde amnesia

On her way home, Veronica decided to go to the grocery store but couldn't write a shopping list because she was driving. She came up with several possible ways to remember what she needed to buy (listed in the answer choices). Which of her ideas is NOT a simple mnemonic strategy? using the peg-word system to associate different items on the shopping list with words in an easy-to-remember rhyme using the first-letter technique to make a word or phrase composed of the first letter of each item from the list imagining what she can cook with all of the items on the list and imagining what all the food would taste like imagining her drive to school and associating items on the list with prominent landmarks she passes every day

imagining what she can cook with all of the items on the list and imagining what all the food would taste like

In using the rehearsal loop, the central executive is directly involved in the step of storing visual information, such as mental images. subvocalizing the items in the list to be remembered. planning the end-goal of the rehearsal. transferring items into the phonological buffer.

planning the end-goal of the rehearsal.

Maintenance rehearsal is not very efficient, but if done for long enough it will be effective at promoting memory. poorly suited for delayed recall, even if you knew you would be tested. an efficient and effective way to enter information into long-term memory. well suited for delayed recall, but only if you knew were going to be tested.

poorly suited for delayed recall, even if you knew you would be tested.

Which testing method mainly targets explicit, rather than implicit, memory? word-stem completion tachistoscopic recognition lexical decision recall tasks

recall tasks

A question like, "What's the name of the waiter?" requires __________; a question like, "Isn't that the guy we usually see on the bus?" requires __________. source memory; familiarity familiarity; source memory recognition; recall recall; recognition

recall; recognition

Which behavior is LEAST likely to be demonstrated by a Korsakoff's patient? recalling that a sentence was heard earlier in the test but feeling no sense of familiarity about the sentence not remembering tunes heard before as familiar but preferring them to ones not heard before learning the correct answer to a previously taught question, without a memory of being previously taught refusing to shake hands with someone who hurt him or her during a previous handshake even though he or she will have no explicit memory of the first handshake

recalling that a sentence was heard earlier in the test but feeling no sense of familiarity about the sentence

Which of the following is an example of recall? suddenly experiencing the "tip-of-the-tongue" phenomenon only knowing a phone number if you have a phone in front of you remembering the name of your fifth-grade teacher when asked identifying an old friend you meet in the store even though he or she has gained weight

remembering the name of your fifth-grade teacher when asked

Which of the following would be the least helpful in improving recall of a difficult-to-understand paragraph? giving the paragraph a meaningful title chunking the sentences in the paragraph into smaller, meaningful groups quizzing yourself in order to improve comprehension of the paragraph repeating the paragraph aloud many times

repeating the paragraph aloud many times

Eli can remember what he did last week, but he cannot remember the birth of his cousin (which happened immediately before Eli received a head injury in a motorcycle accident). What is Eli's condition? retrograde amnesia Capgras syndrome Korsakoff's syndrome anterograde amnesia

retrograde amnesia

Which event will improve long-term memory performance during a free-recall task? delaying the recall for a few seconds after the list end (with no interpolated activity) slowing down the presentation of the list using words that all have similar sounds (like "bay," "day," "gray," etc.) having participants count backward by threes for 30 seconds before recalling the list

slowing down the presentation of the list

When asked, "What is the capital of South Dakota?" participants who cannot initially remember the answer often show improved recall when given the prompt, "Is it perhaps a man's name?" This phenomenon is best explained by context reinstatement. implicit memory. spreading activation. priming.

spreading activation.

Marla is given the following list of words: "giraffe, bird, alligator, lion, eagle, gorilla." She is likely to remember the word "giraffe" because of the encoding effect. relational mnemonics. elaborative processing. the primacy effect.

the primacy effect.

According to the modal model, all of the following are true EXCEPT that memory takes place in a series of discrete steps. new information moves from one information-processing component to the next. the size of short-term memory can be expanded with sufficient practice. incoming information goes through sensory and short-term memory on the path to long-term memory.

the size of short-term memory can be expanded with sufficient practice.

The short-term storage of verbal materials is often supported by the rehearsal loop. The short-term storage of mental images is accomplished by the visual-cortex loop. the visuospatial buffer. perseveration. the operation span.

the visuospatial buffer.

ll of the following contribute evidence for a dissociation between explicit and implicit memory EXCEPT that patient H.M. failed to recognize the "Tower of Hanoi" problem, despite showing improvement over repeat testing sessions. having a word in front of one's eyes has more impact on a subsequent word-completion task than thinking about the word's meaning, but on a subsequent-recall task, the opposite is true. people sometimes treat a familiar name as famous because they have retained their implicit memory of it but lost their explicit memory of where they saw it. there is a dissociation between the primacy and recency effect in the serial position curve.

there is a dissociation between the primacy and recency effect in the serial position curve.

Cryptoplagiarism happens when you unintentionally steal someone else's ideas. steal ideas or words from a spy. Intentionally steal someone else's idea, but then deny it. copy someone else's passwords.

unintentionally steal someone else's ideas.

As part of a pronunciation task, you are presented with a list of made-up names. Later, during a second, unrelated task, some of the names appear again. Which factor will have the LEAST influence on the likelihood that you will think the name belongs to a famous person? the attribution given for the sense of familiarity experienced when seeing the names for the second time the amount of time between the pronunciation task and the second task whether the names are presented in the auditory or visual modality the degree of processing fluency experienced when seeing names for the second time

whether the names are presented in the auditory or visual modality