Cognitive Psychology Final Exam

Which of the following observations is most likely an illustration of context-dependent learning?

"Last month I went to my 20th high school reunion. I saw people I hadn't thought about for years, but the moment I saw them, I was reminded of the things we'd done together 20 years earlier."

In order to summarize the Gestalt psychologists' movement in a few words, one might say

"The perceptual whole is different than the sum of its parts."

If a cat casts a 5 millimeter image on your retina when it is 10 feet away from you, that same cat will cast an image that is ________ millimeters when it is 20 feet away from you.

2.5

A structural model is:

A model of physical structure.

A prototype is a typical member of a category, what does "typical" mean?

An average of members of that category, but may not actually be a member.

Learning occurs only during study. Testing is only to check if the material has been learned.

False

Which of the following statements about Phineus Gage is FALSE?

He had Capgras syndrome.

How do we know that the prefrontal cortex is important in working memory?

Prefrontal neurons fire during a delay after a stimulus is gone but before they respond.

Susie Student is studying for her upcoming Cognitive Psychology midterm. Starting three weeks before the midterm, she studies ten minutes before bed in short doses, learning a few concepts at a time. Her roommate, Polly Pupil, chooses to cram everything the night before the midterm. Unsurprisingly, Susie significantly outperforms Polly on the final exam. This is likely because:

The large number of details Polly tried to remember in a single session likely interfered with each other; Susie benefitted from the spacing effect by taking breaks in between study sessions; Susie slept after studying, consolidating the information she had studied.

The misinformation effect can be seen in which of the following situations?

The lineup is filled with only one individual who matches a description of the suspect; During a police interview, the officer asks "how fast were the cars going when the rocketed into each other?" rather than "how fast were the cars going before the accident?"; During a lineup procedure, the eyewitness is instructed to "point out the man who robbed the bank" rather than identifying the person if they are present.

Often extraneous noise interferes with our ability to hear all speech sounds. If a brief burst of noise prevents a phoneme from being heard (e.g., "His *ame is Barry"), what is most likely to occur?

The listener will be able to understand the sentence and will realize that a burst of noise occurred but will not know where the burst occurred.

Which of these statements is *not* characteristic of hemi-neglect?

The patient forgets to eat half of the time.

Occipital lobe

Vision

The ventral visual stream is involved in which of the following:

Vision for perception, object recognition.

Which component of Baddeley's model of working memory is associated with the rotation of objects?

Visuospatial sketchpad.

It is important to gather evidence from several sources because

alternative explanations for any single piece of evidence could exist.

A neuron is

an individual cell within the nervous system.

The reminiscence bump usually refers to increased memory recall in the early 20s but the bump can occur later in life if:

defining events of substantial change, followed by stability, occur later.

Bobby wants to be a "good participant," so he tries to perform in a way that will impress the experimenter. Bobby is sensitive to the

demand character.

Complete the analogy: Incoming is to outgoing as ________ is to ________.

dendrite; axon

For most recall tests, the transfer of items into long-term storage is best facilitated by ________ rehearsal.

elaborative

Julie has sustained damage to the "what" system in her brain. She will likely have difficulty with which of the following tasks?

identifying a chair

Introspection CANNOT be used to study

mental events that are unconscious.

The mind is said to 'take possession' of an object or thought through attention. The statement from James reflects the idea that the mind is working to represent a single item or thought and not other items (or thoughts). For neural representations, this idea would mean that neurons fire ________ to the attended object and ______ to unattended objects.

more; less

A feature net is a

network of cognitive "detectors" organized in hierarchical layers.

Memory schemas, or schemata, serve as representations of our ________ knowledge.

semantic

The helper that stores visual materials is called the

visuospatial buffer.

A friend of yours has recently grown a beard. When you encounter him, you realize at once that something about his face has changed but you are not certain what has changed. We can conclude from this that

you detected the decrease in fluency in your recognition of your friend's face.

In Trial 18 of a sentence-verification task, participants see the sentence, "A robin is a bird." In Trial 42 they see, "A penguin is a bird." According to prototype theory, we should expect faster responses to

"robin" because participants more readily see the resemblance between "robin" and the bird prototype.

Which of the following is a propositional explanation for the fact that it takes longer to imagine moving from the 'A' to the 'C' key on a QWERTY keyboard than it does to move from the 'A' to the 'S' key?

'S' is right of 'A'; 'D is right of 'S'; 'C' is below 'D' which is a larger number of propositional links than just 'S' is right of 'A'.

When an event (temperature/pain experience) consistently activates a specific set of regions of the brain. What is said to be present?

A Neural Network

Researchers were interested in how "remember" and "know" judgments are related to memory accuracy. What did they find?

A feeling of "remembering" is more likely with correct memories than false memories.

If it were real, how would we interpret an event related potential (ERP) referred to as a P325?

A positive potential that occurs at 325 milliseconds.

Pick the best description of a mind:

A representation of the external world, and actions that allow us to act on that representation.

Binding is the process by which different features are combined into:

A unified perception of an object.

A woman is sitting in her kitchen and sees the two ends of an egg carton sticking out from behind a box of pancake mix on the kitchen counter. According to the Gestalt principle of Good Continuity, this woman knows that the object that she sees sticking out from behind the box of pancake mix is in fact a carton of eggs because...

A whole egg carton is more likely than pieces of an egg carton.

A category is useful because it:

Allows you to determine what is special about an individual object (compared to others in the category); Includes examples of a particular concept; Helps us to generalize behaviors from unknown items to known items.

Which of the following is NOT true of memory?

Amnesia can be cured by probing the brain with electrodes.

According to the all-or-none law of action potential initiation, if there is a weak stimulus, then:

An action potential will be sent down the axon, always of the same magnitude.

You ask participants to recall a group of words presented in a specific order, and find evidence of standard primacy and recency effects. How could you modify your experiment to minimize the recency effect?

Ask participants to count backwards for 30 seconds after they see the last word on the list.

A dual-task experiment targeting the visuospatial sketch pad showed that the visuospatial sketchpad holds representations of space by asking participants to respond with a spatial movement while holding a spatial representation in mind. We know that the representation is spatial because:

Asking for a spatial resource to be used interferes with performance of the main task.

In levels-of-processing theory, which of the following would be considered to have the deepest level of processing when trying to memorize an object?

Asking to think of an unusual use for the object.

Parietal lobe

Attention and motor action

Temporal lobe

Auditory processing and Memory

Participants are shown a visual stimulus for just 30 milliseconds (ms) and are then asked, "Was there an E or a K in the stimulus?" We would expect the best performance if the stimulus is

BARK.

According to research on Broca's area, patients with Broca's Aphasia have difficulty understanding the sentence "The boy was pushed by the girl" but have no trouble understanding the sentence "The apple was eaten by the girl". Which of the following is *not* a reason for why?

Because boy/girl are more often heard in our vocabulary compared to apple.

Mike suffered damage to the left frontal lobe of his brain and now has a difficult time speaking or writing. Mike most likely has

Broca's aphasia.

A mutilated lemon will still be categorized as a lemon, while a counterfeit $20 bill will not be categorized as money. What does this say about categorization?

Category membership cannot be based on resemblance alone.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is used to detect:

Changes in brain metabolism.

Which of the following is NOT consistent with the idea that children learn language even if their communication with adults is not linguistic?

Children learn languages more quickly than adults.

H.M. provides an illustration for which major theme of the chapter?

Cognition is interested in mental processes, as well as activities that depend on these processes.

Company A automatically has the box checked to subscribe to their mailing list, which can be unchecked at checkout, whereas Company B leaves the box unchecked for the customer to decide to click and subscribe at checkout. Which of the following is true?

Company B utilizes a opt-in procedure, resulting in a smaller number of subscribers than Company A.

Movement facilitates perception when reaching to grasp an object by which of the following?

Comparing expected changes in position to actual changes in position; Using your hand as a size reference to infer the size or distance of the object; Comparing expected force needed to grasp or move an object to actual force required.

Handwritten note taking has the largest benefits for remembering:

Conceptual Information

Generative note taking

Conceptual and factual information benefits, likely from reduced mind wandering and deeper processing.

Frontal lobe

Control and decision making

Jose is walking toward Dan, who is standing still. As Dan watches Jose move toward him, a series of physical and perceptual events will occur. Which of the following is NOT one of those events?

Dan will consciously make the effort to calculate Jose's distance based on the size of the retinal image.

If an experimenter asks you to memorize a shopping list but asks you to wait before reporting, _______ may cause you to forget items. If they ask you to memorize multiple lists and you struggle remembering specific items in the later , you may be experiencing ______.

Decay, Interference

When presented with a list of words along a theme (e.g., "bed," "rest," "slumber," "dream," "tired"), participants often (mis)recall the theme word as part of the list (e.g., "sleep"). This procedure is commonly referred to as the ________ procedure.

Deese-Roediger-McDermott

Delayed summarization

Detrimental for specific facts and does not protect against mind wandering but beneficial for concepts and prioritizing information.

One group of participants is instructed to imagine a cat and the participants are then asked several yes/no questions about their image. A second group of participants is instructed simply to think about cats, with no mention of imagery, and the participants are then asked the same yes/no questions. We expect that participants responding on the basis of the image will respond more quickly to which of the following questions?

Does the cat have a head?

Showing that damage to Wernicke's area causes language comprehension but not language production deficits and damage to Broca's area causes language production but not language comprehension deficits is an example of:

Double dissociation

In solving a problem, participants seem to develop a certain attitude or perspective, and they then approach all subsequent problems with the same perspective. This rigidity in approach is often called

Einstellung.

Relating study material to things you know or your own life is known as...

Elaboration

Which is NOT a principle of how visual elements are grouped according to Gestalt Psychology?

Experience, experience with a percept will always create that percept.

People recognize when multi-tasking is costing them and usually stop.

False

For each of the following, select those pairs that are thought to be processed as separate visual streams.

Fine spatial information and movement; Color and brightness

Which difficulty in problem solving (described by Gestalt psychologists) does creativity potentially help resolve?

Functional fixedness.

______ is a member of the superordinate category, ______ is in in the basic category, and _____ is in the subordinate category.

Furniture; table; kitchen table

In an experiment, Group A is asked to read a passage. Members in Group B are asked to read the same passage but are given a prologue that helps their understanding of the passage. When given a recall test

Group B recalled more of the passage but made more intrusion errors than Group A.

Mona has been blind since birth. Which of the following is most likely true about her visual abilities?

Her performance on imagery tasks is similar to the performance of sighted individuals.

Which of the following is a potential problem for memory retrieval in relation to memory connections?

If two memories become linked, bits of information from one memory can be remembered as part of a different memory.

Overlapping activation in visual cortex during fMRI of imagery and perception best supports which side of the imagery debate?

Imagery and perception share resources.

Jillian is participating in an experiment in which she was asked to shadow a message presented to the left ear while simultaneously ignoring a message presented to the right ear. Jillian is LEAST likely to detect which of the following changes in the signals?

Initially, the right ear's message contains a male voice reading a coherent passage, but this is then replaced by the same voice reading a sequence of random words.

What is a potential downside to the processing of parallel visual streams?

It can be difficult to associate an object in one stream with the same object represented in another stream.

Why is the central-executive component of Baddeley's working memory model often referred to as the traffic cop?

It controls the flow of information between the other working memory components.

Rote (copying verbatim) note taking is considered better for learning concepts than just listening for which reason?

It helps combat mind wandering.

Jose is asked to remember the order of a previously presented list of words. Compared to an immediate recall test, what effect would you expect a 20-second delay of white noise to have on memory performance?

It would have no effect on memory, compared to an immediate recall test.

Which of the following is most like an example of the influence of implicit memory?

Marcus was taking a multiple-choice test. He was having a hard time with Question 17, but Option D for that question seemed familiar, so he decided that D must be the correct answer.

Which of the following does NOT describe an introspective approach to the study of the mind?

Measuring the number of times a person turns left in a maze before and after left turns are paired with shocks.

Visual information may be stored in memory via a verbal description of the previously viewed object. Memory can be improved when an appropriate label of description is available. This is consistent with which of the following themes about memory?

Memory benefits from understanding.

Which of the following statements about memory accuracy is FALSE?

Memory errors are more common with "remember" responses, relative to "know" responses.

According to the Goulimaki Slate article, approximately what percentage of students say they text during class?

Most, 70-90%.

Which of the following statements about neurons is FALSE?

Neurons have one basic shape.

Which cognitive neuroscience method and description of how it studies mental processing and representations is incorrect?

Neuropsychology: observing dysfunction only when a double dissociation is present.

Is talking/texting while driving safe? why?

No, driving demands constant application of attentional resources and we lack enough excess attentional resources to be talking to someone over the phone.

What are the three steps involved in the analogical problem solving process?

Noticing there is an analogous source problem, mapping the target problem onto the source problem, applying the mapping to find the parallel solution.

Which of the following is NOT an advantage gained by visualizing a problem via a mental image?

One can easily make new discoveries about the imaged form, including discoveries that involve an entirely new understanding of the form.

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the light-from-above assumption?

Our exposure to physical regularities in the natural world.

Which of the following methods improves memory by using existing memories?

Peg-word systems and method of loci.

The formation of schemas effects:

Perception; Future memories; Recall

An experienced driver can drive while holding a relatively complex conversation. This combination of activities is difficult, however, for a novice driver. Which of the following explanations most likely explains the difference?

Practicing a task leads to a decline in the resource demands for that task.

Which of the following is an example of someone using 'method of loci'?

Pretending you are walking down Pearl Street, leaving an item you want to remember in each store window as you go.

Which of these memory types could be described as implicit?

Procedural memory

A model that represents specific processes with arrows that indicate connections to other processes is called a:

Process model

Which of the following statements about processing fluency is NOT accurate?

Processing fluency is associated with improved source memory.

Which of the following study methods would provide greater depth of processing?

Reading a passage, closing the book, and summarizing it.

Which of the following statements is true about the recognition of inverted faces?

Recognition of inverted faces is harder than for upright faces.

Rote (verbatim) note taking

Reduces mind wandering and benefits fact retention.

Why was Analytical Introspection abandoned as a method to study the mind?

Results from introspection were highly variable and hard to test.

The two primary factors driving the positive outcomes associated with the testing effect are:

Retrieval practice; Immediate feedback.

Which of the following study plans should produce the best recollection after a 1 week delay from study?

Review items, test more often early, space out future study, include tests, correct errors.

Which of the following problems is ill-defined?

Sarah is trying to think of a way to impress her boss.

Event Related Potentials (ERPs) are:

Scalp recordings of electrical activity originating in the brain.

Which of the following claims regarding schema-based knowledge is FALSE?

Schema-based knowledge relies on remembering specific information within a memory (e.g., although shelves normally contain books, I remember that those shelves contain only boxes).

What are two concepts that may contribute to source misattributions?

Schemas and Scripts

Which of the following is an example of top-down attention?

Searching for a friend in a crowd.

Though it is not in the reading, one of the reasons humans are more efficient at perceiving objects and scenes than computerized systems is because we have learned about what types of objects typically occur together.

Semantic regularity

Which of the following is NOT a conclusion from George Sperling's 1960 experiment on capacity and duration of sensory memory:

Sensory Memory registers only a small portion of the information that hit our visual receptors.

Kate has a split brain. Her doctor briefly presents the word "hammer" to only her left visual field and then asks her what she saw. Which set of responses is Kate most likely to give?

She will say she doesn't know what word appeared but she will be able to identify the object with her left hand.

Jenna sees a picture of a black lab standing in front of its owner. The dog is blocking part of the owner's leg, so that some of the leg is unavailable to Jenna. How is Jenna likely to perceive this image?

She will think the leg continues behind the body of the dog.

Evidence from single-cell recording experiments suggests that we might have a cell that responds to a picture of Jennifer Aniston. Which of the following statements about that experiment is true?

Some cells responded to pictures of Jennifer Aniston, regardless of the viewpoint of the photo.

Steve is shown a list of words, which includes "baby." He is then asked to list all the words he can remember from the list, but he does not include "baby." Steve is later asked to identify words and nonwords, and "baby" is presented along with other items. Which of the following patterns is most likely to reflect Steve's performance on this identification task?

Steve will respond more quickly to "baby" than he would to other words.

A student is shown pictures of cars and faces while an fMRI took measurements in the fusiform face area (FFA). There was far less response for cars when compared to faces. The experimenter then trained the student to identify the cars accurately. After the training period, the student was shown the pictures of cars and faces again while in the fMRI. According to experience-dependent plasticity, how would the student's FFA respond to cars compared to faces in the second fMRI session?

Stronger response for cars than the first fMRI.

Analogical problem solving involves creating parallels between the example and target problems. Which features are helpful when included in the process of mapping from example to target problem?

Structure features.

Which of the following is not a method used in behaviorism?

Studying behavior to infer mental processes.

Generative note taking is:

Summarizing, paraphrasing, and concept mapping during lecture.

SQ3R describes a technique for studying texts and stands for:

Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review

Which of the following statements seems to be the best illustration of encoding specificity?

Susan has learned the principles covered in her psychology class, but she has difficulty remembering the principles in the context of her day-to-day life.

Which feature of brain tissue allows us to talk about neurons as individual units rather than as an undifferentiated continuous mass?

Synapse

What do we call the tiny gaps between neurons and which parts of two neurons is it connect?

Synapse, Axon and Dendrite

Participants are shown the letter-string TPUM for 30 ms and asked to identify what they saw. If they are going to answer incorrectly, which response are they most likely to give?

TRUM

Select all of the following that provide practice retrieving an item from memory.

Teaching someone the concept; Taking a test on the reading section.

Having difficulty saying "blue" when reporting the color of ink the word "Purple" is printed in, is example of what effect?

The Stroop effect.

The idea of a "cognitive budget" is used several times in this chapter. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the "cognitive budget"?

The budget can increase through practice.

In which of the following situations would we be most likely to see an N400 ERP?

The bunny was holding a pancake on her head.

Which of the following claims is true for a depiction of a cat but NOT for a description of a cat?

The cat's head will probably be prominent, but the cat's claws are likely not to be.

You are at a concert for your favorite musical artist. There are thousands of people around you screaming and yelling. You can hear the musician singing but you fail to notice what the person next to you is saying until they say your name. This is an example of what?

The cocktail party effect.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes visual illusions?

The cognitive architecture that helps us in most cases causes illusions in other cases.

Lateral inhibition leads to which perceptual experience?

The edge of an object is enhanced.

Based on the composite depth of processing data presented in this book, how does the intention to memorize influence how well we learn?

The intention to memorize adds nothing to our ability to learn.

If you organized a game of Trivial Pursuit® with a group of Korsakoff patients, which of the following actions is LEAST likely to occur?

The patients do well on current events.

Generally, in a rate code, when the intensity of a stimulus is very high:

The rate of firing increases

Which of the following statements about association cortex is FALSE?

The visual association cortex is located in the subcortical parts of the brain.

Which of the following statements does NOT illustrate the difference between rods and cones?

There are three types of rods (for three different wavelengths of light) and only one type of cone.

Donders and Ebbinghaus worked in the 1800s, long before the cognitive revolution. Why could we still consider Donders and Ebbinghaus cognitive psychologists?

They both used measures of behavior to indirectly study mental processes.

Which is likely the driving factor behind the presence of mental representations of the external world?

They can be used to make survival, and the production of offspring, more likely.

Why do occlusion or blurring make object detection difficult?

They reduce the amount of information available to recognize an object.

Top-down attention differs from top-down perception in that:

Top-down attention is the goal-directed selection of experience.

Due to one's previous knowledge of a language, the phenomenon of speech segmentation occurs and that person is able to tell when one word ends and the next begins, ultimately allowing for fluent conversation with another. Predicting a word using knowledge of the broader world represents_________.

Top-down processing

If a person recently lost their vision. Is the visual system in their brain able to engage in any of the following?

Top-down processing

Posner, Snyder, and Davidson (1980) examined spatial attention using arrows as a prime. Most of the time the arrow pointed to the area where the stimulus would appear, but 20% of the time it did not. They compared reaction times (RTs) when the cue was valid, when it was invalid, and when a neutral cue was presented. Which of the following statements was NOT supported by their findings?

We can attend to two different locations without a reduction in performance.

It seems inefficient to need to rely on so many different cues for depth perception. Why, then, do we have so many disparate cues?

We use different cues in different situations.

Which of the following would be an effective way to utilize the generation effect to make your studying more effective?

Writing your own flash cards.

You are reading The Onion (a satirical news magazine) and see a headline that states "FDA Approves Napalm as Medication," which you find interesting. Later on you are talking to several friends. One suggests that napalm is very dangerous and the other says it is not all that bad. You have a feeling that you read something about napalm lately and decide to chime in. Given what you know about familiarity, how would you likely respond to your friend's debate?

You are more likely to think your pro-napalm friend is correct but are unsure as to why you agree with him.

You are flipping through channels when you come upon a French-speaking station. You do not speak French and you are amazed at how quickly it is spoken. Which of the following factors is most important to your perception?

You are not able to segment the speech sounds into phonemes, making it sound faster.

What would be the most accurate way to describe familiarity?

a conclusion one draws about a stimulus

During a successful classical conditioning procedure:

a conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditioned stimulus, creating a conditioned response

In general, any technique designed to improve memory is referred to as

a mnemonic strategy.

One way that we can perceive depth is through our awareness of the adjustment our lens is making. This cue would be

a monocular depth cue.

In the word "cats" the "s" is

a morpheme and a phoneme.

Which of the following would a classical behaviorist be LEAST likely to study?

a participant's beliefs

H.M. had much of his hippocampus removed to alleviate seizures. An unfortunate side effect was impaired explicit memory, even though later testing revealed his implicit memory was spared. In order to establish a double dissociation, which of the following patients would need to be found?

a patient with intact explicit memory and impaired implicit memory

Olivia has sustained damage to the prefrontal area. As a result, she is most likely to have

a variety of problems, including problems planning and implementing strategies.

Michael and Maria both witnessed an auto accident. Maria remembers watching the car race past a stop sign, but she hears Michael report to the police that the car raced past a yield sign. Based on the results of similar studies, Maria is likely to recall that she saw

a yield sign, incorporating Michael's report into her own recollection.

Our "self-schema" is NOT likely to include

accurate memories about poor grades.

Emotion has multiple effects on the encoding and retrieval of memories. Which of the following is most likely to occur during the recall of everyday emotional events?

accurate recall of the event's gist (i.e., the emotional event's center), but relatively poor recall of the event's background details ("periphery")

Attention is best characterized as a(n)

achievement

A response threshold is the

activation level at which a response occurs.

A neuron's initial, internal response to an incoming signal can vary in size. The ultimate, external response of the cell, however, does not vary in size. If the signal is sent, it is always of the same magnitude. This effect is called the

all-or-none law

By using leading questions and misinformation, researchers have been able to

alter virtually any aspect of participants' memories and have even been able to create memories for entire events that never took place.

When we say, "There is a family resemblance among all the members of the Martinez family," we mean that

any pair of family members will have certain traits in common even though there may be no traits shared by all of the family members.

Bob suffered brain damage and now has difficulty recognizing objects. He was shown a clock and was asked to draw it, but drew only a square. However, when asked to draw a clock from memory, he was able to do it. Bob is likely suffering from

apperceptive agnosia.

Early estimates of working-memory capacity relied on the digit-span task. The data indicate working memory capacity to be ________ items.

around 7

In a peg-word system, participants help themselves memorize a group of items by

associating each item with some part of an already memorized framework, or skeleton.

In a hierarchical network of "animals," the property "eats" would be stored

at the highest level.

Change blindness demonstrates that

attention is not sufficient for perception.

The memory that contains the full recollection of our lives is referred to as ________ memory.

autobiographical

One way to combat false memories would be to:

avoid thinking about the information in the intervening time.

Once a cell fires, the part of a neuron that transmits information to another location is the

axon

Neuron A communicates with neuron B. The ________ of neuron A forms a synapse with the ________ of neuron B.

axon terminal; dendrite

Flashbulb memories are extremely detailed, vivid memories usually associated with highly emotional events. The accuracy of these memories seems

best predicted by the consequentiality of the event to participants' lives.

Compared to novices, chess experts are more likely to have

better memory for the positions of pieces on a chess board if the pieces are arranged in a fashion that respects the rules of chess.

English nonwords (e.g., "HICE") are easier to perceive than strings of letters not resembling English words (e.g., "RSFK") because

bigram detectors for more-common letter combinations fire more readily.

Human brains have a distinct division-of-labor strategy. Each task is achieved as a result of multiple brain areas working together. But the work of the various parts of the brain must be compiled into a finished whole. The issue of how this reassembly works is referred to as the

binding problem.

The evidence from unilateral neglect patients and patients with normal attentional abilities suggests that

both space- and object-based attention are important in attention.

Exemplar and prototype theories are similar in the following ways EXCEPT that

both theories require previous memories to be averaged, or combined.

Capturing attention by stimulus salience depends on:

bottom-up processing.

Cognitive processes are NOT necessary for which daily activity?

breathing

If attention is like a spotlight, then feature search is a(n) ________ spotlight, while a search for a combination of features is a ________ spotlight.

broad; focused

If a memory is like a city you want to travel to and the retrieval paths you use to find the memory are like highways that lead to that city, which is the best strategy for memorizing?

build many highways that travel in many directions, so you have multiple ways to remember it later

Jerry, a lawyer, has read about a case (Jones v. Arizona) that he thinks will help one of his clients. Jerry wants to make sure that he remembers to discuss the case with his client and that he brings up the case in his opening statement in court. His best approach is likely to be to

build multiple retrieval paths between the new case and the situations in which he wishes to use it.

When thinking of a list of digits in terms of racing times, one person is found to report up to 79 digits. This suggests that this person

can remember this information due to a unique chunking strategy.

Unlike fMRI, TMS can be used to make ________ statements.

causal

The ________ contains the machinery necessary to keep the cell alive and functioning properly.

cell body

Communication between neurons is _____ while communication along a neuron is electrical.

chemical

Neuron X sends a signal that is picked up and processed by Neuron Y. This between-cell communication occurs via

chemical transmission between Neuron X and Neuron Y.

Communication between neurons is ________, while communication within a neuron is ________.

chemical; electrical

The corpus callosum serves what major function?

communication between hemispheres

The term "top-down processing" can be interchanged with the term "________ processing."

concept-driven

Despite the fact that sensory stimuli can change from moment to moment, we perceive the details (color, shape, etc.) of an image to be stable because of

constancy.

A researcher has identified the receptive field for a neuron and has determined that the receptive field has a center-surround organization. If the researcher were to shine light into the entire receptive field, including both the center and the surrounding areas, we would expect the neuron to

continue firing at its resting rate.

Capgras syndrome provides an illustration of several important themes in Chapter 2. All of the following are true of Capgras EXCEPT

damage to the amygdala will result in an inability to recognize imposters.

Data indicate that, all things being equal, recall performance will be best if materials are encoded with ________ processing.

deep

Researchers have used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to disrupt portions of the healthy brain. When asking participants to search for a target, we expect TMS applied to the parietal lobe to

disrupt the search for a target defined by a conjunction of features (e.g., "Find the shape that is red and round").

Studies looking at electrical activity in the brain suggest that the processing steps for attended stimuli and unattended stimuli are:

distinguishable around 80 milliseconds after stimuli presentation.

H.M. had the hippocampus on both sides of his brain removed. This caused him to have impaired long-term memory, but an intact short-term memory. While K.F. had both of his hippocampus, but parietal lobe damage. He had intact long-term memory, but poorly functioning short-term memory. This is an example of ____________. Leading us to conclude that short and long-term memory are supported by ________ regions of the brain.

double dissociation; different

The number of times a word can be repeated in a serial-recall task is highest for the items ________ in the list.

early

Cells detecting the boundary of a surface are subject to less lateral inhibition than cells detecting the center of the same surface. This leads to an effect called

edge enhancement.

Memory assistance methods that utilize existing memories improve the number of ways something can be ___________.

encoded and recalled

The creation of false memories in someone is possible

even for the creation of large-scale, entirely false events.

Mark suffered a blow to the head many weeks ago, causing retrograde amnesia. Which of the following incidences is Mark LEAST likely to remember?

events that took place just prior to his injury

A participant is trying to memorize the word "parade." To help herself, she thinks about the word within a complicated sentence: "From their third-floor apartment, they had a great view of all the bands, the cowboys, and the floats in the Thanksgiving parade." This learning strategy will produce

excellent memory performance because the strategy requires attention to meaning and provides many memory connections.

In O'Craven et al's fMRI experiment, participants who viewed superimposed face and house stimuli showed increased activation in the fusiform face area when they were asked to attend only to ______.

faces

The constructive nature of human memory is advantageous insomuch that it:

fill in the blanks

People may have the feeling that flashbulb memories are more accurate and detailed than everyday memories because:

flashbulb memories are rehearsed more often and feel more vivid because of associated emotion.

Which of the following would be considered a benefit of a feature net?

flexibility to deal with unclear inputs

Which of the following is NOT a heuristic used in problem solving?

framing

Neuroimaging techniques such as PET suggest a link between Capgras syndrome and abnormalities in all of the following brain regions EXCEPT the

fusiform face area.

The term "geons" is short for

geometric ions.

In the "remember/know" paradigm, "know" responses are NOT

given when the participant knows he or she saw the stimulus before, because he or she can recall details about the context in which it was encountered.

As a general rule, the intention to learn

has an indirect effect on learning.

Collins and Quillian (1969) suggest that information is organized

hierarchically.

Individuals who repeatedly review material with no testing report _________ they will test better at a later date than those who undergo testing instead of review.

higher confidence that

In cognition, as in other sciences, we first develop ________ and then ________ them.

hypotheses; test

A researcher hypothesizes that high doses of caffeine can produce context-dependent learning. To confirm this hypothesis, the researcher would need to show that

if participants study the material while drinking a great deal of coffee, they will remember the material better if they drink a great deal of coffee while taking the memory test.

Research on very-long-term remembering indicates that

if you learn material well enough to retain it for 3 or 4 years, the odds are good that you will continue to remember the material for many more years.

Misleading questions asked after participants have witnessed an event influence their

immediate reports of the event, as well as their recall of the event if they try to remember it sometime later.

There is some evidence that being bilingual has other cognitive advantages. Which of the following is NOT one of those advantages?

improved long-term memory for everyday events

"Context reinstatement" refers to

improved memory if we re-create the context that was in place during learning.

Shadowing can provide a cue for depth. For example, if a shadow appears on the bottom of a circle, the object appears convex. However, if the shadow appears on the top of the object, it appears concave. This happens because

in the real world, light comes from above more often than from below.

Memory errors and distortions have been documented

in the recall of complex events.

Intrusion errors in memory are errors

in which other knowledge intrudes into the remembered event.

The ability to use selective attention to focus on a single object or thought comes at a price. __________ is the inability to describe stimuli that are not the focus of attention.

inattentional blindness

The testing effect was shown in a study by Roediger and Karpicke in 2006 when they found that ________.

individuals better remembered a list a week later when they were tested on the material instead of studying the material again.

The existence of task-general resources is indicated by the fact that

interference between two tasks can sometimes be observed even if the two tasks have no elements in common.

Garden-path sentences illustrate that

interpreting a sentence as each word arrives may lead to errors.

A participant is asked to look within himself or herself and report on his or her own mental processes. This method is called

introspection.

Some researchers have suggested that highly painful memories can be repressed. This theory

is controversial and the evidence is ambiguous at best.

The recognition of faces

is influenced by configurational factors, suggesting that a model based on feature detection will provide a poor explanation of face recognition.

Executive control is likely engaged in all of the following situations EXCEPT when one

is working on "auto-pilot."

The Goulimaki Slate article cites researchers as saying that they are most concerned about multi-tasking:

learning or doing school work.

The hippocampus is associated with forming new complex memories but older memories are thought to be ________ the hippocampus.

less dependent on

Taking higher quality notes is associated with:

less mind wandering

Elements of Atkinson and Shiffrin's Modal Model of Memory

long-term memory, short-term memory, sensory memory

A synapse is

made up of the end of one neuron's axon, another neuron's receiving membrane, and the gap between these two.

What does MRI stand for?

magnetic resonance imaging

Because of its center-surround organization, a neuron that has its entire receptive field exposed to bright light will

maintain the same rate of firing as if there was no light presented.

Biederman's recognition by components (RBC) model

makes use of geon detectors, which in turn trigger detectors for geon assemblies.

In some speech sounds, the flow of air out of the lungs is entirely interrupted for a moment; for other sounds, the flow of air is restricted but air continues to flow. This feature of sound production is referred to as

manner of production.

In dichotic listening experiments, some aspects of the unattended message seem to leak through and are heard despite the participant's intention to ignore the message. Which of the following statements reflects what is LEAST likely to leak through in this fashion?

material that is easily distinguishable from the attended message in its semantic content

"Bottom-up" (or "data-driven") mechanisms are

mechanisms for which activity is primarily triggered and shaped by the incoming stimulus information.

The notion that language influences thought, called linguistic relativity, is controversial because

much of the supportive evidence can be explained via attention mechanisms.

Like the disambiguation of other percepts, the identification of words happens more quickly, and is more likely, for words that:

occur more frequently.

Salience is defined by visual features like

orientation, intensity, color

The phrase "Betsy wants to bring Jacob a present. She shook her piggy bank" is easily understood by most people because

our previous knowledge fills in the necessary details.

In a memory experiment, participants were shown a form that could be interpreted in more than one way. Half the participants were told, "Here is a picture of the sun." The other participants were told, "Here is a picture of a ship's steering wheel." Sometime later, participants were asked to draw the exact form they had seen earlier. The data indicate that

participants' drawings were biased in a fashion that reflected the labels that they had been given earlier.

In a study by Brewer and Treyens (1981), participants waited in an experimenter's office for the experiment to begin. After they left the room, they learned that the study was about their memory of that office. This study demonstrated that

people make assumptions using prior knowledge about what an academic office typically contains.

In Kosslyn et al., 1999, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied to visual cortex which disrupted...

perception and imagery.

Multi-tasking affects:

performance, speed, and later memory

A unit of sound that can be put together with other units of sound to form words is referred to as a:

phoneme.

Baddeley's model of working memory consists of three components (phonological loop, visuospatial sketch pad, and central executive). If you were giving your friend directions to get to your house from the passenger seat, their__________ is taking in the verbal information while their_________ is helping them visualize the streets ahead.

phonological loop ; visuospatial sketch pad

The study of the sounds used in language is usually referred to as

phonology.

Milner and Goodale concluded there is a difference between vision for perception and vision for action because patient D.F., who had a lesion in her ventral stream, struggled when asked to hold up a card at the same orientation as a mail slot but...

placed the card in the slot flawlessly.

Because of the effects of context-dependent learning, students might find it wise to

prepare for their examinations under conditions similar to the test conditions.

Bob does very well on all of his English papers and is praised for his skilled writing. However, when he is around his friends he says things like "ain't" and "like" often, though his sentences are still grammatical. When writing he is following ________, while when speaking he is following ________.

prescriptive rules; descriptive rules

Evidence suggests that decay

probably explains far less forgetting than interference or retrieval failure.

All of the states one can reach in solving a problem together make up the

problem space.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) uses a strong magnetic pulse to

produce a temporary disruption to the brain area, and thus brain function, where it is applied.

Sentence verification technique is a procedure used to determine how quickly someone can answer questions about an object's category. This ability to judge highly _____ objects faster is called _______.

prototypical; typicality effect

Double dissociations in memory are important because they

provide strong evidence for separate memory systems.

Familiarity (as opposed to source memory)

provides one of the important sources for recognition.

Moving your head or body to get a different view of an object can help resolve perceptual ambiguity by...

providing additional information, in this case, a comparison between the expected object shapes from different points of view.

Patients who have suffered damage to the occipital-parietal pathway (the "where" system) will have difficulties with which of the following tasks?

reaching in the correct direction to retrieve the toothbrush

An investigator asks, "Can you remember what happened last Tuesday at noon while you were sitting in the back room of Jane's Restaurant?" This is an example of a question relying on

recall.

The form of brain damage identified as prosopagnosia is primarily characterized by an inability to

recognize faces.

According to exemplar theory, typicality effects

reflect the fact that typical category members are probably frequent in our environment and are therefore frequently represented in memory.

The importance of vision for humans is reflected in the

relative size of the visual cortex.

Articulatory suppression shows that the phonological loop utilizes sounds through an experimental technique called a 'dual-task paradigm'. In a dual-task paradigm, participants are asked to perform a second task during the experiment that might use the same resource as the main task. In articulatory suppression, when participants are asked to ________ the number of words they can hold in mind is ________.

repeat an irrelevant sound; shorter

A map of the distance of objects around me would be an example of a(an) ______________ computed from input stimuli.

representation

According to prototype theory, the mental representation for each concept

represents an average or ideal for the category's members.

Cognitive psychology often relies on the transcendental method, in which

researchers seek to infer the properties of unseen events on the basis of the observable effects of those events.

The auditory cortex follows the principle of contralateral control. Thus, the

right temporal lobe receives most of its input from the left ear.

The computational assumption says that mental processes are ____________ applied to stimuli to produce ______________ that can be acted on.

rules, computations, or transformations; representations

As memories become better consolidated they may form the basis of _____________.

schemas

In some studies, participants have been asked to visualize a particular stimulus (e.g., the letter A). If the same stimulus is then presented at low contrast, visualization

serves to prime perception of the stimulus.

Which of these is LEAST important for memory acquisition?

shallow processing

If given a list of the words "white," "winter," "cold," and "flake," which word will people be most likely to erroneously report on a later memory test?

snow

The evidence about animal language suggests that

some animals can use language at a very basic level (akin to a three- or four-year-old).

You should be skeptical of "recovered" memories that were repressed because

some recovered memories turn out to be false memories suggested by therapists.

The process of "slicing" the stream of speech into successive syllables or words is called

speech segmentation.

B.F. Skinner, a behaviorist, proposed that children learn to use language through a series of ______ and _______ associations.

stimulus, response

McClelland and Rumelhart's model of word recognition suggests detectors on separate levels can interact in a bidirectional manner. Biological evidence ________ this notion because ________.

supports; visual processing is bidirectional

Information is transmitted between neurons across a gap between neurons called a __________ through the release of __________.

synapse; neurotransmitters

The rules governing the sequence of words in forming phrases and sentences are rules of

syntax.

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis states..

that the language of a culture can affect the way people think.

When recalling of sequence of words, performance is better for:

the beginning and the end of the list.

The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketch pad can be used simultaneously, this is due to __________, coordinating and combining the incoming information.

the central executive, often referred to as the "traffic cop"

This chapter argues that the way the details of complex episodes are held together actually leads to errors. Which component of the connections leads to both the successes and errors of memory?

the density of the memory connections

This chapter describes in detail one way a feature net can be designed, but other designs may turn out to be preferable. For example, McClelland and Rumelhart's model makes use of all of the following statements EXCEPT

the elimination of feature detectors, relying instead on geon detectors.

A participant who has just participated in an experiment involving dichotic listening is LEAST likely to remember

the meaning of the words presented on the unattended channel.

Looking at an object from multiple angles results in more accurate information about the shape of an object, especially when...

the object is unfamiliar.

The primary motor projection area forms a "map" of the body and the projections control movement to specific areas of the body. The amount of cortical tissue dedicated to different parts of the body correlates with

the precision of movement for the body part.

The strategy of maintenance rehearsal involves

the repetition of the items to be remembered, with little attention paid to what the items mean.

A proposition is defined as

the smallest unit of knowledge that can be true or false.

The term "covariation" refers to

the tendency in a pattern of data for observations of one sort to be linked to observations of another sort.

If a participant is asked to perform two activities at the same time, performance will be improved if

the two activities are highly dissimilar, drawing on different task-specific resources.

A participant is shown a series of stimuli and is asked to name the color of the ink in which the stimuli are printed. The eighth stimulus happens to be printed in green ink. We should expect a relatively slow response if the stimulus happens to be

the word "RED" printed in green.

The modal model asserts that information processing involves at least two kinds of memory: working memory and long-term memory. Long-term memory is

theoretically unlimited in capacity.

Commissures, including the corpus callosum, are

thick bundles of fibers that allow communication between the brain's hemispheres.

Attention is limited in several ways. Sometimes we can complete competing tasks at the same time, but sometimes we cannot because the tasks interfere with each other. Which combination of tasks is likely to cause the LEAST amount of interference?

two tasks that require different task-specific resources

The serial position curve is _________ because words are best remembered when they are presented _____________.

u-shaped; at the beginning or the end of a list

A phrase-structure rule is a rule governing

what the constituents must be for any syntactic element of a sentence.

Which of the following findings would provide evidence *against* Collins and Quillian's hierarchical semantic network model?

when asked to make yes/no judgments, participants respond more quickly to "schnauzers are a form of life" than "schnauzers are vertebrates".

Studies of moment-by-moment brain activity indicate that

when participants are visualizing, activity levels are high in brain regions also crucial for visual perception.

Researchers have tried to study the moment of illumination in the laboratory. The evidence indicates that

when participants report an illumination, they are at least as likely to be moving toward a dead end as they are to be moving toward the problem's solution.