Cognitive Test 3

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect? a. Repetition b. Source c. Stress d. Culture

Repetition

In the multiple-factor approach, the fact that people exhibit physical attributes, actions, and emotions is known as ________. a. weighting b. stacking c. crowding d. loading

crowding

After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience? a. Suggestible b. Structured c. Autobiographical d. Multidimensional

Multidimensional

Monique is an interior design student. As part of her internship, she is redesigning a small kitchen for a client. She would like to expand the kitchen and add a dining area. Before creating sketches for the client, she imagines the new layout in her mind, most likely using a. a depictive representation. b. a proposition. c. the method of loci. d. tacit knowledge.

a depictive representation.

In a lexical decision task, participants have to decide whether a. a presented stimulus is a word. b. a stimulus is presented. c. two stimuli are associated. d. a statement is true.

a presented stimulus is a word.

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories a. occur for details but not for entire events. b. do not occur for all people but rather are experienced by suggestible or inattentive people. c. arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories. d. occur in laboratory settings but do not occur in real-world circumstances.

arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories.

In the context of cognitive psychology and conceptual models, a tool would be classified as a(n) ________. a. artifact b. spoke c. node d. example

artifact

Suppose that, as a participant in an imagery study, you are asked to memorize the four outside walls of a three-story rectangular house. Later, you are asked to report how many windows are on the front of the house. You will probably be fastest to answer this question if you create an image as though you were standing a. right at the front door. b. at the far side of the front yard, away from the house. c. one mile away from the house. d. two feet from the front door.

at the far side of the front yard, away from the house.

Luis is taking his girlfriend, Rosa, to a resort town neither one of them has visited. Luis wants to make a good impression on Rosa, so he spends the week before the trip reading about fun places to go while they are there. He also memorizes a map of the small resort town, so he can lead her around without bothering to ask for directions. When they arrive, they first visit a botanical garden. When Rosa says, "Where to next?" Luis conjures a mental image of the map and says, "art museum." Let's assume the garden was six inches due south on the map and that it took Luis four seconds to scan the map image between the two. After they visit the museum, Luis takes Rosa to a fancy restaurant. On the map, the restaurant was three inches northwest of the museum, so it is most likely that when Luis scanned the image to find the restaurant, the scan took approximately ___________ seconds. a. two b. three c. four d. six

two

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect. a. resemblance b. typicality c. reaction time d. priming

typicality

Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ___________, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ___________. a. using visual images; deactivated b. perceiving stimuli; deactivated c. perceiving stimuli; activated d. using visual images; activated

using visual images; deactivated

Behaviorists branded the study of imagery as being unproductive because a. visual images vary in detail. b. the imageless thought debate was unresolved. c. some people have great difficulty forming visual images. d. visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

visual images are invisible to everyone except the person experiencing them.

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that a. highly confident eyewitnesses are usually accurate. b. when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong. c. it is unnecessary to warn an eyewitness that a suspect may or may not be in a lineup. d. despite public misconception, eyewitnesses are usually very accurate when selecting a perpetrator from a lineup.

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in his or her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of his or her choice, even when the choice is wrong.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves a. visual icons. b. perceptual images. c. mental images. d. echoic schemas

mental images.

Suppose we asked people to form simultaneous images of two or more animals such as a rabbit alongside an elephant. Then, we ask them basic questions about the animals. For example, we might ask if the rabbit has whiskers. Given our knowledge of imagery research, we would expect the fastest response to this question when the rabbit is imagined alongside a. a bumblebee. b. a rhinoceros. c. an anteater. d. a wolf.

a bumblebee.

Imagery neurons respond to a. concrete mental images but not abstract mental images. b. only visual images in a specific category. c. all visual images. d. an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image.

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units. a. back propagation b. graceful degradation c. spreading activation d. error verification

back propagation

According to Rosch, the ___________ level of categories reflects people's everyday experience. a. exemplary b. subordinate c. prototypical d. basic

basic

Which of the choices best represents cognitive economy in the following sentence? The property _______is stored at the _______node. a. can fly; bird b. has feathers; ostrich c. can fly; canary d. bird; penguin

can fly; bird

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder a. can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life b. helped him draw powerful inferences and intelligent conclusions from his vast knowledge base. c. is largely a blessing because no event would be erased. d. is an advantage because it eliminates "selective" recording (remembering some events and forgetting others), which provides no useful service to humans.

can seriously disrupt functioning in one's personal life

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on a. a defined set of category members. b. a universal set of category members. c. the definition of the category. d. category members that have been encountered in the past.

category members that have been encountered in the past

Measuring the amount of time a person requires to complete different cognitive tasks is the goal of mental ________. a. scanning b. chronometry c. topography d. imagery

chronometry

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties. a. overlapping b. convergence c. obstruction d. crowding

crowding

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as a. narrative rehearsal. b. cryptoamnesia. c. repeated reproduction. d. repeated recall.

cryptoamnesia.

Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed a. the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories. b. the priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories. c. no measurable priming effect. d. the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.

The conceptual peg hypothesis would predict enhanced memory for which word pair? a. Amazing grace b. Cake mug c. Mission impossible d. True lies

Cake mug

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird. a. 583: 518: 653 ms b. 518: 583: 653 ms c. 653: 583: 518 ms d. 583: 653: 518 ms

583: 653: 518 ms

According to the concept of topographical mapping, which of the following stimuli encountered on a beach trip will activate the farthest forward in the visual cortex? a. A white sailboat on the horizon b. A green popsicle in your hand c. A yellow kite in the sky d. A pink beachball on your towel

A pink beachball on your towel

According to the hub and spoke model, which area of the brain serves as the hub? a. Anterior temporal lobe b. Occipital lobe c. Parietal lobe d. Medial thalamus

Anterior temporal lobe

Which of the following terms is most closely associated with semantic networks? a. Serial processing b. Cognitive economy c. Prototype formation d. Distributed processing

Cognitive economy

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following? a. Validity b. Content c. Longevity d. Neural response

Content

Which of the following is most commonly associated with music-enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)? a. Emotion b. Repression c. Culture d. Trauma

Emotion

___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past. a. Exemplars b. Units c. Prototypes d. Icons

Exemplars

Which of the following is NOT associated with the semantic network model? a. Hierarchical organization b. Spreading activation c. Family resemblance d. Cognitive economy

Family resemblance

Paivio (1963) proposed the conceptual peg hypothesis. His work suggests which of the following would be most difficult to remember? a. America b. Apple pie c. Baseball d. Freedom

Freedom

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall? a. Marrying at age 60 b. Graduating from college at age 22 c. Retiring from work at age 40 d. Having a child at age 45

Graduating from college at age 22

Which of the following represents a basic level item? a. Rock guitar b. Guitar c. Paul McCartney's bass guitar d. Musical instrument

Guitar

Which of the following lies at the foundation of a connectionist network? a. Crowding b. Prototyping c. Mirroring d. Learning

Learning

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing? a. Source monitoring error b. Pragmatic inference c. Misinformation effect d. Illusory truth effect

Illusory truth effect

What is likely to occur if a person sustains damage to the parietal lobe of the brain? a. Topographic maps will be mostly abstract. b. Image processing will be reduced by half. c. Complex images will appear one-dimensional. d. Images will be perceived as being smaller.

Image processing will be reduced by half.

Suppose we ask people to perform the following cognitive tasks. Which is LEAST likely to strongly activate the visual cortex? a. Imagine your car first from far away and then how it looks as you walk closer to it. b. Imagine a typical unsharpened pencil. Approximate its length in inches. c. Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics." d. Imagine a tic-tac-toe game proceeding from start to finish.

Imagine the meaning of the word "ethics."

A spatial imagery test measures a person's capacity with imaging which of the following? a. Layout b. Distance c. Detail d. Texture

Layout

Which of the following is a connectionist model proposing that concepts are represented by activity that is spread across a network? a. Enhancement due to priming b. The prototype approach c. Semantic network theory d. Parallel distributed processing theory

Parallel distributed processing theory

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. a. Prospective memory b. Pragmatic inference c. Automatic narrative d. Observer perspective

Pragmatic inference

Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts? a. Hypothetical b. Depictive c. Spatial d. Propositional

Propositional

Which of the following representation types is associated with abstract concepts? a. Depictive b. Propositional c. Spatial d. Hypothetical

Propositional

According to the cognitive hypothesis, experiences that occur during periods of rapid personal development followed by periods of stability tend to be easier to remember due to which of the following? a. Cultural scripts b. Narrative rehearsing c. Strong encoding d. Youth bias

Strong encoding

Which of the following theories on conceptual representation combines both sensory and motor experiences? a. The embodied approach b. The sensory-functional hypothesis c. The hub and spoke model d. The multiple-factor approach

The embodied approach

Leaving a footprint in the wet sand—with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified—is similar to which concept? a. Mental walk b. Pegword c. Topographic map d. Depictive representation

Topographic map

Which type of research employed a "train on perception, test on perception" method to demonstrate imagery/perception overlap? a. Transcranial magnetic stimulation b. Multivoxel pattern analysis c. Method of loci d. Paired-associate learning

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Which of the following would be in a basic level category? a. Vehicle b. Pickup truck c. Truck d. Transportation

Truck

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of units found within a parallel distributed processing model? a. Output units b. Working units c. Hidden units d. Input units

Working units

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________. a. artifacts b. colors c. abstractions d. actions

abstractions

One of the key properties of the ___________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network. a. connectionist b. spreading activation c. hierarchical d. semantic network

connectionist

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization. a. exemplar b. family resemblance c. definitional d. prototype

definitional

According to the sensory-functional hypothesis, our ability to differentiate living things and artifacts depends on a semantic memory system that distinguishes _____ and one that distinguishes _____. a. serial nodes; familiar concepts b. sequential networks; familial resemblance c. sensory attributes; function d. sensations; facts

sensory attributes; function

A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery. a. abstract b. spatial c. detail d. propositional

spatial

Jorge and Bob are neighbors. Jorge loves birds and his father works for the zoo. He has been to a dozen bird sanctuaries, and he and his dad go on bird watching hikes once a month. In contrast, Bob doesn't think much about birds. His only contact with them is in his backyard. It would be correct to say that Jorge's standard probably involves a. more prototypes and more exemplars than Bob's. b. the same prototypes and exemplars as Bob's. c. more prototypes than Bob's. d. more exemplars than Bob's.

more exemplars than Bob's.

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the a. life-narrative hypothesis. b. cognitive hypothesis. c. reminiscence hypothesis. d. narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their a. order. b. bizarreness. c. concreteness. d. importance.

order.

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____. a. misattribution b. schema c. script d. narrative

script

A person who has been diagnosed with ________ dementia has difficulty recognizing both living things and artifacts. a. symbiotic b. parallel c. semantic d. superordinate

semantic

The ___________ model includes associations between concepts and the property of spreading activation. a. neural network b. connectionist network c. parallel distributed processing d. semantic network

semantic network

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves a. the same participants remembering some information for as many trials as it takes to recall all of the information correctly. b. the same participants recalling some information many times but, each time, receiving different retrieval cues to assist their recall. c. different groups of participants remembering some information across different periods of time after learning the information. d. the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information.

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for a. young adulthood and middle age. b. childhood and adolescence. c. adolescence and young adulthood. d. childhood and middle age.

adolescence and young adulthood.

Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat- hat and car- house. While taking the test, she would be presented with a. b___ - h___. b. boat _______ - car ________. c. house. d. a blank piece of paper for free recall.

boat _______ - car ________.

Two different definitions of ___________ offered by your book include (a) "the mental representation of a class or individual," and (b) "categories of objects, events, and abstract ideas." a. concepts b. units c. prototypes d. exemplars

concepts

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network a. connection weights. b. output units. c. hidden units. d. nodes.

connection weights.

According to the ______ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations. a. source b. misinformation c. constructive d. event-specific

constructive

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a __________ process. a. life-narrative b. consequentiality based c. constructive d. narrative-rehearsal

constructive

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the a. familiarity effect. b. reminiscence bump. c. constructive nature of memory. d. misinformation effect.

constructive nature of memory.

If you say that "a Labrador retriever is my idea of a typical dog," you would be using the ___________ approach to categorization. a. exemplar b. family resemblance c. definitional d. prototype

exemplar

Research suggests that the ___________ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g., U.S. presidents). a. exemplar b. semantic network c. definitional d. prototype

exemplar

Your text describes an experiment by Talarico and Rubin (2003) that measured people's memories of the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Which of the following was the primary result of that research? a. Participants had very little confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the events 32 weeks after they occurred. b. Participants had high confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the terrorist events 32 weeks later, but when actually tested made significant errors when asked what they were doing on the day of the attacks. c. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events. d. Participants had a very high level of confidence of the terrorist events and also had high confidence in their present "everyday" memories 32 weeks later.

After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

Mental scanning experiments found a. a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image. b. an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image. c. a constant scanning time for all locations on an image. d. that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved a. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. b. participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. c. omissions of information that was presented. d. confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous.

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

One beneficial property of connectionist networks is graceful degradation, which refers to the property that a. learning can be generalized between similar concepts to facilitate future learning. b. learning a new concept does not interfere with remembering a previously learned concept. c. these networks learn by a process that is analogous to the way a child learns about the world by making mistakes and being corrected. d. damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

damage to the system does not completely disrupt its operation.

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by misleading post-event information a. even if they are told to ignore the post-event information. b. if they believe the post-event information is correct. c. if the misleading post-event information is consistent with social stereotypes. d. only if the misleading post-event information is presented immediately after viewing the event.

even if they are told to ignore the post-event information.

Mental imagery involves a. the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent. b. sensory representations of a stimulus. c. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. d. mental representations of the current sensory inputs.

experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT a. source-monitoring errors due to familiarity. b. failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear. c. inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events. d. increased confidence due to post-event questioning.

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of examples of chairs even though no one category member may have all of the characteristic properties of "chairs" (e.g., most chairs have four legs but not all do) is a. prototypicality. b. graded membership. c. instance theory. d. family resemblance.

family resemblance.

Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that a. there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. b. creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task. c. imagery and perception are two different phenomena. d. imagery and perception can interact with one another.

imagery and perception can interact with one another.

"Early" researchers of imagery (beginning with Aristotle until just prior to the dominance of behaviorism) proposed all of the following ideas EXCEPT a. studying images was a way of studying thinking. b. thought is impossible without an image. c. imagery requires a special mechanism. d. images are one of the three basic elements of consciousness.

imagery requires a special mechanism.

Ira and his sister are playing "Name that Tune," the object of which is to name the title of the song when given the song's first line. Ira suggests the line "Sleigh bells ring, are you listening?" His sister can't come up with the answer at first, but realizing that the title is often embedded in the lyrics, she tries to sing them silently to herself. She then bursts out "Ah! It's 'Winter Wonderland'!" It is most likely that Ira's sister used ___________ in playing the game. a. inner audition b. visual imagery c. mental chronometry d. mental synthesis

inner audition

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory a. involves making inferences. b. depends on the participant's mood. c. is better for vivid descriptions. d. is like a tape recording.

involves making inferences.

Imagine that a young child is just learning about the category "dog." Thus far, she has experienced only two dogs, one a poodle and the other a German shepherd. On her third encounter with a dog, she will be LEAST likely to correctly categorize the animal as a dog if that animal a. matches an exemplar of one of the dogs she has experienced. b. matches the size of the poodle but is of a different breed. c. is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized. d. is similar to an "average" for the dogs she has encountered.

is a breed of dog that is hairless and teacup-sized.

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery a. is based on spatial or language mechanisms. b. is identical for all people. c. actually exists. d. can be used to inform nonvisual sensory systems.

is based on spatial or language mechanisms.

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that a. imagery occurs more automatically than perception. b. perception and imagery processes do not share the same brain mechanisms. c. it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images. d. imagery is more stable than perception.

it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images.

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants a. report less confidence about their recollections. b. make more errors in their recollections. c. remember more details about the event. d. report less vivid recollections of the event.

make more errors in their recollections.

Shepard and Metzler measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using a. image scanning. b. epiphenomena. c. mental chronometry. d. propositional representations.

mental chronometry.

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the ___________ experiment. a. mental walk b. mental set c. mental synthesis d. image scanning

mental walk

Your text describes imagery performance of a patient with unilateral neglect. This patient was asked to imagine himself standing at one end of a familiar plaza and to report the objects he saw. His behavior shows a. neglect involved both the left and right sides of the visual field, with an apparently "random" agnosia of different components of the fields. b. neglect manifests itself in perception only, not in imagery. c. neglect occurred in imagery such that some objects in the plaza were never reported. d. neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

neglect always occurred on the left side of the image, with "left side" being determined by the direction in which the patient imagined he was positioned.

Perky's imagery study (1910) had participants describe images of objects that were dimly projected onto a screen. The significance of Perky's results was that a. people "used" the screen images to create their mental images but only when the objects were unfamiliar. b. the screen images had no effect on people's mental images. c. screen images interfered with people's ability to form mental images. d. people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

people were influenced by the projected images when forming their mental images, even when they were unaware that the projected images were present.

Ganis and coworkers (2004) used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that a. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception. b. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does. c. there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery. d. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does.

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

Ganis and coworkers (2004) used fMRI to measure brain activation for perception and imagery of objects. Their results showed that a. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but imagery activates more of the back of the brain than perception does. b. perception and imagery activate the same areas near the back of the brain, but imagery activates more of the frontal lobe than does perception. c. perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does. d. there is no difference between the activation caused by perception and by imagery.

perception and imagery activate the same areas of the frontal lobe, but perception activates more of the back of the brain than imagery does.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex a. can be inferred using mental chronometry. b. supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations. c. is an epiphenomenon. d. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

Spreading activation a. creates new links between associated concepts. b. primes associated concepts. c. inhibits unrelated concepts. d. weakens the link between unrelated concepts.

primes associated concepts

"3 x + 9 = 16" is a ___________representation. a. descriptive b. propositional c. depictive d. spatial

propositional

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT a. propositions. b. rhymes. c. visualizations. d. associations.

propositions.

Kosslyn interpreted the results of his research on imagery (such as the island experiment) as supporting the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves ___________ representations. a. epiphenomenal b. unilateral c. spatial d. propositional

spatial

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model. a. typicality b. cognitive economy c. spreading activation d. back propagation

spreading activation

Complete the following analogy: Perception is to ________ as imagery is to ________. a. spark; flame b. stone; smoke c. gold; lead d. wave; droplet

stone; smoke

Based on the information your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from ___________ categories results in the largest gain in information. a. subordinate level to basic level b. basic level to subordinate level c. basic level to superordinate level d. superordinate level to basic level

superordinate level to basic level

The semantic network model predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information about a concept should be determined by a. the distance that must be traveled through the network. b. the amount of information contained in each concept. c. the typicality of the information contained in each concept. d. the representativeness of the information contained in each concept.

the distance that must be traveled through the network.

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when a. the connection weights add up to exactly +1.00. b. the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned. c. the output unit response is greater than zero and the input signal has to compensate. d. the output pattern matches the initial input pattern and this symmetry becomes "locked" into the system.

the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

Trinh is a famous chef. Since she does not like to share her secret family recipes, she does not write down her special creations, which makes it difficult to remember their ingredients. To aid her memory, she has created a unique "mental walk" that she takes to recall each recipe. For each one, she has a familiar "route" she can imagine walking through (e.g., from the end of her driveway to her living room) where she places each item in the recipe somewhere along the way (e.g., fish sauce splattered on the front door). By doing so, Trinh is using ___________ to organize her memories. a. the pegword technique b. mental synthesis c. paired-associate learning d. the method of loci

the method of loci

The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as a. the pegword technique. b. the method of loci. c. a propositional representation. d. paired-associate learning.

the method of loci.

Collins and Quillian's semantic network model predicts that the reaction time to verify "a canary is a bird" is ___________ the reaction time to verify "an ostrich is a bird." a. slower than b. faster than c. interfered with by d. the same as

the same as

For the category "fruit," people give a higher typicality rating to "banana" than to "kiwi." Knowing that, we can also reason that a. when people are asked to list all the fruits they can think of, kiwi will usually appear on their list before banana. b. the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi. c. people will have a similar number of exemplars for kiwi and banana. d. neither kiwi nor banana is likely to be the fruit "closest" to the prototype of the fruit category.

the word "fruit" will lead to a larger priming effect for banana than for kiwi.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g.,, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because a. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance. b. they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory. c. their flexible, undefined structures allow "rememberers" to spontaneously organize information in any way they want. d. distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory.

they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer ___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________. a. oak; tree b. tree; oak c. oak; oak d. tree; tree

tree; oak