Collective Efficacy

How can we enhance CE in new teams?

- Define success in mastery terms - Goal setting - Simulations - Manipulating schedules

What are some results of high CE?

- More offensive playing strategies - Reduced anxiety - Increased team cohesion

How can we enhance CE in existing teams?

- Positive team talk - Building cohesion - Team attributions - Videoing success - Modelling confidence - Controlling group size - Shifting focus off the score

What are some results of lower CE?

- Team attribute failure/ success to "unstable factors" e.g. others/ environment (Chow et al, 2008)

What are Fransen et al. 2012's 8 domains of CE?

1) +ve supportive communication - MOST IMPORTANT - before/ during verbal talk - enthusiasm after making a point etc 2) +ve indications before game - body language etc 3) Own team in winning/ in the lead during the game 4) Interventions of the coach - High CE of leader = high CE among group (Bandura 1997; Hoyt, Murphy, Halverson, & Watson, 2003; Ronglan, 2007, Watson et al., 2001) 5) +ve emotional actions of players 6) Own team is behind in game 7) Errors of own team 8) -ve emotional reactions of players - biggest predictor of negative collective efficacy - e.g. discouraging body language

What methods were previously used to measure CE

1) Aggregate individual perceptions of SE to perform within team 2) Aggregate individual appraisals of team's capability - validity = questionable because of social comparisons etc + bias (Bandura, 1997; Paskevich, Brawley, Dorsch & Widmeyer, 1999) 3) Aggregate individual responses regarding their team's belief relating to perceived efficacy ("I believe my team will win"). 4) A single team response of perceived efficacy ("My team believes we will win).

Key characteristics of Collective Efficacy

1) Still relates to a specific situation 2) Team specific 3) Shared belief 4) Relates to whether you think your team will put their skills to the good of the group.

Self-efficacy reference?

Beliefs in one's capabilities to organize and execute the courses of action required to produce given attainments. (Bandura also acknowledges people do not live in isolation, and many activities require collective effort) Bandura, 1997

What are the sources of CE?

In addition to Bandura's model of SE (past performance accomplishment, Vicarious Experience, Verbal Persuasion, and Physiological/ Emotional state) the following all contribute to levels of CE........: - Past performance in training/ practice sessions/ warm up/ cool down - Preparation effort - Confidence in leadership Chase, Feltz, & Lirgg, 2003; Chase, Lirgg, & Feltz, 1997; Watson et al., 2001

Bandura's SE model

Past performance accomplishment Vicarious Experience (social comparison) Verbal Persuasion Physiological/ Emotional States (e.g. arousal, fatigue, stress etc) --> Efficacy Expectations --> Performance Outcome

Discuss TEAM SIZE and CE

Pros of large group = greater resources Cons of large group = - Increased absence rate (feels invisible) - (Zander, 1971) - Less effort - increased social loafing - More disagreements - Poorer co-ordination

Discuss ROLE EFFICACY and CE

Role ambiguity leads to underestimates of efficacy Higher role clarity is associated with higher role efficacy. For athletes with high role clarity, performance was mediated by increased role-efficacy. (Bray & Brawley, 2002)

Discuss LEADERSHIP and CE

Teams have individual preferences for different leadership styles (but this does not necessarily result in better performance) Leadership climate increased SE through promoting role clarity and reducing anxiety. Relationship for higher level leadership and CE stronger than SE. (Chen & Bliese, 2002)

Discuss GOAL ORIENTATION and CE

What you are trying to achieve affects how much you will achieve - realistic goals... Group's goal affects collective efficacy and therefore group performance (Bandura, 1997; Loche & Latham, 1990; Weldon & Weingart, 1993) DO THE READING ON LIST...

What does CE influence + why?

Why - groups vary in their perceptions and expectations of collective competency and success. CE influences: - Group activity choice - Effort applied in the activities - Group persistence exhibited in the face of adversity

What is Collective Efficacy?

group members' shared perceptions of their conjoint capabilities. (Zaccaro et al = collective competence shared among individuals when ALLOCATING, CO-COORDINATING and INTEGRATING their resources in a successful concerted response to specific situational demands.) Bandura 1997 Lindsley, Brass & Thomas 1995 Zaccaro, Blair, Peterson, Zazanis 1995