Cold War and African and Indian Decolonization Study Guide FOR FINAL

38th parallel

38th parallel McCune-Reischauer: Samp'alsŏn 38th parallel, popular name given to latitude 38° N that in East Asia roughly demarcates North Korea and South Korea. The line was chosen by U.S. military planners at the Potsdam Conference (July 1945) near the end of World War II as an army boundary, north of which the U.S.S.R. Contents. The Korean war began on June 25, 1950, when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People's Army poured across the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People's Republic of Korea to the north and the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south. Circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, the Pacific Ocean, North America, and the Atlantic Ocean. The 38th parallel north formed the border between North and South Korea prior to the Korean War.

African National Congress

African National Congress Founded: January 8, 1912 Leadership: Cyril Ramaphosa (President) Headquarters: Johannesburg, South Africa Founders: John Langalibalele Dube, Pixley ka Isaka Seme, Sol Plaatje, Josiah Tshangana Gumede Social-democratic political party in South Africa. It has been in power since the election of lawyer, activist and former political prisoner Nelson Mandela.

Ahmed Ben Bella

Ahmed Ben Bella Born: December 25, 1916, Maghnia, Algeria Died: April 11, 2012, Algiers [El Djazaïr], Algeria Nationality: Algerian Spouse: Zohra Sellami (m. 1971-2008) Children: Mehdia Ben Bella, Noria Ben Bella Books: Celebrating the Homecoming of Ernesto Che Guevara's Reinforcement Brigade to Cuba: Articles from the Militant Newspaper on the 30th Anniversary of the Combat Waged in Bolivia by Che and His Comrades, Previous offices: President of Algeria (1963-1965), Prime Minister of Algeria (1962-1963) Algerian politician, soldier, and socialist revolutionary who served as the first President of Algeria from 1963 to 1965.

Algeria

Algeria Capital: Algiers [El Djazaïr] President: Abdelmadjid Tebboune Population: 43.85 million (2020) World Bank Currency: Algerian dinar North African country with a Mediterranean coastline and a Saharan desert interior. Many empires have left legacies here, such as the ancient Roman ruins in seaside Tipaza. In the capital, Algiers, Ottoman landmarks like circa-1612 Ketchaoua Mosque line the hillside Casbah quarter, with its narrow alleys and stairways. The city's Neo-Byzantine basilica Notre Dame d'Afrique dates to French colonial rule.

Apartheid

Apartheid System of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s.

Explain what the social and political issues of South Africa were that brought apartheid and how South Africans worked to end apartheid. (a good start would be with self-rule from Britain and how they set up their own government)

Apartheid Is Segeration Based On Skin Color. ---------------------------------------- Britain Gives Self Rule In 1810. ---------------------------------------- - S.A. Creates Own Government With Europeans White People Having Majority Of The Power - This Leads To Apartheid. - Apartheid Is In Effect. ---------------------------------------- African National Congress Is Formed To Stop Apartheid And Advocate For Equal Rights. - Nelson Mandela And Desmond Tutu Leaders In The ANC. - ANC Is Outlawed Nelson Mandella Is Sent To Jail. ---------------------------------------- F.W. De Klerk Becomes President Of S.A. (Boer) - Starts Repealing Apartheid. - Nelson Mandella Gets Out Of Prison. - First Vote For Africans And Eroupens Leads To Nelson Mandella Becoming President 1st Black President Of S.A.

Berlin Wall

Berlin Wall Guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989 as well as encircling and separating West Berlin from East German territory. Construction of the wall was commenced by the German Democratic Republic on 13 August 1961. Destruction began: November 9, 1989 Construction started: August 13, 1961 Opened: 1961 Height: 13.78′ Destroyed by: Demolition Berlin Wall, German Berliner Mauer, barrier that surrounded West Berlin and prevented access to it from East Berlin and adjacent areas of East Germany during the period from 1961 to 1989. It is a massive stretch of land — the Berlin Wall spanned just 96 miles comparatively, and it cost about $25 million to build in 1961, or around $200 million with inflation. The Berlin Crisis started when the USSR issued an ultimatum demanding the withdrawal of all armed forces from Berlin, including the Western armed forces in West Berlin. The crisis culminated in the city's de facto partition with the East German erection of the Berlin Wall.

Capitalism

Capitalism Economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, price system, private property, property rights recognition, voluntary exchange, and wage labor. Capitalism is often thought of as an economic system in which private actors own and control property in accord with their interests, and demand and supply freely set prices in markets in a way that can serve the best interests of society. The essential feature of capitalism is the motive to make a profit. It classifies capitalist economies into four categories: oligarchic capitalism, state-guided capitalism, big-firm capitalism, and entrepreneurial capitalism. Some of the most important aspects of a capitalist system are private property, private control of the factors of production, accumulation of capital, and competition. Put simply, a capitalist system is controlled by market forces, while a communist system is controlled by the government. Who invented capitalism? Modern capitalist theory is traditionally traced to the 18th-century treatise An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations by Scottish political economist Adam Smith, and the origins of capitalism as an economic system can be placed in the 16th century.

How did religion play a role in the partition of India and Pakistan?

Caused both to not like each other.

China

China People's Republic of China, is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population of more than 1.4 billion. China spans five geographical time zones and borders 14 countries, the second most of any country in the world after Russia. President: Xi Jinping Capital: Beijing Population: 1.402 billion (2020) World Bank Currency: Renminbi Gross domestic product: 14.72 trillion USD (2020) World Bank Exports The top exports of China are Broadcasting Equipment ($223B), Computers ($156B), Integrated Circuits ($120B), Office Machine Parts ($86.8B), and Other Cloth Articles ($60.7B), exporting mostly to United States ($438B), Hong Kong ($262B), Japan ($151B), Germany ($112B), and South Korea ($110B). China has land borders 22,800 km long, with 14 contiguous countries: Korea to the east; the People's Republic of Mongolia to the north; Russia to the northeast; Kazakhstan, Kirghizstan and Tajikistan to the northwest; Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bhutan to the west and southwest; and Vietnam, Laos.

Cold War

Cold War Period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, which began following World War II. Dates: Mar 12, 1947 - Dec 26, 1991 Combatants: United States, Soviet Union Locations: United States, Soviet Union, Europe, Vietnam, Cuba, Korea, Greece, South America, East Asia. Summary. The largely peaceful collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, the reunification of Germany in 1990, and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 traditionally signify the end of the Cold War, which had dominated international relations for more than forty-five years. First Phase (1946-1949): Second Phase (1949-1953): Third Phase (1953-1957): Fourth Phase (1957-1962): Fifth Phase (1962-1969): Sixth Phase (1969-1978): Last Phase (1979-1987)

Communism

Communism Communism is a political and economic system that seeks to create a classless society in which the major means of production, such as mines and factories, are owned and controlled by the public. Communist symbolism represents a variety of themes, including revolution, the proletariat, peasantry, agriculture, or international solidarity. Communist states, parties and movements use these symbols to advance and create solidarity within their cause. These symbols often appear in yellow on a red background. Far-left philosophical, social, political, and economic ideology and movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, namely a socioeconomic order.

Containment

Containment Geopolitical strategic foreign policy pursued by the United States during the Cold War to prevent the spread of communism after the end of World War II. The name was loosely related to the term cordon sanitaire, which was containment of the Soviet Union in the 1940s.

Cuba

Cuba Republic of Cuba, is a country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean meet. Capital: Havana President: Miguel Díaz-Canel Population: 11.33 million (2020) World Bank White Mariposa The White Mariposa or Butterfly Jasmine (Hedychium coronarium) is Cuba's national flower. 10th October Independence Day is a public holiday in Cuba observed on 10th October. Also known as the Anniversary of the beginning of the War of Independence, the "Dia de la Independencia" marks the start of Cuba's struggle for independence from Spain in 1868. tocororo Cuba. The endemic forest-dwelling tocororo (Trogon temnurus, or Priotelus temnurus), which is similar in appearance to the Guatemalan quetzal, was designated the national bird of Cuba because its bright plumes of red, white, and blue correspond to the colours of the Cuban flag; the tocororo is reputed to survive.

How did the Cold War impact different countries such as Cuba, India, Vietnam and Korea? Be specific.

Cuba - Cuban Missile Crisis - Us And Cuba -Soviet Union Placed Nuclear Missiles In Cuba - Threat To Us Because Of Its Proximity (Closeness) To The Us - Fidel Castro Cuba's Comunist Leader - Soviet Union Supports Cuba - Us Doesn't Support Castro - The Bay Of Pigs To Overthrow Castro Failed - Us Trained Ex Cubans To Overthrow Castro - India - Nonaliment During The Cold War Played Both Us And Soviet Union -Vietnam War - North Vietnam - Korea - Koren War - Ends In 38th Pareall

Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile Crisis Dates: Oct 16, 1962 - Oct 28, 1962 Location: Cuba, Caribbean Sea Known as the October Crisis of 1962, the Caribbean Crisis, or the Missile Scare, was a 35-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, which escalated.

Cultural Revolution

Cultural Revolution Outcome: Economic activity halted, historical and cultural material destroyed Deaths: Hundreds of thousands to millions of civilian, Red Guards and military deaths (exact number not known) Start date: 1966 Location: China Motive: Preserve communism by purging capitalist and traditional elements Property damage: Cemetery of Confucius, Temple of Heaven, Ming Tombs Known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, was a sociopolitical movement in China from 1966 until Mao Zedong's death in 1976.

Deng Xiaoping

Deng Xiaoping Born: August 22, 1904, Guang'An, China Died: February 19, 1997, Beijing, China Height: 5′ 2″ Spouse: Zhuo Lin (m. 1939-1997), Jin Weiying (m. 1931), Zhang Xiyuan (m. 1928-1930) Children: Deng Pufang, Deng Rong, Deng Zhifang, Deng Nan, Deng Lin Grandchildren: Deng Zhuodi, Deng Zhuorui Known by his courtesy name Xixian, was a Chinese revolutionary leader, military commander and statesman who served as the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China from December 1978 to November 1989.

Desmond Tutu

Desmond Tutu Born: October 7, 1931, Klerksdorp, South Africa Died: December 26, 2021, Oasis Care Centre, Cape Town, South Africa Date of burial: January 1, 2022 Spouse: Nomalizo Leah Tutu (m. 1955-2021) Children: Mpho Andrea Tutu, Naomi Nontombi Tutu, Trevor Thamsanqa Tutu, Theresa Thandeka Tutu Awards: Nobel Peace Prize South African Anglican bishop and theologian, known for his work as an anti-apartheid and human rights activist. He was Bishop of Johannesburg from 1985 to 1986 and then Archbishop of Cape Town from 1986 to 1996, in both cases being the first black African to hold the position.

F. W. de Klerk

F. W. de Klerk Born: March 18, 1936, Johannesburg, South Africa Died: November 11, 2021, Fresnaye, Cape Town, South Africa Spouse: Elita Georgiades (m. 1998-2021), Marike de Klerk (m. 1959-1998) Children: Susan de Klerk, Willem de Klerk, Jan de Klerk Presidential terms: September 20, 1989 - May 9, 1994, August 15, 1989 - September 20, 1989 Awards: Nobel Peace Prize Previous offices: Leader of the Opposition of the Republic of South Africa (1996-1997) South African politician who served as state president of South Africa from 1989 to 1994 and as deputy president from 1994 to 1996 in the democratic government.

Fidel Castro

Fidel Castro Born: August 13, 1926, Biran, Cuba Died: November 25, 2016, Havana, Cuba Height: 6′ 3″ Children: Fidel Ángel Castro Díaz-Balart, Alina Fernández Siblings: Raúl Castro, Ramón Castro Ruz, Manuel Castro Argota Spouse: Dalia Soto del Valle (m. 1980-2016), Mirta Díaz-Balart (m. 1948-1955) Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008.

Four Modernizations

Four Modernizations goals first set forth by Deng Xiaoping to strengthen the fields of agriculture, industry, defense, and science and technology in China.

Ghana

Ghana Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It spans the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and Togo in the east. Capital: Accra President: Nana Akufo-Addo Currency: Ghanaian cedi Population: 31.07 million (2020) World Bank Continent: Africa King Osei Tutu II Ghana's King Osei Tutu II makes rare speaking appearance for Memphis in May. The last time he spoke in the U.S. was in 2019, when he addressed the United Nations in New York City. There are different dances performed by the various ethnic groups in Ghana. They include; Adowa, Kete, Bamaya, Bima, Boborbor, Kpalongo, Agbedza, Patsa, Homowo, Gome, Apatampa and the like. The Adowa dance is performed by the Akan people in the southern part of Ghana who speak Twi as their native language.

Great Leap Forward

Great Leap Forward Start date: February 1958 Of the People's Republic of China was an economic and social campaign led by the Chinese Communist Party from 1958 to 1962. Chairman Mao Zedong launched the campaign to reconstruct the country from an agrarian economy into a communist society through the formation of people's communes.

Ho Chi Minh

Ho Chi Minh Born: May 19, 1890, Cụm di tích Hoàng Trù, Vietnam Died: September 2, 1969, Hanoi, Vietnam Full name: Nguyễn Sinh Cung Party: Communist Party of Vietnam Education: International Lenin School (1934-1935) Parents: Nguyen Sinh Sac, Hoang Thi Loan Commonly known as Bác Hồ or simply Bác, also Hồ Chủ tịch, Nguyễn Tất Thành, Nguyễn Ái Quốc, Người cha dân tộc, was a Vietnamese revolutionary and statesman.

India

India President: Ram Nath Kovind Capital: New Delhi Population: 1.38 billion (2020) World Bank Currency: Indian rupee Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world.

Iron Curtain

Iron Curtain Context: Berlin Wall Cold War World War II Participants: North Atlantic Treaty Organization Location: Europe Date: c. 1946 - c. 1990 Term describing the political boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.

Jomo Kenyatta

Jomo Kenyatta Born: Gatundu, Kenya Died: August 22, 1978, Mombasa, Kenya Children: Uhuru Kenyatta, Margaret Kenyatta, Muhoho Kenyatta, MORE Spouse: Ngina Kenyatta (m. 1951-1978) Siblings: James Muigai Education: University College London Kenyan anti-colonial activist and politician who governed Kenya as its Prime Minister from 1963 to 1964 and then as its first President from 1964 to his death in 1978.

Kenya

Kenya Country in East Africa with coastline on the Indian Ocean. It encompasses savannah, lakelands, the dramatic Great Rift Valley and mountain highlands. It's also home to wildlife like lions, elephants and rhinos. From Nairobi, the capital, safaris visit the Maasai Mara Reserve, known for its annual wildebeest migrations, and Amboseli National Park, offering views of Tanzania's 5,895m Mt. Kilimanjaro. Capital: Nairobi Population: 53.77 million (2020) World Bank President: Uhuru Kenyatta The country's major agricultural exports are tea, coffee, cut flowers, and vegetables. Kenya is the world's leading exporter of black tea and cut flowers. Kenya's high rainfall areas constitute about 10% of Kenya's arable land and produce 70% of its national commercial agricultural output. Education of Kenya. The national educational system consists of three levels: eight years of compulsory primary education (beginning at age six), four years at the secondary level, and four years of higher education. The government provides free primary and secondary education.

Korean War

Korean War Length: three years Dates: Jun 25, 1950 - Jul 27, 1953 Location: Korea, Korean Demilitarized Zone, Korean Peninsula Time: 1950-1953 The Korean War was an important development in the Cold War because it was the first time that the two superpowers , the United States and the Soviet Union, had fought a 'proxy war ' in a third country. The proxy war or 'limited war ' strategy would be a feature of other Cold War conflicts, for example the Vietnam War. Today, historians generally agree on several main causes of the Korean War, including: the spread of communism during the Cold War, American containment, and Japanese occupation of Korea during World War II. Fought between North Korea and South Korea from 1950 to 1953. The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea following clashes along the border and rebellions in South Korea.

Kwame Nkrumah

Kwame Nkrumah Born: September 21, 1909, Nkroful, Ghana Died: April 27, 1972, Bucharest, Romania Spouse: Fathia Nkrumah (m. 1957-1972) Children: Samia Nkrumah, Gamal Nkrumah, Sekou Nkrumah Education: Lincoln University, University of Pennsylvania, Awards: CAF Platinum Award Ghanaian politician, political theorist, and revolutionary. He was the first Prime Minister and President of Ghana, having led the Gold Coast to independence from Britain in 1957.

Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong Born: December 26, 1893, Shaoshan, Xiangtan, China Died: September 9, 1976, Beijing, China Height: 5′ 11″ Buried: August 1977, Mausoleum of Mao Zedong, Beijing, China Spouse: Jiang Qing (m. 1938-1976), He Zizhen (m. 1930-1937), Yang Kaihui (m. 1920-1930), Luo Yixiu (m. 1907-1910) Children: Mao Anying, Mao Anqing, Yang Yuehua, Mao Anlong, Mao Anhong, Li Na, Li Min Known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China, which he ruled as the chairman of the Chinese Communist Party from the establishment of the PRC in 1949 until his death in 1976.

Nelson Mandela

Nelson Mandela Born: July 18, 1918, Mvezo, South Africa Died: December 5, 2013, Houghton Estate, Johannesburg, South Africa Spouse: Graça Machel (m. 1998-2013), Winnie Mandela (m. 1958-1996), Evelyn Mase (m. 1944-1958) Children: Zindziswa Mandela, Zenani Mandela Education: University of South Africa (1989) South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and political leader who served as the first president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. He was the country's first black head of state and the first elected in a fully representative democratic election.

Nonalignment

Nonalignment Founded: 1961 Coordinating Bureau: United Nations; New York City, U.S. Founders: Jawaharlal Nehru, Sukarno, Josip Broz Tito, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Kwame Nkrumah Forum of 120 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc. After the United Nations, it is the largest grouping of states worldwide.

North Korea

North Korea Capital: Pyongyang Supreme leader: Kim Jong-un Population: 25.78 million (2020) World Bank Premier: Kim Tok-hun Currency: North Korean won Democratic People's Republic of Korea, is a country in East Asia. It constitutes the northern half of the Korean Peninsula and shares borders with China and Russia to the north, at the Yalu and Tumen rivers, and South Korea to the south at the Korean Demilitarized Zone.

South Korea

North Korea East Asian nation on the southern half of the Korean Peninsula, shares one of the world's most heavily militarized borders with North Korea. It's equally known for its green, hilly countryside dotted with cherry trees and centuries-old Buddhist temples, plus its coastal fishing villages, sub-tropical islands, and high-tech cities such as Seoul, the capital. President: Yoon Seok-youl Trending Capital: Seoul Population: 51.78 million (2020) World Bank Currency: South Korean won Mugunghwa Origin. The mugunghwa, or the rose of Sharon, is an object of deep affection. Meaning "eternal blossom that never fades," it has been an important symbol of Korean culture for centuries. South Korea's total fertility rate hit 0.81 births per woman last year, down from 0.84 a year earlier, according to Statistics Korea last month. It marked the lowest figure since 1970. The country is largely mountainous, with small valleys and narrow coastal plains. The T'aebaek Mountains run in roughly a north-south direction along the eastern coastline and northward into North Korea, forming the country's drainage divide.

Pakistan

Pakistan Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 227 million, and has the world's second-largest Muslim population. Pakistan is the 33rd-largest country by area, spanning 881,913 square kilometres. President: Arif Alvi Capital: Islamabad Prime minister: Shehbaz Sharif Population: 220.9 million (2020) World Bank Currency: Pakistani rupee The education system in Pakistan is generally divided into six levels: preschool (for the age from 3 to 5 years), primary (grades one through five), middle (grades six through eight), high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate or SSC), intermediate (grades eleven and twelve)

Partition

Partition Change of political borders cutting through at least one territory considered a homeland by some community.

South Africa

South Africa Country on the southernmost tip of the African continent, marked by several distinct ecosystems. Inland safari destination Kruger National Park is populated by big game. The Western Cape offers beaches, lush winelands around Stellenbosch and Paarl, craggy cliffs at the Cape of Good Hope, forest and lagoons along the Garden Route, and the city of Cape Town, beneath flat-topped Table Mountain. Capitals: Cape Town, Pretoria, Bloemfontein Dialing code: +27 President: Cyril Ramaphosa Population: 59.31 million (2020) World Bank Currency: South African rand Adult literacy rates in South Africa are not much better. World Bank data show the country has an 87% adult literacy rate, ranking below countries such as Mexico (95%), Brazil (93%) and Azerbaijan (99.8%). The figure for South Africa represents a decline of around 7% in two years. South Africa is rich in a variety of minerals. In addition to diamonds and gold, the country also contains reserves of iron ore, platinum, manganese, chromium, copper, uranium, silver, beryllium, and titanium.

Soviet Union

Soviet Union Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist and communist state that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, its government and economy were highly centralized until its final years. Founded: December 30, 1922 Area: 8.65 million mi² Date dissolved: December 26, 1991 Currency: Soviet ruble The census found the total population to be 286,730,819 inhabitants. In 1989, the Soviet Union ranked as the third most populous in the world, above the United States (with 248,709,873 inhabitants according to the 1990 census), although it was well behind China and India. The economy of the Soviet Union was based on state ownership of the means of production, collective farming, and industrial manufacturing. An administrative-command system managed a distinctive form of central planning. Soviet architecture usually refers to one of two architecture styles emblematic of the Soviet Union: Constructivist architecture, prominent in the 1920s and early 1930s. Stalinist architecture, prominent in the 1930s through 1950s.Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist and communist state that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a federal union of fifteen national republics; in practice, its government and economy were highly centralized until its final years.

Space Race

Space Race Start date: 1955 End date: July 17, 1975 Location: United States, Soviet Union The BBC's Space Race is a documentary/drama chronicling the major events and characters in the American/Soviet space race, leading up to the first moon landing. Then, on July 20, 1969, the space race reached its peak when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the moon and walked on its surface during the Apollo 11 mission. 20th-century competition between two Cold War adversaries, the Soviet Union and the United States, to achieve superior spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the ballistic missile-based nuclear arms race between the two nations following World War II.

Sputnik I

Sputnik I Launch date: October 4, 1957 at 7:28 PM Dimensions: 58 cm (23 in) diameter Perigee altitude: 215 km (134 mi) Manufacturer: Energia Rocket: Sputnik 8K71PS Names: Спутник 1; Object PS (Prosteishiy Sputnik); Простейший Спутник-1; Elementary Satellite-1 Animals: Laika The Sputnik 1 satellite was a 58.0 cm-diameter aluminum sphere that carried four whip-like antennas that were 2.4-2.9 m long. The antennas looked like long "whiskers" pointing to one side. The fact that the Soviets were successful fed fears that the U.S. military had generally fallen behind in developing new technology. As a result, the launch of Sputnik served to intensify the arms race and raise Cold War tensions. Sputnik 1 weighed 184 lbs. (83 kilograms) and was 23 inches (58 centimeters) wide. (This measure refers to the satellite's body; Sputnik 1 also featured two double-barreled antennas, the larger of which was 12.8 feet, or 3.9 meters, long.) Sputnik 1 ("traveling companion" in Russian) was about the size of a basketball and weighed about 180 pounds. It was equipped with two radio transmitters and four long antennas that broadcasted a constant beep while circling the Earth for 21 days. Sputnik's launch stunned the world and changed it, too. First artificial Earth satellite. It was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 as part of the Soviet space program. It orbited for three weeks before its batteries ran out.

Taiwan

Taiwan Republic of China, is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Japan to the northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Capital: Taipei City Area: 13,976 mi² Population: 23.57 million (2020) President: Tsai Ing-wen Currency: New Taiwan dollar The Taiwan Embassy issues a Single and Multiple entry visa for Indians. The Single entry is issued with a validity of 1 to 3 months, whereas a multiple entry visa is issued with a validity of 6 months to 3 years. However, visitors can only stay for maximum 60 days from the following day of arrival.

Explain how China's communism has changed over time. Include information about Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping's different economic policies.

The Communist Party of China was formed in 1921. It was under Mao Zedong's control in 1927. Eventually, Mao led a revolution, and the communist party obtained control in 1947. They followed the example of the soviet model of development through heavy industry with surpluses extracted from peasants. Consumer goods were left to secondary importance. In the sino-soviet split of the 1950's, Mao split from traditional Marxism-Leninism and developed Maoism, the Chinese interpretation of communism. Mao was upset with the Soviet leader Khrushchev's position of peacefulcoexistence between the communists and capitalists. The Maoists started a strong communist tradition, instituting the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. The Great Leap Forward was instituted to help transform China into a heavy industrialized society. However, this was largely considered to be a failure and many Chinese starved to death. In the cultural revolution, Mao overthrew his enemies and millions of people were killed or persecuted. After Mao's death, the ideals of China shifted under Deng Xiaoping to a form of "market socialism." He instituted changes in the economic system where they developed what he considered to be socialism with Chinese characteristics. He decided to use policies that had been shown to be effective and followed less the ideologies of the earlier leaders. He instituted the "Four Modernizations", describing agriculture, industry, science and technology, and the military. Deng is commonly credited as the person who turned China into the economic world power that he is today. He opened up China to the outside world and industrialized successfully.In 1989 the death of reformer Hu Yaobang led to student protests for individual freedoms. This led to the Tienanmen Square massacre, where military force was used against civilians. The PRC government was internationally condemned, and Deng officially resigned in 1989. He made a tour of China to keep emphasis on his policies and inspire the entrepreneurship that exists in China today. The current constitution was created in 1982 and been continually revised since. The constitution includes many civil rights: free speech, press, worship, the right to trial, and the right to own private property. However, in practice this constitution has widely not been followed. There has been very little done to ensure that new laws instituted follow the constitution. The judicial system does not provide any particular method for review of new laws.Computer usage in China has exploded. Currently, there are over 210 million internet users and over 400 million mobile phone users. There is a huge increase of the computer users in China, and ethics of technology has become increasingly prominent over the years. In particular, privacy, censorship, public ownership, and work ethic have become series ethical issues.

Compare and Contrast the Korean War and the Vietnam War.

The similarities of the two wars were the same ideological background, the confrontation of two super nations, the US and the URSS, and their economic and political systems. Vietnam War was the prolonged struggle and lasted more than 10 years, while the Korean War - only three.

Truman Policy

Truman Policy American foreign policy that originated with the primary goal of containing Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. March 12, 1947, President Harry S. Truman presented this address before a joint session of Congress. His message, known as the Truman Doctrine, asked Congress for $400 million in military and economic assistance for Turkey and Greece. Effectively reoriented U.S. foreign policy, away from its usual stance of withdrawal from regional conflicts not directly involving the United States, to one of possible intervention in far away conflicts.

United States

United States Country of 50 states covering a vast swath of North America, with Alaska in the northwest and Hawaii extending the nation's presence into the Pacific Ocean. Major Atlantic Coast cities are New York, a global finance and culture center, and capital Washington, DC. Midwestern metropolis Chicago is known for influential architecture and on the west coast, Los Angeles' Hollywood is famed for filmmaking. Government: Federation, Presidential system, Liberal democracy, Federal republic, Constitutional republic Trending Capital: Washington, D.C. Dialing code: +1 Population: 329.5 million (2020) World Bank President: Joe Biden Gross domestic product: 20.94 trillion USD (2020) World Bank Rather, the U.S. birth rate has continued a steady descent. As of 2020, the U.S. birth rate was 55.8 births per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 44, a decline of almost 20 percent from the rate of 69.3 in 2007. The decline in births cannot readily be explained by changing population composition. National Flower of the USA: Rose On November 20, 1986, President Ronald Reagan declared the rose the National Flower of the USA in a special ceremony in the White House Rose Garden.

Vietcong

Vietcong Headquarters: Tây Ninh (1960-1966); Memot, Cambodia (1966-1972); Lộc Ninh, South Vietnam (1972-1975); Sài Gòn (1975-1977) Founder: Nguyen Van Hieu Founded: December 20, 1960 Active regions: Indochina, with a focus on South Vietnam Dates of operation: December 20, 1960 - February 4, 1977 The Viet Cong were South Vietnamese supporters of the communist National Liberation Front in South Vietnam during the Vietnam War (known in Vietnam as the American War). They were allied with North Vietnam and the troops of Ho Chi Minh, who sought to conquer the south and create a unified, communist state of Vietnam. In the summer and fall of 1967, all Viet Cong battalions were reequipped with arms of Soviet design such as the AK-47 assault rifle and the RPG-2 anti-tank weapon. Their weapons were principally of Chinese or Soviet manufacture. Charlie Slang for Viet Cong (VC). The term is short for the phonetic spelling (used by the military and police to spell things over the radio) of "VC," which is "Victor Charlie." In 1995 Vietnam released its official estimate of the number of people killed during the Vietnam War: as many as 2,000,000 civilians on both sides and some 1,100,000 North Vietnamese and Viet Cong fighters. The U.S. military has estimated that between 200,000 and 250,000 South Vietnamese soldiers died. Known as the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, was an armed communist political revolutionary organization in South Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia.

Vietnam War

Vietnam War Dates: Nov 1, 1955 - Apr 30, 1975 Location: Vietnam, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, South East Asia Conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam.

Yalta Conference

Yalta Conference Dates: Feb 4, 1945 - Feb 11, 1945 Places: the Crimea Location: Yalta, Livadia Palace, Livadiya The Yalta Conference was a meeting of three World War II allies: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin. The trio met in February 1945 in the resort city of Yalta, located along the Black Sea coast of the Crimean Peninsula. Yalta Conference, (February 4-11, 1945), major World War II conference of the three chief Allied leaders—Pres. Known as the Crimea Conference, held 4-11 February 1945, was the World War II meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union to discuss the postwar reorganization of Germany and Europe.