CogPsy Exam 4 Ch. 8 - 10

Loftus and Palmer's (1974) "car crash film" experiment shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the misleading post event information (MPI) was the word(s)

"smashed"

Which of the following statements is NOT considered a reason why using categories is useful?

Categories provide definitions of groups of related objects

Knowledge that enables us to recognize objects and events and to make inferences about thier properties is known as

Conceptual knowledge

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what acctually happened plus additional factors such as knowledge, experiences, and expectation.

Constructive

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ______ approach to categorization.

Definitional

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?

Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for small categories (e.g. mountains taller than 15,000 feet).

Exemplar

Which approach to categorization can more easily take into account atypical cases such as flightless birds?

Exemplar

Which of the following represents a basic category level item?

Guitar

The man names Shereshevskii (S.), who had photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text book, his memory system operated _____.

Less efficiently than normal

Which of the following statement best describes the results of flashbulb memory research conducted by Talarico and Rubin (2003)

People's belief that their memories were accurate remained high for flashbulb memories

Which of the following members would most likely be ranked highest in prototypicality in the "birds" category?

Sparrow

Items high on prototypicality have _____ family resemblances

Strong

Mental scanning experiments have found

a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

a sequence of actions

Th proposition approach may use any of the following EXCEPT

a spatial layout

For most adults over the age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for

adolescence and young adulthood

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

Emotions may trigger mechanisms in the _____ that help us remember events that are associated with emotion

amygdala

Imagery neurons respond to

an actual visual image as well as imagining that same image

Your textbook'd discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories

arise from the same constructive processes that produce true memories

According to Rosch, the _____ level of categories is the psychologically "privileged" level of category that reflects people's everyday experience.

basic

In explaining the paradox that imagery and perception exhibit a double dissociation, Berhrmann et al. (1994) suggested that perception necessarily involves _____ processing and imagery starts as a _____ process.

bottom-up; top-down

Schrauf and Rubin's (1998) "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years for those who emigrated later in life. These results support the

cognitive hypothesis

Two different definitions of _____ offered by your texbook include "the mental representation of a class or individual," and "the meaning of objects, events, and abstract ideas"

concepts

Barlett's (1932) experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story illustrated the

constructive nature of memory

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as

cryptoamnesia

Based on the information from your textbook provided about different category types, jumping from _____ categories results in the largest gain of information.

global level to basic level

The definitional approach to categorization

doesn't work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plans

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship between memory and emotion?

emotion can both enhance and impair memory

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Autobiographical memory research done by Cabeza et al. (2004) has shown that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

they took themslves

Shepard and Metzer's (1971) "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated

imagery and perception may share the same mechanism

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup,

increasing similarity between "fillers" and a suspect leads to an increased level of missed identification of some guilty suspects

The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery

is based on spatial or language mechanisms

In drawing conclusions about the relationship between imagery and perception, a notable difference between them is that

it is harder to manipulate mental images than perceptual images

According the typicality effect,

items that are high in prototypicality are judged more rapidly as being in a group

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for "the good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities

Shepard and Metzer's (1971) measured the time it took for participants to decide whether two objects were the same (two different views of the same object) or different (two completely different objects). These researchers inferred cognitive processes by using

mental chronometry

Kosslyn concluded that the image field is limited in size. This conclusion was drawn from the _____ experiment.

mental scanning

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

Your textbook argues that the proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is

repeated recall

In Brewer and Treyen's (1981) study, in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory.

schemas

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a(n) _____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified.

simultaneous

Misidentifying the source of a memory is known as

source monitoring error

If we are conducting an experiment on the effect knowledge has on categorization, we might compare the results of expert and non-expert groups. Suppose we compare horticulturists to people with little knowledge about plant. If we asked the groups to name, as specifically as possible, five different plants seen around campus, we would predict that the expert group would primarily label plants on the _____ level, while the non-expert group would primary label plants on the _____ level.

specific; basic

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony in tier memories,

the more convincing the testimony is to a jury

Stanny and Johnson's (2000) weapons focus study, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves:

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer intervals after learning the information

Which of the following has been used as an argument AGAINST the idea that imagery is spatial in nature?

the tacit knowledge explanation

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in the choice of the suspect can be increase by an authority's confirmation of that choice, even when the choice is wrong.

_____ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.

Exemplars

The principle illustrated when most people are able to recognize a variety of different examples of chairs even though not every category member has all of the characteristic properties of "chiars", (e.g. most chairs have four legs but not all do) is called

Family resemblance

Using the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events should be easiest to recall?

Graduating from college at age 22

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surroundign how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time

Generally speaking, what type of autobiographical event is typicall NOT remembered well?

Periods of prolonged consistency

Which of the following statements is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer.

Rosch (1975) found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "chartreuse". The reslut of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.

Prototype

Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?

Prototype

Research suggests that the _____ approach to categorization works best for large categories (e.g. birds or automobiles)

Protoype