COM 100 Exam 2

cocultural theory

explores the role of power in daily interactions

pragmatics

field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals

emblems

gestures that stand for a specific verbal meaning

regulators

gestures used to control conversations

adaptors

gestures used to manage emotions

connotative meaning

the affective or interpretive meanings attached to a word

attractiveness

the appeal one person has for another, based on physical appearance, personalities and/or behavior

syntax

the rules that govern word order

jargon

the specialized terms that develop in many professions

sensing

the stage of listening most ppl refer to as hearing, when listeners pick up the sound waves directed toward them

proxemics

the study of how ppl use spatial cues, including interpersonal distance, territoriality, and other space relationships to communicate

semantics

the study of meaning

haptics

the study of the communicative function of touch

phonology

the study of the sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning

chromemics

the study of the way ppl use time as a message

matching hypothesis

the tendency to develop relationships with ppl who are approximately as attractive as we are

love-intimate touch

the touch most often used with ones romantic partners and family

signaling service task functions

using nonverbal behavior to signal close involvement between ppl in impersonal relationships and contexts

communicating information

using nonverbal behaviors to help clarify verbal messages and reveal attitudes and moods

regulating interaction

using nonverbal behaviors to help manage turn-taking during conversation

vocalizations

uttered sounds that do not have the structure of language

congruent

verbal and nonverbal messages that express the same meaning

contradicting

verbal and nonverbal messages that send conflicting messages

lexical choice

vocabulary

verbal communication

written or oral words we exchange, including pronunciation or accent, meanings, and variations in language

paralinguistics

all aspects of spoken language except the words themselves: including rate, volume, pitch, stress, etc.

nonverbal behavior

all the nonverbal actions ppl perform

ebonics

an american english dialect that some african americans speak

human-nature value orientation

the perceived relationship between humans and nature

U-curve theory

a theory that individuals go through three predictable phases in adaptin to a new culture

deman touching

a type of touch used to establish dominance and power

individualist orientation

a value oreientation that respects the autonomy and independence of individuals

long-term orientation

a value orientation in which ppl stress the importance of virtue

view of human nature

a value orientation that expresses whether humans are fundamentally good, evil, or a mixture

preferred personality

a value orientation that expresses whether it is more important for a person to "do" or to "be"

dialect

a variation of a language distinguished by its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation

intimate distance

(0-18in) the space used when interacting with those with whom one is very close

public distance

(12ft-25ft) the most appropriate distance for public ceremonies such as lectures and performances

personal distance

(18in-4ft) the space used when interacting with friends and acquaintances

social distance

(4ft-12ft) distance most US Americans use when they interact with unfamiliar others

power distance

a value orientation that refers to the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a culture expect and accept an unequal distribution of power

responding

showing others how you regard their message

short-term orientation

a value orientation that stresses the importance of possessing one fundamental truth

illustrators

signals that accompany speech to clarify or emphasize the verbal meaning

kinesics

a nonverbal communication sent by the body, including gestures, posture, movement, facial expressinos, and eye behavior

collectivistic orientation

a calue orientation that stresses the needs of the group

cocultural group

a significant minority group within a dominant majority group that does not share dominant group values or communication patterns

culture shock

a feeling of disoriendtation and discomfort due to the lack of familiar environmental cues

evaluating

assessing your reaction to a message

polytheistic

belief in more than one god

monotheistic

belief in one god

cultural values

beliefs that are so central toa cultural group that they are nrever questioned

speech act theory

branch of pragmatics that suggests that when ppl communicate, they do not just say things, they also do things with their words

artifacts

clothing and other accessories

disconfirming communication

comments that reject or invalidate a positive self image of our conversational partners

confirming communication

comments that validate positive self-image of others

intercultural communication

communicaiton that occurs in interactions between ppl who are culturally different

illocutionary

desccribes what one does with one's utterance, what the utterance accomplishes

perlocutionary

describes of the effect an utterance has

locutionary

describes what is said or the act of saying something

nonverbal codes

distinct, organized means of expression that consists of symbols and rules for their use

heterogeneous

diverse

polychronically

engaging in multiple activities simultaneously

monochronically

engaging in one task or behavior at a time

proximity

how close one is to others

immediacy

how close or involved ppl appear to be with each other

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

idea that the language ppl speak determines the way they see the world

understanding

interpreting the messages associated with sounds or what the sounds mean

culture

learned patterns of perceptions, values, and behaciors shared by a group of ppl

nonverbal communication

nonverbal behavior that has symbolic meaning

gestures

nonverbal communication made with part of the body, including actions such as pointing, waving or holding up a hand to direct ppls attention

mediation

peaceful third party intervention

expressing and managing intimacy

using nonverbal behaciors to help convey attraction and closeness

voluntary short-term travelers

ppl who are border dwellers by choice and for a limited time

voluntary long-term travelers

ppl who are border dwellers by choice and for an extended time; immigrants

involuntary short-term travelers

ppl who are border dwellers not by choice and only for a limited time

involuntary long-term travelers

ppl who are border dwellers not by choice and permanently

encapsulated marginal people

ppl who feel disintegrated by having to shift cultures

border dwellers

ppl who live between cultures and often experience contracidtory cultural patterns

constructive marginal people

ppl who thrice in a border-dweller life, while recognizing its tremendous challenges

voice qualities

qualities such as speed, pitch, rhythm, vocal range, and articulation that make up the music of the human voice

dialectic approach

recognizes that things need not be perceived as either/or, bu may be seen as both/and

relaxation

the degree of tension displayed by ones body

denotative meaning

the dictionary, or literal, meaning of a word

long-term versus short-term orientation

the dimension of a society's value orientation that reflects its attitude toward virtue or truth

cohort effect

the influence of shard characteristics of a group that was born and reared in the same general period

professional or functional touch

the least intimate type of touch; used by certain workers such as dentists, hairstylists, and hospice workers, as part of their livelihood

dichotomous thinking

thinking in which things are perceived as either/or

nominalists

those who argue that any idea can be expresses in any language and that the structure and vocabulary of the language do not influence the speakers perception of the world

relativists

those who argue that language serves not only as a way for us to voice our ideas but is itslef the shaper of ideas, the guide for the individuals mental activity

friendship touch

touch that is more intimate than social touch and usually conveys warmth, closeness, and caring

social-polite touch

touch that is part of daily interaction in the US, this is more intimate than professional touch but is still impersonal

heuristic

use of language to acquire knowledge and understanding

informative

use of language to communicate info or report facts

regulatory

use of language to control or regulate the behaviors of others

interactional

use of language to establish and define social relationships

personal language

use of language to express individuality and personaltiy

imaginative

use of language to express onself artistically or creatively

instrumental

use of language to obtain what you need or desire

establishing social control

using nonverbal behacior to exercise influence over other ppl