College Biology Chapters 1-2

Which 4 elements make up 96% of ll elements found in cells?

Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen.

What is the main element in organic compounds?

Carbon-Hydrogen bond.

What are the common characteristics of living organisms?

Cells are the basic unit of life. Living organisms metabolize. Living organisms maintain internal conditions. Living organisms reproduce. Living organism groups evolve.

List the properties of water to help it support life.

Cohesion, Adhesion, resists temperature change, gas liquid or solid, solvent of life.

Where are phospholipids found?

Component in the cell membrane structure- bilayer.

What are 2 types of nucleic acids seen in the human body?

DNA and RNA.

What reaction joins monomers together?

Dehydration.

Can you see the connection between denaturation and homeostasis.

Denaturation causes pH, temperature and salt to all be out of homeostatic range.

Define denaturation.

Destruction of a protein's 3-D structure.

What are 3 domains of life? What kind of organisms are in each?

Domain Bacteria (mult. kingdoms)- Bacteria. Domain Archaea (mult. kingdoms)- Archaea. Domain Eukarya- Protists, King Plantae, King Fungi, King Animalia.

What is an isotope?

Elements that vary only in the number of neutrons in their nuclei.

Why are endotherms and ectotherms different?

Endotherms' body temperature is maintained from metabolism. Ectotherms' body temperature is maintained from surroundings.

What 2 types of molecules comprise a fat?

Glycerol and fatty acids.

What is biological evolution?

Groups of organisms change in response to their environment.

What reaction breaks down a polymer?

Hydrolysis.

What's the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

Hydrophilic is water loving. Hydrophobic is water fearing.

What is a carbohydrate?

In large biological molecule group.

Describe the different chemical bonds.

Ionic bond- bond between 2 atoms w/ opposite charges. Covalent bond- bond in which atoms share outer shell electrons. Hydrogen bond- weaker bond, breaks and reforms easily, found in water molecules.

What is a Kilocalorie?

Measures energy content of food.

What are adaptations from thermoregulation?

Metabolic heat production and insulation.

List the levels of life's hierarchy.

Molecule: DNA, Organelle: nucleus, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Biosphere.

How are electron shells important to chemical bonding?

Molecules can share electron shells when the covalently bond. Shells also hold a certain number of electrons. Molecules can bond with the ionic bond too.

Distinguish among monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Mono: simplest of carb., main fuel for cellular work. Di: 2 mono. bond in dehydration reaction. Poly: long chains of sugar units, function in storage.

Differentiate between monomers and polymers.

Monomers are the building blocks of polymers. Polymers are monomers covalently bonded together into chains.

What is the difference between non polar and polar covalent bonds.

NCB: have an equal pull and are atoms of only 1 element. PCB: have an unequal pull and are atoms of different elements.

Describe 2 main points of evolution established by Darwin.

Natural Selection- mechanism for evolution. Descent with Modification- living species are descendants of ancestral species.

What are trans fats?

Naturally occurring and industrially produced fats.

What are the monomers for nucleic acids?

Nucleotides.

Describe 2 main approaches to the scientific method.

Observation/ discovery and Experimental

What can biology not answer?

Opinions, judgements and supernatural.

What kind of bonds link amino acids?

Peptide bonds.

How many elements are essential to life?

25

What levels of structures are seen in proteins?

3-D.

What are 3 components of a nucleotide?

5 Carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogenous base.

In what pH range are most biological fluids? is there an exception to this?

7.35-7.45. Yes there is an exception, stomach acid is at a 2 on the pH scale because it has to break down food.

Define acid, base and buffer.

Acid- H ion concentration up. Base- H ion concentration down. Buffer- prevents sudden changes in pH.

What is a functional group? Example?

Affect the function of the carbon skeleton attached. Ex: Hydroxyl group

What are the monomers for proteins?

Amino acids.

What is an element?

An element is something that can't be broken down into other substances.

How are isotopes used?

Archaeological Dating, Food Irradiation and Medicine.

Define ion.

Atom or molecule with an electric charge due to the gain or loss of electrons.

Differentiate between atomic number and atomic mass number.

Atomic #- number of protons of an atom. Atomic Mass #- number of protons plus the number of neutrons

Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs.

Autotrophs are producers, they make their food. Heterotrophs are consumers, they eat the living organisms.

Define adhesion.

Between different molecules.

Define cohesion.

Between similar molecules, stronger in water than other liquids.

What is transpiration? What properties of water are demonstrated during transpiration?

Process in which water is carried through plants, from roots to the pores on the leaves. Cohesion and Adhesion.

What is thermoregulation?

Process that allows an organism to maintain its core internal temperature.

Differentiate among protons, neutrons and electrons (location, size and charge).

Proton- single positive charge in the nucleus. Electron- single negative charge around the nucleus, smaller than Proton and Neutron. Neutron- single electric charge in the nucleus.

Explain homeostasis.

Regulation of internal conditions in an organism.

Define surface tension.

Result of cohesion.

How is a protein's shape affected by denaturation?

Results in loss of protein cavity.

Differentiate between scientific fact, hypothesis and theory.

SF: direct and repeatable observation. H: explanation for observation, educated guess. T: major explanation supported by multiple lines of evidence.

Define atom.

Smallest unit of matter that retains properties of an element.

Define solution, solvent and solute.

Solution- uniform liquid mixture of 2 or more substances. Solvent- dissolving agent. Solute- substance dissolved.

What kind of lipid is cholesterol?

Steroid.

What foods have carbohydrates?

Sugar.

Define Biology.

The study of life.

What trait unites the lipid group?

They're hydrophobic.

What foods have fat?

Tuna, milk, corn.

What is the molecular difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

USF: one or more double bonds in fatty acid tails. SF: no double bonds in tail.

Define emergent properties.

With each higher level in the hierarchy, new properties emerge.

Is there a difference between glucose and fructose?

Yes, same molecular formula but different structure.

What is an electron shell?

an orbit followed by an electron around the nucleus.

How do you read a pH scale? (acids, bases, neutral, pH unit)

pH scale- 0-14, 0 most acidic, 14 most basic, 7 neutral. Difference of 10x the H ion concentration between each unit.