Cold WAR

The Formation of the United Nations -Six Branches

-General Assembly -Secretariat -International Court of Justice -Security Council -Trusteeship Council -Economic and Social Council

How many countries joined the Warsaw Pact after it was established?

0

How many countries were the founding members of NATO?

12

Originally how many countries were members of the Warsaw Pact?

7

The Division of Europe

As the Cold War tensions rose, two competing military alliances formed: NATO and the Warsaw Pact. Similar to alliances of the past, these two stated that an attack on one member would be considered an attack on all and would lead to retaliation. The Countries of NATO and the Warsaw Pact are shown below. The dividing line between the Western European and communist countries was known as the "Iron Curtain" and movement of people and information from one side to the other was tightly restricted.

The Crisis Averted (Avioded)

At the last minute, Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missile bases in exchange for a promise that the United States would not invade Cuba. The Americans had won a game of "nuclear chicken". The most frightening thing about the Cuban Missile Crisis was that it was the first time the United States and the Soviet Union had challenged each other directly with the threat of nuclear war. The people of the world were on the edge of destruction for thirteen days while the two superpowers tried to find a solution to the crisis.

What is Canada's geographic position relative to the continental United States and the USSR.

Between US and USSR

Which two countries had the most to lose from an Egyptian takeover of the Suez Canal?

Britain and France

Canada in the UN

Canada has been a strong supporter of the United Nations since its creation. Through a variety of UN agencies, Canada has aided refugees from war or natural disasters and worked on development projects in various countries - for example, by helping to build schools, dams, and roads. By 1999, Canadian peacekeepers had been involved in every UN operation since the start of these missions in 1956.

Defending North America

Canada joined the NATO alliance to help protect Western Europe from a possible Soviet attack.

Canada's Commitment to NATO

Canada was a founding member of NATO. Canada joined NATO for several reasons: -The discovery of Soviet spies operating inside the Canadian government. -The geographic position of Canada between the United States and the Soviet Union, and the fear that attacks could occur over our territory,especially our airspace. -Concern over the fact that the Soviet Union had exploded its first nuclear bomb in 1949.

Why was Canada involved in the Cuban Missile Crisis?

Canada was allied with the United States in NORAD.

Canada's Commitment

Canada's commitment to NATO included: an agreement to keep a full army brigade and several air squadrons in Europe; building and supplying military bases overseas; use ships and aircraft to track the movements of Soviet submarines; regular participation in military exercises with Canada's allies; and adapting its defence policy to those of its allies.

Civil Defence: The Home Front

Canadians feared that an open war between the USSR and the United States would result in a rain of nuclear bombs and missiles on their cities. The federal government developed civil defence plans, and cities prepared to protect their populations. Some cities had nuclear shelters in deep basements or subway lines. If an attack were to occur, sirens would sound a warning and people would try to find shelter. Schools ran drills to teach students to "duck and cover" (hide under desks) or to lie in ditches. Scientific American magazine declared that fallout shelter programs were a hoax - none of these shelters could provide real protection in the case of a nuclear attack. Nevertheless, the fear of a nuclear World War III was very real. Ironically, the existence of nuclear weapons - and the threat of mass destruction - probably prevented an all-out war between the superpowers.

How did Canadian government prepare Canadians for a possible nuclear war?

Cities developed cilvil defense plan including nuclear shelters.

Most successful part of UN

Economic and social Council

The crisis that led to the creation of UN peacekeeping force occurred in which country?

Egypt

Radar station II

For the first time, US military personnel were stationed on Canadian soil. Some Canadians felt that this defence system compromised their country's independence. To visit the DEW Line, for example, Canadian members of Parliament and journalists had to fly first to New York and gain security clearance from US authorities. Most Canadians, however, accepted this loss of independence as the price of added security against an attack from the Soviet Union.

Four Principles

Further discussions regarding the structure of the UN were held at some wartime conferences involving the big three allied leaders: Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin. Finally, a conference was held in San Francisco in April 1945 where the representatives of 51 countries accepted the charter of the United Nations. Canada was one of those founding members. The 51 countries accepted four general principles for the organization. The United Nations would: 1. Welcome all peaceful nations. 2. Promote and maintain international peace and security. 3. Encourage and facilitate the development of friendly relations among all nations in the world. 4. Collectively work on economic, social, and humanitarian issues throughout the world. While these principles were agreeable to all, how the organization would actually be structured and function was a more difficult issue to settle. After much discussion and compromise the following structure was accepted. Canada played an important part in all these discussions.

which part of UN are all member states to be equal

General assembly

The Cuban Missile Crisis The U.S Reponse

Having discovered the Soviet's building missile launch pads and runways capable of handling nuclear bombers, the American government was naturally upset. They imposed a blockade around the island and put their troops on war alert. Aircraft loaded with bombs were constantly in the air. The world was poised for war. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev at first refused to remove the missiles. The armed forces of the USSR were put on full alert. Soviet ships steamed towards the U.S. ships that were blockading the island.

What was the major reason why prime minister Diefenbaker did not put Canadian forces on alert?

He believed it was an American problem that did not involve Canada.

what is the role of the secretary general in the UN?

He is in charge of Secretariat and regarded as the civil servants of the world.

The Warsaw Pact

If you lived in the Soviet Union, how would you have felt about the development of NATO? A little bit threatened, perhaps? Well, the Soviet Union was very nervous about the development of NATO, especially once West Germany joined. The Soviet Union, in response, decided to establish a similar alliance of countries in Eastern Europe, in 1955. The goal of this alliance would be to protect Eastern Europe from an attack by the Western allies. The alliance was called the Warsaw Pact, and was made up of all the satellite states the Soviet Union had "liberated" from the Nazis in World War II. The members of the Warsaw Pact, besides the Soviet Union, were Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Bulgaria.

Who was the Soviet official who informed the Canadian government that a Soviet spy ring was operating in Canada?

Igor Gouzenko

The Cuban Revolution

In 1959, Cuban rebels, under the leadership of Fidel Castro overthrew Cuba's pro-U.S. leader in the revolution. The United States reacted angrily by imposing trade and economic sanctions on Cuba. In 1961, the United States backed an invasion of the island by a group of anti-Castro Cubans. The invasion was a failure, but it encouraged Cuba to turn to the USSR for support.

The Nuclear Issue in Canada

In the mid-1950s the Canadian Air Force detailed its specifications for a new fighter aircraft. The result was the Avro Arrow, the most advanced fighter plane in the world at that time. In 1958, however, the new Diefenbaker government cancelled the Arrow project, citing soaring production costs and few orders. Opinions on why the project was cancelled varied: -One popular view was that senior American officials conspired to kill the project because if they couldn't build a fighter of such quality, then neither should Canada. Financial Post, January 18, 1997 -Historian Michael Bliss wrote that the Avro had to go because costs had soared, there were no foreign orders and the company, A.V.Row Canada was a ramshackle, disorganized company. Right Honourable Men (Toronto: Harper Collins, 1994), 204 -Finkel and Conrad noted that the Arrow cost six times more to produce than its American counterpart and that no one, not even the Canadian Air Force, wanted to buy it. History of the Canadian Peoples (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993) Canadians, looking back, often feel that they lost an opportunity to establish their country as a technological leader.

Why was the Warsaw Pact established?

It was established to protect eastern Europe from an attack by the Western powers.

What information was the Soviet spy ring trying to get from operating in Canada?

Learn the secrets about atomic bomb

The Debate

Many in Canada were very unhappy with the idea of nuclear weapons in the country, realizing that nuclear war amounted to global suicide. In the end the issue split the Conservative Cabinet and led to the defeat of the party in the 1963 federal election and the formation of a minority Liberal government. -The Liberals, under the leadership of Lester Pearson, proposed that Canadians forces accept nuclear weapons under certain conditions. -the Conservatives, under Diefenbaker, were divided on the issue. The minister of external affairs felt Canada should be a non-nuclear nation. He argued that it was hypocritical to urge the United Nations to work for disarmament while accepting nuclear weapons. The defence minister, in contrast, insisted that nuclear weapons were vital in protecting Canada against communist aggression. Many business leaders and influential newspapers supported the Liberals, fearing the Diefenbaker's anti-Americanism would injure trade and investment from the United States.

Who was the leader of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

Nikita Khrushchev

Explain the basic political and economic difference between communism and capitalism.

Political:: Communism: - doesn't allow any political opposition to the communist party -no freedom to individual citizens Capitalism: -allows basic freedom of choice in deciding who will govern us. -Freedom of speech and press. Economics:: Communism: -Demands state control of all industry Capitalism: -allow private owned business try to maximum their profit.

How many years did cold war last

The Cold War lasted over forty years.

Last resort- NATO

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO, was a military alliance instigated by the United States and formed in 1949 by twelve countries including Canada, and many countries in Western Europe. Turkey, Greece and West Germany joined NATO in the early 1950s and Spain joined in 1982. NATO's goal was to protect Western Europe from the possibility of an attack by the Soviet Union. In 1952, NATO agreed that if the Soviet Union attacked NATO forces, all the member countries of NATO would band together and, if conventional weapons were not sufficient, they would use tactical nuclear weapons - atomic bombs and artillery shells. Total nuclear war would be waged as a last resort.

Truman Doctrine

The Truman Doctrine was based on the concept of containment. He alleged that America was OBLIGED to get involved in European affairs (precipitated by the communist activity in Greece and Turkey) and he stated: 'I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.' [1] Three months later George C. Marshall, Truman's Secretary of State, announced details of what became known as the Marshall Plan or the European Recovery Program (ERP). Marshall offered American financial aid for a program of European economic recovery.

What was the cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis?

The fact that Americans discovered missiles sites being built in Cuba.

The concept of UN

was based on "collective security"

The beginning of the Cold war

After World War II, Canadians faced a more hostile world as the Cold War began. Former allies became enemies and an era of deep distrust settled over the world. For this reason Canada's international role had to change substantially.

Building a meaningful defending system

As you learned previously, Canada joined the NATO alliance to help protect Western Europe from a possible Soviet attack. New developments in weapons technology made North America another possible target for the Soviets. This fact, along with the increasingly frigid relations between the East and the West, convinced the Canadian government that it could not remain detached from these developments. How should Canada defend itself and help defend North America in this Cold War climate became the critical question for the government to answer? After much discussion the decision was made to join with the United States to establish NORAD , North American Air Defense, in 1958. The USA and the USSR stockpiled weapons in the years following World War II. Canada's vulnerability positioned between the two superpowers, is seen clearly on the polar projection below.

At the time of Seuz Crisis, what position did Pearson have in the Canadian government?

Canada's minister of external affair

Canada's Involvement in the Suez Crisis

Canada's role as an international peacekeeper began during the Suez Crisis of 1956. When Egypt seized control of the Suez Canal from the English-French company that owned it, tensions rose and Canada got involved in finding a solution. Canadian opinion on the crisis was divided. The Conservative Party and many other Canadians felt it was their duty to support Britain. Liberal Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, however, denounced the British and French intervention and, like the United States, refused to support them. Lester Pearson, Canada's Minister of External Affairs, went to the United Nations to try to work towards a solution. Pearson proposed that a United Nations Emergency Force be sent to the Suez Canal to separate and mediate between the rival armies. The UN agreed. The force, under the command of a Canadian general, was chosen from countries not directly involved in the conflict. For his efforts in defusing the crisis, Lester Pearson was awarded the Nobel Prize. Click on Pearson's Suez Decision. In this audio clip Pearson pitches his idea to the United Nations.

What were Canada's reasons for joining NATO? Give three reasons.

Concern over soviet union spy activity in the government of Canada. Concern over the geographic position between the two super powers. Concern over the development of nuclear power by the Soviet Union.

UN has 3 powers to against aggressive nations

Condemn the aggrassor through speeches and resolutions use economic sanctions Respond with military force

Containment

Containment was a strategy to limit and prevent Soviet expansion. It was a theory that said that communism was like water and would trickle into countries that were weak and unstable. In response, the US had to bolster the strength of other nations around the world in order to defend democracy and the open market.

What is the cold war

During World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR) were in that same situation. They were allies in the fight against the Axis powers, led by Germany, but the US and the Soviet Union were hardly friends. The differences between these two nations were extreme, and when the war ended, these differences came out into the open. A long period of barely concealed hostility between these two superpowers followed, known as the Cold War .

What suggestions did Canada's Lester Pearson made as a way to settle the Suez Crisis?

Establish a peacekeeping force to separate Egyptian and Isarail force.

The Formation of the United Nations

Even before World War II ended, leaders began to discuss the idea of a new international organization to take the place of the failed League of Nations. As early as 1941 President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill, in a secret meeting, discussed the shape the world should take after the war. Roosevelt first used the term United Nations at that meeting held on a battleship off the coast of Newfoundland.

Who was the leader of Cuba during the Crisis?

Fidel Castro

The Berlin Blockade

Following World War II, Germany was divided into the Federal Republic of German (FDR - West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR - East Germany, established from the area occupied by the Soviet Union). East Berlin became the capital of GDR, the new country. As West Berlin remained part of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) the capital was the cause of great conflict.

UNITED NATIONS

In April 1945, as World War II was drawing to a close, fifty-one countries, including Canada, met in San Francisco to draw up an agreement for a new international organization known as the United Nations. Their goal, as with the League of Nations after World War I, was to prevent another global conflict and maintain peace in the world. The United Nations was to be based on the idea of collective security, meaning that all member countries would join forces to stop an aggressor. While the UN has not stopped all wars, it has managed to keep the world safe from nuclear destruction. It has also managed to do a great deal of very worthwhile humanitarian work through its many specialized agencies.

Missile Launch Sites

In October 1962, the United States found evidence that the Soviets were building nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba. This discovery added a whole new dimension to the Cold War. Most of the United States and several major Canadian cities would be vulnerable to a quick attack, giving the countries little time to prepare. This would change much of the NORAD strategy, which was based on an attack over the North Pole.

The Gouzenko Affair

In September 1945, Igor Gouzenko, a Russian clerk at the Soviet embassy in Ottawa left work with several documents hidden under his clothes. These papers proved that a Soviet spy ring was operating within the Canadian government. Gouzenko took the documents to the Ottawa Journal and tried to convince the newspaper of the existence of the spies, but no one paid attention. The next day, fearing for his life and with his pregnant wife and child in tow, Gouzenko tried again but this time, he went to the RCMP, the department of justice and the prime minister's office. Again, his efforts were in vain. Only when Soviet agents broke into Gouzenko's apartment did the Ottawa police listen to his story. Shocked, Canadian officials informed the British and U.S. governments that a Soviet spy ring had been operating in Canada. In February 1946, the RCMP rounded up several people suspected of being Soviet spies. The suspects were kept in isolation, without charge, and without legal counsel. Eventually, 18 people were brought to trial; eight were found guilty and imprisoned. The spy ring was most likely trying to discover the secrets of the atomic bomb but it appeared the Soviets learned very little

What effect did the discovery of the spy ring have on Canadians and the Canadian government?

It awoke Canada to the new reality of post- world war II relations between the east and west. It forced the Canadian government to allay itself more to the United States against Soviet Union.

Explain why the possibility of a war between the United States and the Soviet Union was much more dangerous after World War II.

It is important because of the existence of the nuclear weapon which possess power to wipe out the world as we know it!

Why was the Berlin Wall built?

It was built in order to keep east Berliners in and West Berliners out. It was to make sure there were no communication between the tow parts of the city.

Who was the president of the United States during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

John F Kennedy

The way of war

Knowing that fighting by arms between themselves will lead to nuclear annihilation. Instead they completed for political influence in other parts of the world, especially developing nations.

Name the location of the Canadian headquarters of NORAD

North Bay, ON

What was the major issue in 1963 election campaign?

Nuclear weapons and Canada-US relations.

Most powerful part of UN

Security Council

Why did the Conservative Minister of National Defence believe Canada should accept nuclear weapons?

So that Canada can better protect itself from communist aggression

Canada's Response to Cuban missile crisis

The Americans, of course, expected to have support from their North American ally in NORAD, Canada. When Prime Minister Diefenbaker hesitated it angered the Americans as well as many Canadians. He preferred that the United Nations send a fact-finding mission to Cuba, and implied that he did not believe the U.S. photographs. He was reluctant to have Canada drawn into a major conflict that seemed largely rooted in U.S. policy and interests The Canadian government refused to place Canada's NORAD forces on alert and did not allow U.S. planes with atomic weapons to land at Canadian bases. The Prime Minister believed he was protecting Canadian interests and independence. People in Canada, however, thought the government should have been very supportive of the American action and should have assisted them immediately. A later poll revealed that 80% of Canadians thought he was wrong. Eventually, Diefenbaker did put Canadian troops on alert, but damage to Canada-U.S relations had already been done.

blockaded and airlift

The Berlin Blockade occurred when the western powers introduced new currency into West Germany. The Soviets rejected this currency and blockaded routes of transportation to West Berlin. In response, the Western Allies organized the Berlin Airlift to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin.

Post war tensions

The Cold War Post-War Tensions During World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union had been allies. They had little in common, however, except for their opposition to the Axis powers. Once the war was over, tensions between the two countries surfaced. The two powers were soon openly hostile towards each other although they were careful not to start a new war. Instead, they used espionage (spies) and helped their allies in "little wars" and revolutions. Both East and West built stockpiles of conventional arms, powerful nuclear weapons, biological and chemical weapons, long-range bombers, missiles, and atomic submarines. Post-war tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States forced Canada to align itself closely with U.S. interests. At the same time, Canada tried to remain true to the goals and aspirations of Canadians - no easy task. Through the early part of the 20th century, Canada had achieved independence from Britain; in the latter half, it struggled to keep U.S. influences from weakening its national identity.

Three Powers

The General Assembly of the United Nations provides a forum in which member nations can debate issues of concern. Each member is given a seat and the right to vote on issues. 1. The United Nations was given three powers it could use against aggressor nations. It can: condemn the aggressor through speeches and resolutions; 2. use economic sanctions, urging members not to trade with the aggressor; and 3.respond militarily by sending in an armed force. Over the decades, these measures have had only limited success.

The Security Council

The Security Council is the body of the United Nations that is responsible for maintaining peace and security. The Council has five permanent members - the "Big Five" powers - Britain, France, the United States, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), and China (represented by the government in Taiwan until 1971). -is in charge of peacekeeping There are also ten other non-permanent members, each holding a two-year term. Decisions need the consent of nine members, but each of the five permanent members has the power of veto - the right to reject actions with which they disagree. The use of the veto has often prevented the United Nations from taking decisive action. Up to 1955, as the Cold War escalated, the veto was used 78 times, 75 of them by the Soviet Union. When permanent members agree on a course of action, however, the United Nations has the potential to be a great power.

What super power country supported Egypt during Suez Crisis?

The Soviet Union

The arms race

The Soviet Union and the United States became involved in an arms race- the race to develop superior weapons and to accumulate nuclear weapons. Nuclear parity was the term coined for nuclear equality. It was presumed that nuclear parity would mean that both countries were equal in nuclear strength and therefore would be unlikely to initiate war. Should war break out, the result would certainly be Mutually Assured Destruction [MAD]. The two countries were also involved in a space race - the race to develop the technology to put a man on the moon and to explore space. The Soviets launched the first satellite, pushing the envelope. Explore a timeline of the space race here.

The Challenge of Creating a Peacekeeping Force- The Suez Crisis

The Suez Canal links the Mediterranean and Red Seas and provides the shortest sea route from Europe to the Indian Ocean. It was built in the late 1800s and was privately owned by British and French investors. In 1956, Egypt's president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, on behalf of the Egyptian government took over the canal. The neighbouring state of Israel was frightened by what it saw as Egyptian aggression, as Egypt threatened to bar ships to and from Israel from using the canal. Britain and France were quick to support an Israeli invasion. Ignoring a UN Security Council resolution to cease hostilities, they landed troops in the canal zone. The Soviet Union immediately offered Egypt financial aid and missiles. The United States was angry at its allies - Britain, France, and Israel - who had not consulted the U.S. government before attacking Egypt. Nevertheless, the United States threatened retaliation against any Soviet involvement.

How was the Cuban Missile Crisis resolved?

The USSR removed the missiles and US agreed to not attack Cuba.

The Vietnam war

The Vietnam War was a war fought over Communism. The Indochina War between France and the Communist Guerrillas, left the country divided. The South was a free society while the North was communist. The war began very quickly after the division. In 1963, the United States sent a number of troops to support the South. This war was known as a client war because the United States was fighting on behalf of the South Vietnamese. The Domino theory was the reason the United States was involved. The U.S. government believed that it was stopping the spread of communism. Not only was this war difficult to understand for the troops but, because so much of the war was televised with graphic images, many citizens in the United States opposed the war. Anti war protests occurred throughout the United States. U.S. citizens were drafted into military service and many moved to Canada in order to avoid the draft - they were draft dodgers. By 1973 the a ceasefire was called and the last of the American troops left Vietnam after the North took over Saigon. Many movies and stories chronicle this sad war as the soldiers were not honored for their participation in the war. 'Miss Saigon', the Broadway play deals with the children left in Vietnam after the fall of Saigon. Movies as "Platoon", and "Born on the Fourth of July" chronicle the plight of the returning GI serviceman, and the difficult conditions of the day.

The Cuban Missile Crisis

The cooperation between Canada and the United States developed by the establishment of NORAD was put to a severe test in the early 1960s. The government of John Diefenbaker wanted to take a stand in directing foreign policy and not simply bow to US interests. The test came during the Cuban Missile Crisis.

How did North America become vulnerable to attacks after World War II?

The development of new weapon technologies make North America vulnerable.

Agencies of the UN

The founders of the United Nations also pledged to abolish disease and famine and to protect human right. To achieve these goals, they created various agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund). The United Nations also established the International Monetary Fund to stabilize the world economy by helping countries that face great debt and the collapse of their currencies. The United Nations has benefited millions of people worldwide, especially through its social and economic agencies and peacekeeping operations.

The roots of the cold war

The roots of the Cold War lay in the differing views these two countries had on political and economic systems. The Soviet Union was communist; the government controlled all industry and commerce. Under communism, no political opposition was tolerated. The United States and most Western countries were capitalist. Capitalist economies were based on private enterprise with individuals investing in business for profit. Citizens had basic freedoms such as free press and freedom of speech.

Why Trusteeship not important to UN anymore?

There are very few terrorists to look after.

How did the delegates at San Francisco Conference satisfy the needs of the major countries like USA and the USSR for more power in the UN?

They gave the power to major countries veto power in the Security Council.

why the job of peacekeeping is so dangerous?

They must separate the two opposing forces.

NORAD

This peace of mind was, however, short-lived. Soon, the superpowers had developed intercontinental ballistic missiles, armed with nuclear warheads. Missiles launched from the USSR could reach North American cities within 30 minutes. The radar stations in Canada would not be able to detect them in time for anything to be done. To meet the possible threat of Soviet attack on North America, Canada and the United States agreed, in 1957, to establish an integrated North American Air Defence agreement (NORAD). It would include fighter forces, missile bases, and air-defence radar, all controlled by a central command station built deep within Cheyenne Mountain, Colorado. NORAD had a force of one thousand bombers at its disposal at on time, some of which were always in the air, armed with nuclear weapons. A separate Canadian command post, under joint control, was established deep inside tunnels at North Bay, Ontario.

Radar stations I

Three lines of radar stations were built during the 1950s, mainly on Canadian territory: the Pinetree Line, the Mid-Canada Line, and the Distant Early Warning Line. Each successive radar line was built further north. The reason for this was twofold. From the polar map in the previous section, you can see that the shortest flight path for Soviet plans and missiles heading for the United States was over Canadian territory. The second reason is that as weapon technology improved and could reach their targets faster, the earliest possible warning became so important.

What was the major reason for building the radar lines across Canada?

To allow Canada and the United States to defend North America.

What was the major reason for the establishment of NORAD?

To protect North America from a Soviet attack.

Why was NATO established?

To protect western unrope from soviet union. It is the product of cold war climate of distrust after world war II.

What goal did Britain and France want to accomplish in Suez Crisis?

To regain control of the Suez Canal from Egypt.

What is the purpose of the international court of Justice?

To settle the dispute between two countries.

Two Hostile Camps-Northern Hemisphere（北半球）

Two Hostile Camps A large part of the Northern Hemisphere was now effectively divided into two hostile camps. Armies constantly practised for war and countries continually added to their arsenal of weapons. Everywhere, spies and counterspies probed for weaknesses in their enemy's security, searching for secrets and carrying out assassinations and murders, promoting revolutions and counter-revolutions. In 1956, Soviet troops brutally crushed a rebellion in Hungary. in 1961, communist-controlled East Germany built a wall around West Berlin to keep East Berliners in and West Berliners out. The Berlin Wall became a powerful symbol of the Cold War and the tensions that divided East from West.

What super power country was taken by surprise by this crisis?

USA

Things Candians did in fear to the expansion of Communism

Union leaders who fought for better conditions for workers came under suspicion. Defence industries secretly sent lists of their employees to Ottawa for screening. Workers suspected of communist sympathies found themselves dismissed for no apparent reason. The RCMP Special Branch watched those who "might be or might become" a security risk, including: - artists, - peace activists, - union leaders, and - intellectuals who were seen in any way to criticize the Canadian government. In Quebec, Premier Maurice Duplessis took a strong stand against communism. Police raided offices and private homes in search of "revolutionary" material. The Padlock Law was used to shut down suspected organizations and newspapers. When a poorly constructed bridge collapsed in Trois-Rivières in 1951, Duplessis blamed communist sabotage.

Hence we have to

We had to take a much more active role in alliances such as NATO and NORAD. We became increasingly concerned about a possible nuclear attack, especially one that could originate in the U.S.S.R. and advance over our northern territories. We also tried to be much more proactive for peace in the United Nations and UN Peacekeeping operations.

Why did the Conservative Minister of External Affair believe Canada should not have nuclear weapons?

We should work toward to disarmament, not increasing armaments.

How many countries joined NATO after it was founded, and what countries were they?

West Germany, Greece, Turkey and Spain.

If you were asked for a phrase that described the reason for the Cold War, what would you say?

West and Soviet union suspects each other.

Suspicion of Communism

Western countries were suspicious of communism. As in earlier decades, they feared that communists aimed to overthrow Western societies in world revolution. The Soviet Union, for its part, was suspicious of its previous allies and it believed that the Western countries might try to invade Soviet territory through Europe, particularly through East Germany. The Soviets took over the countries of Eastern Europe, to create a buffer between the USSR and Western Europe. Then communists took over China in 1949, and the former government fled to Taiwan. The U.S. Congress established a Committee on Un-American Activities to root out communists from all areas of public life. This committee was chaired by Senator Joseph McCarthy who terrified the nation with secret lists of supposed communists in government, universities, the entertainment industry, and even the Girl Scouts. Anyone suspected of being a communist could be persecuted, fired, and black-listed (prevented from finding another job).

The Red Scare

While Canadians saw little of the hysteria and "witch-hunting" that took place during the McCarthy era in the United States, they were shocked to learn that a communist spy ring had been operating in Canada during the war. In 1949, the leader of the Conservative Party tried to make the spread of communism, or the "red menace" - a term used to describe the Soviets - an issue. He accused the government of harbouring communists in the civil service. Prime Minister Louis St. Laurent, however, refused to outlaw communism. He reminded Canadians that such tactics were the trademarks of dictatorships, NOT democracies.

Bomarc Missiles

With the cancellation of the Avro Arrow, the question of what should replace it became a major political issue in the country. Prime Minister Diefenbaker felt that manned fighter interceptors were becoming obsolete since both the United States and the Soviet Union were testing new missile systems. In 1959, the Conservative government decided to purchase Bomarc missiles from the United States. These missiles would be located at various bases in Canada and would act as our primary defense shield. What quickly became apparent, however, was that these missiles were meant to carry nuclear warheads and were almost useless without them. This touched off a debate in the country that would rage for over three years. Should Canada accept nuclear weapons or not? The United States felt Canada should accept nuclear weapons to fulfill its role in NORAD and NATO.

The Challenge of Creating a Peacekeeping Force

You can probably think of many reasons why you are proud to be a Canadian, including our personal freedom, our medical system, our acceptance of immigrants, and...our hockey teams! But, did you know that you have a lot to be proud of for our role in the United Nations? Over the years, Canada has played an important role in United Nations' efforts to keep peace around the world. We have been successful in this role, in part, because of our middle power status. As a middle power we are not seen as a threat by other countries and are generally trusted to do what is reasonable and fair. We are therefore able to play the role of a mediator and bridge the gap between disputing countries.