Cognitive Test 4

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that a. the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving. b. people often have to backtrack within the problem space to arrive at an answer to a problem. c. people arrive at the solution to an insight problem suddenly, but proceed more methodically toward the solution of a non-insight problem. d. a person's mental set can hinder finding a solution to a problem.

a

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on a. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word. b. a bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension. c. the identification of a single meaning for that word. d. the word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence.

a

Research conducted by Chi and Snyder demonstrated that the Gestalt-style perceptual grouping of items occurs in which region of the brain? a. Temporal lobe b. Cingulate gyrus c. Parietal lobe d. Prefrontal cortex

a

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words, and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on a. psycholinguistics. b. psychoacoustics. c. psychophysics. d. neuropsychology.

a

Use of the word "If" is a good way to identify a(n) ________ syllogism. a. conditional b. invalid c. irrational d. categorical

a

Utility refers to a. outcomes that achieve a person's goals. b. the validity of a syllogism. c. how useful a reasoning process is. d. degree of risk aversion one has.

a

When the front part of a sentence can be interpreted more than one way, but the end of the sentence clarifies which meaning is correct, we say that the sentence is an example of a. speech segmentation. b. parsing. c. lexical priming. d. temporary ambiguity.

a

When the process of analogical problem solving was applied to the fortress and radiation problems, which of the following represented the mapping step of this process? a. Connecting the fortress with the tumor b. Likening the dangerous mines to the dangerous tumor c. Generalizing from groups of soldiers to using many rays to solve the problem d. Developing schemas for each individual problem

a

Which of the following activities would require Type 2 cognitive processing? a. Choosing an entree from a menu b. Zipping your jacket when it's cold c. Turning the lights off at bedtime d. Making a left turn on a green light

a

Boxing champion George Foreman recently described his family vacations with the statement, "At our ranch in Marshall, Texas, there are lots of ponds and I take the kids out and we fish. And then of course, we grill them." That a reader understands "them" appropriately (George grills fish, not his kids!) is the result of a(n) ____________________ inference. a. narrative b. anaphoric c. analogic d. instrument

b

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow. a. The argument is weak because the observation does not consider other cities. b. The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations. c. The argument is weak because there is only one specific case. d. The argument is strong because the premise includes scientific evidence.

b

Donte purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Donte says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Donte's judgment is most likely biased by a(n) a. permission schema. b. availability heuristic. c. illusory correlation. d. representativeness heuristic.

b

Experts _________________ than novices. a. are better at reasoning in general b. take a more effective approach to organizing the solution to a problem c. are more likely to be open to new ways of looking at problems d. spend less time analyzing problems

b

From the perspective of the listener, as a person speaks, each sentence often is characterized by ________ until the sentence is completed. a. entrainment b. ambiguity c. heuristics d. tonics

b

In the information-processing approach to problem solving, an operator is most closely associated with ________. a. analysis b. progress c. transfer d. insight

b

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to a. measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems. b. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. c. show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. d. show that some problems are easier to solve than others.

b

Sandeep is a generally anxious person. His anxiety sometimes gets in the way when he tries to make decisions. The anxiety Sandeep feels is an example of an __________ emotion. a. integral b. incidental c. expected d. immediate

b

Subgoals serve a key role in which of the following? a. Creative cognition b. Means-end analysis c. Volitional daydreaming d. Functional fixedness

b

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________ in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. a. local connections b. environmental context c. instrumental inferences d. the cooperative principle

b

The ability to shift experience from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem is known as a. insight. b. analogical transfer. c. analogical encoding. d. in vivo problem solving.

b

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem. a. light bulb b. Russian marriage c. Tower of Hanoi d. radiation

b

The application of a(n) _________________ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem. a. atmosphere effect b. permission schema c. availability heuristic d. conjunction rule

b

The rule of the Wason four-card problem is, "If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side." Let's say you are presented with A, 8, M, and 13, each showing on one of four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing a. 8 and M. b. A and 13. c. A and M. d. 8 and 13.

b

The tendency to think that a syllogism is valid if its conclusion is believable is called the _________________. a. availability heuristic b. belief bias c. confirmatory bias d. mental set

b

Within the realm of conversational speech, knowledge refers to the a. tendency to see relationships between spoken concepts even when those relationships do not exist. b. previously understood information that we bring into the conversation. c. meaning of a conversation. d. rules for combining spoken words into sentences.

b

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language? a. Language involves the use of a lexicon. b. Language has a structure that is governed by rules. c. Coding is required for language. d. Language symbols must have high discriminability.

b

Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the a. practical objects within the category. b. object parts. c. novel objects before a function was described. d. inventions rated high in both practicality and originality.

c

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving a. multiple goal states. b. continuity and form. c. reorganization or restructuring. d. sensory operators.

c

If a motorcycle cop believes that young female drivers speed more than other drivers, he will likely notice young female drivers speeding in the fast lane but fail to notice young male or older drivers doing the same. In this case, the police officer's judgments are skewed by the operation of the a. falsification principle. b. typicality principle. c. confirmation bias. d. permission schema.

c

Imagine that your friend James has just taken up the habit of smoking cigars because he thinks it makes him look cool. You are concerned about the detrimental effects of smoking on his health, and you raise that concern to him. James gets a bit annoyed with your criticism and says, "My grandfather smoked cigars, and he lived to be 100!" You might point out that a major problem with his argument involves a. the conjunction rule. b. framing. c. sample size. d. none of these

c

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to? a. SPY b. ROACH c. SKY d. ANT

c

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or Internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the _________________ bias. a. dual systems b. actor-observer c. status quo d. self-serving

c

Of the following real-world phenomena, the confirmation bias best explains the observation that people a. are more likely to purchase meat advertised as 80 percent fat free than 20 percent fat. b. misjudge homicide as more prevalent in the U.S. than suicide. c. can cite several reasons for their position on a controversial issue but none for the opposing side. d. do not always make decisions that maximize their monetary outcome.

c

The radiation problem can be solved using a. means-end analysis. b. mental set. c. representation and restructuring. d. warmth judgments.

c

The text's discussion of the research on in vivo problem solving highlighted that _________________ play(s) an important role in solving scientific problems. a. flexibility b. insight c. analogies d. subgoals

c

The typical purpose of subgoals is to a. avoid the need to perform means-end analysis. b. solve insight problems. c. bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state. d. move the solver directly from the initial state to the goal state.

c

The validity of a syllogism depends on a. the truth of its conclusion. b. the truth of its premises. c. its form. d. both the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion.

c

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from a. being able to solve other problems at all. b. understanding why the procedure works successfully. c. seeing more efficient solutions to the problem. d. discriminating between well- and ill-defined problems.

c

Wally and Shamika are out on a date. When Shamika asks where they should go for dinner, Wally says, "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n) a. conjunction rule. b. confirmation bias. c. availability heuristic. d. permission schema.

c

When two people engage in a conversation, if one person produces a specific grammatical construction in his or her speech and then the other person does the same, this phenomenon is referred to as a. anaphoric inferencing. b. garden pathing. c. syntactic priming. d. phonemic restoration.

c

Which of the following correctly pairs a problem-solving stage with a process under Basadur's model? a. Problem Formulation: Fact Finding b. Problem Generation: Evaluation and Selection c. Problem Solving: Planning d. Solution Implementation: Idea Finding

c

Which of the following is NOT commonly associated with people who are considered highly creative? a. Daydreaming b. Solitude c. Analysis d. Mindfulness

c

Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking? a. It is the cornerstone of creativity. b. It has a large number of potential solutions. c. It has a single correct answer. d. It is open-ended.

c

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence? a. The Eskimos were frightened by the walrus. b. The cats won't bake. c. Before the police stopped, the Toyota disappeared into the night. d. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the room.

c

Which of the following terms best describes the concept of entrainment? a. Isolation b. Understanding c. Similarity d. Cooperation

c

Which term best describes the task of factoring the equation 9x 2 + 5x - 7 = 4x 2 - 2x + 8? a. Analogical b. Functional c. Analytical d. Divergent

c

Which term best reflects the process of reading and understanding sentences in a story? a. Conscious b. Sequential c. Dynamic d. Rigid

c

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they a. demonstrate compensatory regeneration of lost auditory neural pathways. b. start speaking out loud even though they cannot hear themselves. c. lose the ability to communicate in any way. d. invent a sign language themselves.

d

If human speech is represented as a string of taffy on a candy-making assembly line, then what function does speech segmentation serve at the candy factory? a. It adds flavors to the taffy. b. It mixes the taffy ingredients. c. It puts the taffy in packages. d. It cuts the taffy into pieces.

d

Imagine you are interpreting a pair of sentences such as "The sidewalk was covered with ice" and "Ramona fell down." The kind of inference we use to link these sentences together would most likely be a(n) ____________________ inference. a. anaphoric b. instrument c. coherent d. causal

d

People tend to overestimate a. what positive feelings will occur following a decision more so than negative feelings. b. what positive and negative feelings will occur following a decision to the same degree. c. subjective utility values following a decision. d. what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

d

Sanfey and coworkers' "ultimatum game" experiment revealed that people tended to make the _________________ decision of ____. a. rational; accepting only high offers b. rational; accepting any offer c. irrational; accepting any offer d. irrational; accepting only high offers

d

Syntax is the a. meanings of words. b. way people pronounce words in conversational speech. c. mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases. d. rules for combining words into sentences.

d

The phrase "You just hear what you want to hear" best reflects which of the following concepts? a. Availability heuristic b. Belief bias c. Expected emotion d. Myside bias

d

Which of the following is a nonverbal component of communication? a. Anaphoric inference b. Causal inference c. Syntactic priming d. Theory of mind

d

________ occurs when a person gives up trying to solve a tough problem and then suddenly comes up with the answer while doing something else. a. Insight b. Daydreaming c. Mindfulness d. Incubation

d

A researcher had participants read each of the sentences below and measured the time it took to read each sentence. Trial 1: The lamb ran past the cottage into the pasture. Trial 2: The dog ran past the house into the yard. The participants' response times were longer for ____________________ because of the ____________________ effect. a. trial 2; word superiority b. trial 1; word frequency c. trial 2; word frequency d. trial 1; word superiority

b

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as a. intermediate states. b. subgoals. c. mental sets. d. operators.

d

Chaz is listening to his grandma reminisce about the first time she danced with his grandpa 60 years ago. When his grandma says, "It seemed like the song would play forever," Chaz understands that it is more likely his grandma was listening to a radio playing and not a CD. This understanding requires Chaz use a(n) a. garden path model. b. age-appropriate principle. c. given-new contract. d. instrument inference.

d

Illustrative of functional fixedness, people are more likely to solve the candle problem if a. pliers are also presented. b. the candle is already lit. c. fewer tacks are provided. d. the box is empty.

d

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children a. show similar language development across cultures. b. are rewarded for using correct language. c. learn to follow complex language rules, even though they are not aware of doing so. d. produce sentences they have never heard.

d

A syllogism is valid if a. the conclusion follows logically from the two premises. b. the two premises and the conclusion are true. c. there is no more than one exception to the conclusion. d. there is evidence to support the two premises.

a

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves_________________reasoning. a. inductive b. syllogistic c. deductive d. connective

a

Research in neuroeconomics has found that the function of the _________________ may be to deal with the cognitive demands of a given task, while the _________________ is responsible for handling emotional goals such as resenting an unfair outcome. a. prefrontal cortex; insula b. diencephalon; putamen c. basal ganglia; corpus callosum d. striate nucleus; locus coeruleus

a

Tuan bought a new leather jacket after saving for many months for the luxury purchase. On the first day he went out wearing the new garment, he found a $50 bill on the sidewalk outside of his office. He now refers to the jacket as his "lucky jacket" and believes that it has some magical power to give him good fortune. Tuan's belief in the jacket's cosmic ability is an example of a. an illusory correlation. b. the falsification principle. c. the availability heuristic. d. selective attention.

a

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I study, then I'll get a good grade. Premise 2: I got a good grade. Conclusion: Therefore, I studied. This syllogism is a. skewed. b. invalid. c. valid. d. robust.

b

Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n) a. global connection. b. anaphoric inference. c. garden path sequence. d. instrument inference.

b

Consider the following syllogism: All cats are birds. All birds have wings. All cats have wings. This syllogism is a. true. b. valid. c. both valid and true. d. invalid.

b

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems? a. Experts often organize problems differently than novices, based on principles. b. Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field. c. Experts possess more knowledge about their fields than novices. d. Experts often spend more time analyzing problems than novices.

b

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate? a. Semantics are multidimensional in scope. b. Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope. c. Lexicon is smaller in scope than semantics. d. The scope of lexical semantics is variable.

b

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema? a. I forgot to charge my cell phone last night; therefore, I missed an important call today. b. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends on Saturday night. c. No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists. d. All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C.

b

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task? a. Common words "cat, boat" and uncommon words "peon, furtive" b. Words "pizza, history" and nonwords "pibble, girk" c. Correctly spelled words "speech, potato" and misspelled words "speach, potatoe" d. Concrete words "window, monkey" and abstract words "doubt, energy"

b

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _________________ reasoning. a. inductive b. intuitive c. deductive d. falsification

c

Consider the following syllogism: If it's a robin then it is a bird. It is a bird. Therefore, it is a robin. In the example above, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a _________________ of a _________________ syllogism. a. premise; categorical b. conclusion; categorical c. conclusion; conditional d. premise; conditional

c

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning a. utility. b. the falsification principle. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. confirmation bias.

c

Intermediate states can be created by a. restructuring goal states. b. creating operators. c. creating subgoals. d. restructuring initial states.

c

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's a. mental set. b. parser. c. lexicon. d. syntactical capacity.

c

The conjunction rule states that a. people make decisions based upon both the costs and benefits of the choices. b. people make decisions based upon possible benefits when the choices are framed positively and based upon possible costs when the choices are framed negatively. c. is equal to or less than the probability of either event occurring alone. d. the probability of two events co-occurring is the sum of the probabilities of each event occurring.

c

The constraint-based approach to parsing states that a. the grammatical structure of a sentence determines the initial parsing. b. semantics is only activated to clear up ambiguity. c. semantics is activated as a sentence is being read. d. semantics is activated only at the end of a sentence.

c

The given-new contract is a method for creating a. resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence. b. children's mastery of syntax. c. comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation. d. anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences.

c

Coherence refers to the a. principle that we process information in isolation before we link it to its context. b. mental process by which readers create information during reading that is not explicitly stated in the text. c. mental process whereby ambiguity is resolved online during sentence reading. d. representation of the text in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

d

Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman? a. Passive b. Deliberate c. Automatic d. Rapid

b

Dictionaries commonly list the multiple definitions of a particular word in a numbered list, with the first definition as #1, the next definition as #2, and so on. Which concept does this reflect? a. Meaning dominance b. Lexical priming c. Object-relative construction d. Positional inference

a

Dr. Chan is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Chan is studying the effect of _________________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to a. analogies b. divergent thinking c. anaphoric interference d. perceptual segregation

a

Finke's creating an object studies show that people were more likely to come up with creative uses for preinventive objects if they a. made the objects themselves. b. had been preselected as "creative" individuals. c. had received training in creative thinking. d. were told they were expected to be creative.

a

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to a. buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip. b. take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course. c. go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball. d. break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend.

a

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the ____________________ property of language. a. hierarchical b. parallel c. relational d. propositional

a

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem? a. Is difficult b. Has one correct answer c. Involves obstacles between one's current state and a desired goal d. The solution is not obvious

b

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is a. valid. b. abstract. c. invalid. d. biased.

c

In its discussion of expertise and problem solving, your text identifies the kind of scientists who are most likely to make revolutionary discoveries in their fields. This particular discussion suggests that _________________ may be more important than _________________ in creative thinking. a. experience; flexibility b. experience; structure c. flexibility; experience d. structure; experience

c

Josiah is trying to decide whether to take a new job in a new city. He is worried that if he takes the job and fails, he will suffer from intense anxiety and depression. This is an example of a. integral immediate emotion. b. incidental immediate emotion. c. expected emotion. d. immediate emotion.

c

Noam Chomsky proposed that a. language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement. b. the underlying basis of language is different across cultures. c. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. d. as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before.

c

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________________ state. a. functional fixedness b. goal c. initial d. intermediate

d

Insight refers to a. the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. b. prior learning hindering problem solving. c. prior learning facilitating problem solving. d. the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

d

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on a. a bottom-up progression of meaning comprehension. b. the identification of a single meaning for that word. c. the word that comes immediately before and the word that comes immediately after the ambiguous word in the sentence. d. the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

d

Mia has lived in New York City all her life. She has noticed that people from upper Manhattan walk really fast, but people from lower Manhattan tend to walk slowly. Mia's observations are likely influenced from a judgment error based on her using a. the falsification principle. b. the law of large numbers. c. an atmosphere effect. d. an illusory correlation.

d

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves a. insight. b. parity. c. algorithms. d. search.

d

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a _________________ chance that Sarah is a science major. a. 60 percent b. 100 percent c. 50 percent d. 40 percent

d

If you are given the information that in order to vote in a presidential election, you must be at least 18 years of age, and that Will voted in the last presidential election, you can logically conclude that Will is at least 18 years old. This is an example of using _________________ reasoning. a. deductive b. conjunctive c. inductive d. descriptive

a

In the movie Apollo 13, astronauts aboard a damaged spacecraft have to build a carbon dioxide filter out of random items that are aboard the ship with them. If they do not, they will all die rapidly of carbon dioxide poisoning. The fact that they are able to do so with the help of experts on Earth is similar to the _________________ approach developed by Ronald Finke. a. divergent thinking b. creative cognition c. the means-end analysis d. convergent thinking

a